An In Vitro Investigation of Gas and Dye Leakage at the Implant–Abutment Junction Using Titanium and Cobalt Chrome-Based Abutments

Abstract

Abstract The lack of integrity at the implant–abutment junction (IAJ) contributes to problems such as micromovements and microbial colonisation. This study aimed to (1) design a protocol for assessing microleakage at the IAJ using chromophore analysis not previously reported for this specific application, (2) compare gas and dye leakage between titanium (Ti) and cobalt chrome (CoCr) abutments, and (3) assess the effect of gold (Au) gilding on sealing. Forty abutments were divided into five groups: milled Ti (MTi); cast CoCr (CCoCr); milled CoCr (MCoCr); cast CoCr with Au gilding (CCoCrG); and milled CoCr with Au gilding (MCoCrG). Samples were subjected to internal pressure within a gas and dye reservoir. Chromophore analysis via UV-Vis spectrometer was used to calculate crystal violet leakage concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed close adaptation in the MTi and MCoCr groups, contrasting with irregularities in the CCoCr groups. Correspondingly, gas leakage and dye leakage were most prevalent in the CCoCr group. Fisher exact test demonstrated a statistically significant difference (p = 0.026) between the MCoCr and CCoCr abutments. While CCoCr exhibited the highest failure rate (62.5%), Au gilding demonstrated a trend toward reduced leakage (25% failure rate), though this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.315). This chromophore analysis represents a viable and objective assessment of IAJ integrity.