Urban transformation and architectural identity in Makkah, 1932-2010

Abstract

This thesis examines urban transformation and architectural identity in Makkah since the early 1930s. Particular focus is upon the radical changes brought about by oil modernisation since 1972 and the processes of globalisation in more recent years. Makkah has been the centre of Islam since the Ka'aba was built by the Prophet Ibrahim around 2000 BC. All urban transformations have revolved around the Ka'aba from the time of the Makkan tribe, the Quraysh, up to the modern era of Saudi Arabia. This thesis explores the complexities and tensions surrounding the making of the architectural identity of Makkah during different historical periods, starting with an investigation into the mechanisms of change in architectural identity in relation to nation-building during the early Saudi period of the 1930s. While the formation of national identity is often considered contradictory to the development of transnational identity of a religious centre, this thesis argues that the two processes were closely tied to each other. By bringing the leaders of the Muslim nations together to build Makkah collectively, Saudi Arabia managed not only to establish a modern national identity, but also to strengthen the transnational identity of Makkah. Urban transformation in Makkah accelerated in the 1970s, when oil revenue reached its peak. Under the influence of Western oil companies, Western urbanism spread throughout the region as a desirable mode of living. A new master plan for Makkah was made by the British firm Robert Matthew and Johnson Marshall and Partners. This period saw different approaches adopted in an attempt to attach traditional elements to modern forms. This thesis argues, however, that they were essentially ineffective in terms of preserving the unique architectural identity of Makkah. In recent years, a large number of skyscrapers have been built to provide accommodation for pilgrims in the context of globalisation. This development, while projecting a modern image of Makkah to the world, contradicts the role of Makkah as a sacred city. This thesis not only investigates the mechanisms behind the change of architectural identity from a self-referential history to an external global modernity, but also reveals the complex workings of capital, governance and professional knowledge during the process. Through a close examination of three crucial moments during which urban transformation in Makkah was shaped by interweaving relationship between provoking local conditions and shifting regional and world circumstances, the study contributes new insights into the making of architectural identity built upon intertwined local, national, regional and global practices. It demonstrates the important roles of the various stakeholders as agents in the politics of identity production and reveals the gap between the conceived image and the lived reality of the city generated by multiple agents. The findings will provide a basis for rethinking the paradox in harnessing globalised architectural and urban forms for the production of a viable local identity.