• Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology 

      Rambaut, Andrew; Holmes, Edward C.; O’Toole, Áine; Hill, Verity; McCrone, John T.; Ruis, Christopher; du Plessis, Louis; Pybus, Oliver G.
      Published 2021
      An Addendum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00872-5.
      Article
    • After the pandemic: perspectives on the future trajectory of COVID-19. [Review] 

      Telenti, Amalio; Arvin, Ann; Corey, Lawrence; Corti, Davide; Diamond, Michael S; Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo; Garry, Robert F; Holmes, Edward C.; Pang, Phil; Virgin, Herbert W
      Published 2021
      There is a realistic expectation that the global effort in vaccination will bring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic under control. Nonetheless, uncertainties remain about the type ...
      Article
    • Assessment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Intervention Strategies in the Nordic Countries Using Genomic Epidemiology 

      Duchene, Sebastian; Featherstone, Leo; Freiesleben de Blasio, Birgitte; Holmes, Edward C.; Bohlin, Jon; Pettersson, John H O
      Published 2022
      We explored how the duration, size, and number of virus transmission clusters, defined as country-specific monophyletic groups in a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) phylogenetic tree, differed ...
      Article
    • Assessment of COVID-19 intervention strategies in the Nordic countries using genomic epidemiology 

      Duchene, Sebastian; Featherstone, Leo; de Blasio, Birgitte Freiesleben; Holmes, Edward C.; Bohlin, Jon; Pettersson, John H.-O.
      Published 2021
      Abstract The Nordic countries, defined here as Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland, are known for their comparable demographics and political systems. Since these countries implemented different COVID-19 intervention ...
      Preprint
    • Assignment of Epidemiological Lineages in an Emerging Pandemic Using the Pangolin Tool 

      O'Toole, A'ine; Scher, Emily; Underwood, Anthony; Jackson, Ben; Hill, Verity; McCrone, John T; Colquhoun, Rachel; Ruis, Chris; Abu-Dahab, Khalil; Taylor, Ben; Yeats, Corin; Du Plessis, Louis; Maloney, Daniel; Medd, Nathan; Attwood, Stephen W; Aanensen, David M; Holmes, Edward C.; Pybus, Oliver G; Rambaut, Andrew
      Published 2021
      The response of the global virus genomics community to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been unprecedented, with significant advances made towards the 'real-time' generation and ...
      Article
    • Author Correction: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China 

      Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin; Chen, Yan-Mei; Wang, Wen; Song, Zhi-Gang; Hu, Yi; Tao, Zhao-Wu; Tian, Jun-Hua; Pei, Yuan-Yuan; Yuan, Ming-Li; Zhang, Yu-Ling; Dai, Fa-Hui; Liu, Yi; Wang, Qi-Min; Zheng, Jiao-Jiao; Xu, Lin; Holmes, Edward C.; Zhang, Yong-Zhen
      Published 2020
      Article
    • Bat IFITM3 restriction depends on S-palmitoylation and a polymorphic site within the CD225 domain 

      Benfield, Camilla To; MacKenzie, Farrell; Ritzefeld, Markus; Mazzon, Michela; Weston, Stuart; Tate, Edward W; Teo, Boon Han; Smith, Sarah E; Kellam, Paul; Holmes, Edward C.; Marsh, Mark
      Published 2020
      Host interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad-spectrum antiviral restriction factors. Of these, IFITM3 potently inhibits viruses that enter cells through acidic endosomes, many of which are zoonotic and ...
      Article
    • Bioinformatics resources for SARS-CoV-2 discovery and surveillance. 

      Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Zhou, Hong; Li, Cixiu; Holmes, Edward C.; Shi, Weifeng
      Published 2021
      In early January 2020, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, was identified using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and readily available bioinformatics pipelines. In ...
      Article
    • Blood molecular markers associated with COVID-19 immunopathology and multi?organ damage 

      Chen, Yan‐Mei; Zheng, Yuanting; Yu, Ying; Wang, Yunzhi; Huang, Qingxia; Qian, Feng; Sun, Lei; Song, Zhi‐Gang; Chen, Ziyin; Feng, Jinwen; An, Yanpeng; Yang, Jingcheng; Su, Zhenqiang; Sun, Shanyue; Dai, Fahui; Chen, Qinsheng; Lu, Qinwei; Li, Pengcheng; Ling, Yun; Yang, Zhong; Tang, Huiru; Shi, Leming; Jin, Li; Holmes, Edward C.; Ding, Chen; Zhu, Tong‐Yu; Zhang, Yong‐Zhen
      Published 2020
      COVID-19 is characterised by dysregulated immune responses, metabolic dysfunction and adverse effects on the function of multiple organs. To understand host responses to COVID-19 pathophysiology, we combined transcriptomics, ...
      Article
    • Co-infecting pathogens can contribute to inflammatory responses and severe symptoms in COVID-19 

      Chen, Liping; Shen, Lihan; Wu, Weichen; Guan, Wenda; Zhou, Jinchao; Luo, Gengyan; Chen, Qimin; Zhou, Hongxia; Deng, Zhenxuan; Chen, Yaoqing; Zhao, Wenjing; Jin, Wenxiang; Qiu, Minshan; Zheng, Qianwei; Wang, Yutao; Liu, Chen; Bai, Xiangxiang; Guo, Deyin; Holmes, Edward C.; Zhong, Nanshan; Shi, Mang; Yang, Zifeng
      Published 2022
      Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic is posing a major challenge to public health on a global scale. While it is generally believed that severe COVID-19 results from over-expression of inflammatory mediators (i.e., a ...
      Article
    • Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants revealed by genomic surveillance 

      Rockett, Rebecca J.; Draper, Jenny; Gall, Mailie; Sim, Eby M.; Arnott, Alicia; Agius, Jessica E.; Johnson-Mackinnon, Jessica; Fong, Winkie; Martinez, Elena; Drew, Alexander P.; Lee, Clement; Ngo, Christine; Ramsperger, Marc; Ginn, Andrew N.; Wang, Qinning; Fennell, Michael; Ko, Danny; Hueston, Linda; Kairaitis, Lukas; Holmes, Edward C.; O’Sullivan, Matthew N.; Chen, Sharon C.-A.; Kok, Jen; Dwyer, Dominic E.; Sintchenko, Vitali
      Published 2022
      Co-infections with different variants of SARS-CoV-2 are a key precursor to recombination events that are likely to drive SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Rapid identification of such co-infections is required to determine their ...
      Article
    • Co-infection with SARS-COV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants Revealed by Genomic Surveillance 

      Rockett, Rebecca J; Draper, Jenny; Gall, Mailie; Sim, Eby M; Arnott, Alicia; Agius, Jessica E; Johnson-Mackinnon, Jessica; Martinez, Elena; Drew, Alexander P; Lee, Clement; Ngo, Christine; Ramsperger, Marc; Ginn, Andrew N; Wang, Qinning; Fennell, Michael; Ko, Danny; Huston, Linda; Kairaitis, Lukas; Holmes, Edward C.; O'Sullivan, Matthew N; Chen, Sharon C-A; Kok, Jen; Dwyer, Dominic E; Sintchenko, Vitali
      Published 2022
      We identified the co-infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants in two epidemiologically unrelated patients with chronic kidney disease requiring haemodialysis. Both SARS-CoV-2 variants were co-circulating ...
      Preprint
    • Complete genome characterisation of a novel coronavirus associated with severe human respiratory disease in Wuhan, China 

      Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin; Chen, Yan-Mei; Wang, Wen; Hu, Yi; Song, Zhi-Gang; Tao, Zhao-Wu; Tian, Jun-Hua; Pei, Yuan-Yuan; Yuan, Ming-Li; Zhang, Yu-Ling; Dai, Fa-Hui; Liu, Yi; Wang, Qi-Min; Zheng, Jiao-Jiao; Xu, Lin; Holmes, Edward C.; Zhang, Yong-Zhen
      Published 2020
      Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Zika and highly pathogenic influenza present a major threat to public health1–3. Despite intense research effort, how, when and where novel diseases appear ...
      Preprint
    • COVID-19 - lessons for zoonotic disease 

      Holmes, Edward C.
      Published 2022
      Disease emergence is driven by human-animal contact in a global viral ecosystem.
      Article
    • COVID-19 Futures: A Framework for Exploring Medium and Long-Term Impacts 

      Bedford, Juliet; Berglof, Erik; Buckee, Caroline; Farrar, Jeremy; Grenfell, Bryan; Holmes, Edward C.; Metcalf, C. Jessica E.; Sridhar, Devi; Thompson, Beth
      Published 2020
      Background: Considering the possible trajectories of the COVID-19 pandemic is important to inform both short- and long-term responses and to prepare for pandemics of the future. We describe a framework to explore four ...
      Preprint
    • Dengue Virus in Sub-tropical Northern and Central Viet Nam: Population Immunity and Climate Shape Patterns of Viral Invasion and Maintenance 

      Rabaa, Maia A.; Simmons, Cameron P.; Fox, Annette; Le, Mai Quynh; Nguyen, Thuy Thi Thu; Le, Hai Yen; Gibbons, Robert V.; Holmes, Edward C.; Aaskov, John G.
      Published 2013-12-05
      Dengue virus transmission occurs in both epidemic and endemic cycles across tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Incidence is particularly high in much of Southeast Asia, where hyperendemic transmission plagues ...
      Open Access
      Article
    • Diversity and circulation of Jingmen tick virus in ticks and mammals 

      Guo, Jing-Jing; Lin, Xian-Dan; Chen, Yan-Mei; Hao, Zong-Yu; Wang, Zhao-Xiao; Yu, Zhu-Mei; Lu, Miao; Li, Kun; Qin, Xin-Cheng; Wang, Wen; Holmes, Edward C.; Hou, Wei; Zhang, Yong-Zhen
      Published 2020
      Since its initial identification in ticks in 2010, Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) has been described in cattle, rodents and primates. To better understand the diversity, evolution and transmission of JMTV, we sampled 215 ticks, ...
      Article
    • Diversity and evolution of the animal virome 

      Harvey, Erin; Holmes, Edward C.
      Published 2022
      The COVID-19 pandemic has given the study of virus evolution and ecology new relevance. Although viruses were first identified more than a century ago, we likely know less about their diversity than that of any other ...
      Article
    • A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology 

      Rambaut, Andrew; Holmes, Edward C.; O’Toole, Áine; Hill, Verity; McCrone, John T.; Ruis, Christopher; du Plessis, Louis; Pybus, Oliver G.
      Published 2020
      The ongoing pandemic spread of a new human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is associated with severe pneumonia/disease (COVID-19), has resulted in the generation of tens of thousands of virus genome sequences. The rate of ...
      Article
    • A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 to assist genomic epidemiology 

      Rambaut, Andrew; Holmes, Edward C.; Hill, Verity; OToole, Aine; McCrone, John; Ruis, Chris; du Plessis, Louis; Pybus, Oliver
      Published 2020
      The ongoing pandemic spread of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, associated with severe pneumonia disease (COVID-19), has resulted in the generation of thousands of virus genome sequences. The rate of genome generation ...
      Preprint