Suitable Placement for On-demand Transport (SPOT): A systematic approach to network integration

Abstract

This paper presents a bottom-up approach to designing on-demand transport (ODT) systems, emphasising an evidence-based methodology. A critical review of existing ODT systems is conducted, focusing on identifying the most suitable market segments and environments for ODT deployment. This review forms the basis for developing a systematic methodology that integrates known success factors in the design of new systems in the pursuit of network integration. We demonstrate the scalability and transferability of the developed methodology using two case studies and show how the proposed method can support the selection of optional service areas and assess their impacts on local community. These case studies provide practical insights into the application of the methodology in diverse settings, underscoring its adaptability and effectiveness in different market conditions. Furthermore, the paper addresses equity issues in public transport service provision. It critically examines how existing bus services can be restructured to enhance network efficiency and social equity, particularly in underserved areas.