https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31874 Wed, 10 Jun 2026 14:27:22 GMT 2026-06-10T14:27:22Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32157 Workshop 7 report: Sustainable transport systems designed to meet the needs of both users and residents Vickerman, Roger; Gee, Julie Workshop 7 looked beyond the narrow focus on efficiency and sustainable funding of transport systems to a wider view to meet a variety of different users’ needs as well as those of residents and taxpayers, recognising that these are not always the same people. The focus was on identifying the factors which lead to different levels of accessibility for different individuals and households and how these may not be reflected in area-based measures. Whether these differences can be met by more flexible transport systems targeted at specific (groups of) individuals or by providing better access to regular public transport by addressing the first/last mile problem needs careful analysis. Ultimately understanding different needs depends on being able to understand different types of household and their need based on their characteristics including a recognition that many transport demands (and constraints) are created by the need to provide care for other household members. This has implications for both the funding of public transport and how it is priced in a broader approach to underwriting mobility. The Workshop generated a set of recommendations for further research and for the development of policy. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32157 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32156 Workshop 6 report: Micromobility movement in urban transport Attard, Maria; Balbontin, Camila The theme of micromobility was introduced for the first time in Thredbo 17 as the growth of shared and privately-owned e-scooters, bicycles and e-bicycles continue to affect the nature and structure of urban transport systems worldwide. And whilst in some cases they challenge the priority afforded to the private car, in others they complement already existing and well-established greener transport modes such as cycling and walking. The discussion in this workshop focused on a number of questions looking at the benefits of micromobility and discussing the main incentives for their use as an urban mode of transport, questioning the role of government and describing the potential threats, if any, to public transport systems, in what we expect for the future of micromobility. Five papers showcased evidence on the use of micromobility, from e-scooters in Norway and Australia, to public bicycles in South Korea and The Netherlands. Each of the questions discussed in the workshop is reported in this paper. The need for multimodal integration is evident and remains essential to ensure complementarity across transport in cities. However, other concerns such as the need for regulation, education/enforcement structures, stronger business models and more effective tendering procedures have been identified and discussed. A long list of future research topics in the area of micromobility is provided and some themes for Thredbo 18 are recommended. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32156 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32155 Workshop 5 report: New service models – Governing emerging mobility services Smith, Göran; Ho, Chinh Q. The rise of new service models for passenger transport is arguably transforming the mobility landscape. Concurrently, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted mobility practices and questioned traditional public transport models. Given the negative externalities of transport, and the key role of shared mobility in reducing these, it is therefore critical to work out what governments can do to ensure that the new service models contribute to making mobility service systems more attractive to users as well as more energy-, space- and cost-efficient. Workshop 5 of the 17th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport set out to address these issues. It included thirteen papers that reported evidence about demand-responsive transport (DRT), ridesourcing, ridesharing, and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as well as about innovations within traditional public transport, taxi, and paratransit. The workshop discussed what roles governments have adopted, what types of regulations and policies they have been using, and what is known about the impacts of these governance approaches. Drawing on this discussion, the workshop developed a set of policy recommendations designed to cater for democratic governance processes with transformative impacts as well as a list of potential avenues for further research on the governance of emerging mobility services. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32155 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32154 Workshop 4 report: Optimising the impact of technological innovation on achieving sustainable public transport outcomes Merkert, Rico; Nelson, John D. Under the workshop's theme of optimising the impact of technological innovation on achieving sustainable public transport outcomes a total of 7 papers were presented and discussed and participants also completed a public transport contract “experiment”, taking the role of operators and authorities. The experiment benefited from having C-suite level representatives from both sides at the negotiation table with consultants and academics providing advisory support. Following an initial discussion on definitions relevant to sustainable transport outcomes and a recognition of how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed our perspective on sustainability, papers were grouped into three themes to cover various perspectives on the impact of technological innovation on achieving sustainable public transport outcomes – authorities, operators and consumers/end-users. We developed several areas for further research including a requirement for a global benchmarking framework for sustainable transport outcomes and a need to better understand the right balance of uncertainty in innovation. There were also several policy recommendations such as the encouragement of greater sharing of data, information and best practice in sustainable (urban) mobility. This will be facilitated by more flexibility in contracts to allow new technology to be effectively deployed to measure and incentivise sustainable outcomes in public transport service delivery. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32154 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32153 Workshop 3 report: Infrastructure, services and urban development Hansson, Lisa; Leong, Waiyan Workshop 3 concentrated its discussion on critical factors for strategic transport planning, implementation, and service provision in the post-pandemic era. The workshop report makes a strong case for social and environmental considerations to be included in transport and land use planning. Bottom-up and top-down processes must converge, and policies that put focus on equity in transport planning are needed. In this also lies a recognition of the benefits of transport services for all and, in turn, the importance of threshold services that are inclusive. In the discussion on service improvement and wider benefits, there is a need to recognise the value of transport and distribution of resources. This is linked to better use of existing resources and working with methods that capture the value of transport improvements. Drawing on the discussion on service improvement, it is also recognised that there is a need to further develop objective decision-making tools that assess the outcomes of planned processes. This includes taking into account a wider social perspective in existing methods and further develop the existing tools traditionally used in transport planning. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32153 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32152 Workshop 2B report: Governance of relationships between authorities and operators with particular reference to situations of fundamental change Finn, Brendan; Yen, Barbara T.H. Contracting public transport services is one of the traditional topics in the Thredbo conference series. Nine papers were presented in this workshop, leading to in-depth discussions on a better contracting framework for informal sectors and on improving stakeholder relationships. The evidence from papers in this workshop fell broadly into three areas. The first considered contracting frameworks to formalise and better organise the informal passenger transport (IPT) sectors, the second discussed contracting issues on resource and pricing strategies, and the third looked at contracting issues for innovative services. In addition to the detail provided by the evidence in the papers, the workshop discussions identified a trade-off relationship between many aspects of the tendering processes and broadly defined stakeholder relationships. The workshop developed five areas for further research: review mechanisms across regions, settings, and disciplines; stakeholder relationships in contracting and concessions; the importance of social outcomes of contracted/concessioned services; quantifying the informal sector; and innovation. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32152 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32151 Workshop 2A report: Public transport governance via contracting, collaboration, and hybrid organisational arrangements Dementiev, Andrei; Alexandersson, Gunnar A key focus for this workshop was the interaction between authorities, operators and other corporate actors involved in public transport, with particular reference to how long-established contracting practices are surviving. Interorganisational relationships were considered from a broader perspective to provide a theoretical rationale for the scope of renegotiation and contractual flexibility, for example against the background of technical transitions and external shocks like COVID-19. The workshop outcomes are presented along three main headlines: collaboration vs coordination, contractual arrangements in times of transition and uncertainty, and understanding different organisations forms and inter-mediaries. Collectively, they lead to a proposed tentative policy-oriented framework which could be used to structure further discussions at subsequent conferences. Policymakers are recommended to clearly distinguish (and adapt policies) between risks under legally binding agreements and genuinely unforeseen contingencies in incomplete contracts. While risks may be expressed as probabilities (with an attached calculated cost) and can be shared and put in a contract (as long as they are not too costly), uncertainties may instead have to be treated outside the contract. As presented in the framework, this will have governance implications at the strategic, tactical and operational levels in public transport. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32151 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32150 Workshop 1 report: Regulatory regimes: National and comparative regulation of public transport Preston, John; Wretstrand, Anders This workshop considered whether there was a need for a fourth way (or ways) to organise and regulate public transport to complement the three existing models of classic regulation, deregulation and limited competition (including competition for the market). This was particularly viewed from the perspective of what constitutes a good (public) transport authority. The evidence was based on five source papers and extensive discussions between the 14 workshop participants from eight countries. The key outcome was an update and extension of the Strategic, Tactical and Operational (STO) framework for planning and controlling public transport, with an enhanced focus on organisational and wider socio-economic aspects. However, the search for the elusive fourth way and the specification of the transport authority (and related bodies) to deliver public value continues. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32150 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32149 Working from home 22 months on from the beginning of COVID-19: What have we learned for the future provision of transport services? Hensher, David A.; Beck, Matthew J.; Balbontin, Camila COVID-19 has delivered an unintended positive consequence through working from home (WFH). While it may be some time until we are able to indicate, with some confidence, the impact that WFH will have on traffic congestion and crowding on public transport, there is a sense already that it is a game changer, and indeed is one of the most effective policy levers that the transport sector has had for many years in ‘managing’ the performance of the transport network. This paper draws on multiple ways of survey data that have been collected since March 2020 when the pandemic first resulted in severe restrictions in Australia. We present the evidence up to December 2021 on the incidence of WFH in two geographical jurisdiction – the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Area (GSMA) and South-East Queensland (SEQ) - and how it has been received by employees and employers from the height of restrictions up to a period when restrictions were relaxed, followed by further lockdowns throughout Australia. We show what this might mean for work productivity, lifestyle, and the changing preferences for passenger modes. With a growing preference, within some occupation classes, to WFH 1–2 days a week, and a good spread through the weekdays, we discuss what this means for the way we analyse the impact of transport initiatives on the performance of the transport network with a particular emphasis on the growth in suburbanisation of transport improvements, less costly service and infrastructure improvements, and the changing role of public transport. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32149 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32148 Use of public transport and social capital building: An empirical study of Japan Qin, Ziyi; Fukuda, Daisuke Traditional discussions of public transport management in Japan have been primarily based on profit concerns. However, in recent years, the discourse has shifted to incorporate social capital considerations, with greater attention given to the relationship between public transport and social capital. The idea is that by increasing mobility, public transport can facilitate social activities and foster networks and trust among people. This makes it a valuable tool for building social capital, particularly in depopulated areas that are at risk of losing their local networks. This study aims to investigate whether there is a positive correlation between the use of public transport and social capital at the regional level in Japan, using a quantitative method. We examine municipal-level data from all municipalities in Japan and we find a strong and positive correlation between the use of public transport and social capital. These results have significant implications for policymakers seeking to manage Japan's public transport system, especially in rural areas. Our findings suggest that policymakers should shift the focus from purely economic benefits to also prioritize social benefits. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32148 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32147 Universal design for people with psychosocial disabilities – The effect of COVID-19 Fleten Nielsen, Anja We have examined how COVID-19 impacted travel behaviour for people with psychosocial disabilities, identified key barriers when using public transport, and examined how a broad understanding of universal design can be used to improve travel for people with psychosocial disabilities. During and after the pandemic, most informants travelled less and/or used their car more than before. Some stopped using public transport due to fear of contamination, while others found it easier to travel during the pandemic due to less crowding. Use of facial masks were perceived by some as an additional problem increasing anxiety, while others found it more problematic with fellow passengers not wearing masks. In general, findings support prior studies in terms of barriers related to crowding, lack of seamlessness, financial issues, problems with staff, lack of access in rural areas, and low knowledge of support systems. Additionally, lack of toilet facilities, negative experiences with other passengers, sensory overload, travel-induced fatigue, and problems related to planning are considered problematic. Station areas may pose a barrier for people with former drug addictions. Hence, universal design should include the social and organisation environments, in addition to physical design, in terms of making the transport system accessible to everyone. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32147 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32146 Understanding the potential policy transfer of gamification schemes for behaviour change in public transport and road safety Yen, Barbara T.H.; Mulley, Corinne; Meza, Gerardo There is a long history in transport of implementing travel demand management (TDM) to manage users' behaviour. Recently, gamified interventions have been proposed as a better way to incentivise users to participate in TDM interventions. The concept of gamified design uses game design elements in non-game contexts. However, transport is complex and diverse and it is not clear whether gamified design is transferable between different transport applications such as increasing public transport use and improving road safety. The research question of this study is to investigate policy transfer effects of different gamified design applications. In order to explore this research question, this study designed two stated preference surveys with the same gamified design concepts but applied in two fields, including public transport with the aim to relieve congestion and for young drivers with the aim to improve road safety. Both surveys are held in Queensland, Australia. A multinomial logit modelling approach was used for both case studies. The marginal effect results were cross compared to draw out policy implications and potential policy transfer effects. The paper concludes that some users' attitudes and perceptions are transferrable, and gamified schemes are not particularly favoured. In particular, it is clear that irrespective of transport field, the design of a scheme for vehicle users must understand participants’ intentions and that this is more important than capturing their beliefs. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32146 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32145 Small and medium-sized taxi firm operators' stated choices of future business models: A case study in Japan based on hybrid choice model with panel effects Namgung, Hyewon; Fujiwara, Akimasa; Yamamoto, Jenny; Zhang, Junyi Taxi firms in Japan faced various challenges, including long-standing issues such as dwindling demand and driver shortages, recent competition from new technologies, and the short-term impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. These pressures necessitate a diversification of their business model, yet it remains uncertain how operators plan to adapt and how the government can facilitate the evolution of their mobility services. This study explores these issues from the viewpoint of small and medium-sized taxi firm operators in Japan, specifically focusing on their attitudes towards potential barriers, their preparedness for, and preferences towards new business models. To that end, we conducted a Statd Preference survey on new business models with taxi companies in the Chugoku region, western Japan. The findings reveal that an operator's attitude towards regulatory strictness indirectly lowers the likelihood of choosing new business models, whereas operational difficulties increase this probability. Interestingly, taxi firms operating in medium-sized cities tended to collaborate with private or public sectors in their new business models compared to firms in other areas. This study offers insights into policy discourse and design, emphasizing the need for strategic, collaborative, and contextually-aware responses to the evolving challenges within Japan's taxi industry. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32145 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32144 Robotaxi service: The transition and governance investigation in China Zhou, Yimin; Xu, Meng The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) views transition as a process resulting from the interaction of social and technological factors at different levels. With the MLP approach, the robotaxi service transition and governance driven by autonomous driving technologies are investigated based on the current development of China. We divide the transition of robotaxi service into four phases: The first phase (1991–2015) shielded the innovation of robotaxi by determining legal status; Governments, enterprises, universities, and industry consortia conduct autonomous driving trials and advance the adoption of technologies in the second phase (2016–2025); The third phase (2026–2035) would aim to tackle barriers in regulation, industry and public acceptance, and enhance competitiveness of the robotaxi to enter the market; The fourth phase (2036–2050) would form the robotaxi based service system. We found urbanization process and the innovation-driven economic shift, low-carbon development, and aging population have created a favorable landscape “pushing” for the development of robotaxi service. With the current transition in the second phase, the central government, local governments, and enterprises could tackle obstacles in regulation, economy, and public attitude to build a suitable environment for the robotaxi service development. Moreover, the robotaxi service towards the mobility as a service (MaaS) business model is also discussed to develop an integrated mobility ecosystem. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32144 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32143 Review of South Africa’s public transport system Walters, Jackie; Pisa, Noleen This paper provides a review of public transport policy and strategy initiatives in South Africa for the period 1996 to 2021 and reviews the progress made in public transport provision against the policy guidelines and strategies of the 1996 White Paper on National Transport Policy, relevant strategies, and legislation. Formal public transport is increasingly losing market share against the informal minibus taxi industry. In the 2021 National Household Travel Survey minibus taxis accounted for 80.2% of work trips in 2020 compared to 67.2% in 2013 and 63% in 2003 while buses accounted for 16.6% (19.5% in 2013 and 22% in 2003) and train 3.2% (12.9% in 2013 and 15% in 2003) of work trips respectively. The research finds that a lack of policy implementation is at the center of the issues experienced in public transport in South Africa together with a lack of adequate transportation planning and financing. Most public transport users are not served by BRTs and the high-speed Gautrain services and have become largely dependent on the informal, lightly regulated, minibus taxi industry for their transportation needs. Users are dissatisfied with public transport services in the country. Policy objectives set out in government policy documents are, in general, not being achieved. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32143 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32142 A study on the possibility of a BUS route network with connections based on an analysis of the efficiency of the BUS route network and resistance OF BUS users to transfer Suzuki, Yu; Hino, Satoru; Kanno, Takafumi; Amemiya, Daigo In this study, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the efficiency of the bus route network in Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan. The DEA efficiency indices utilized route length (km) and overlap index (number of lines/km) as input values for the network efficiency, while the number of buses per year was used as the output value for the deployment efficiency. Operating costs (yen) were used as the input value for the revenue efficiency, and Operating costs (yen) and fare revenue (yen) were used as input and output values, respectively, for the revenue efficiency. The results of this study show that the overall network efficiency is low, indicating that complex and radial bus routes are inefficient and can be improved. Next, we surveyed the attitudes of residents of Akita City, regarding the use of bus routes. The results showed that 18.5% of the respondents did not want to transfer between bus trips, whereas 69.7% could tolerate transferring up to once. Furthermore, 2.7% of the respondents were unwilling to wait for the bus, whereas 52.4% were willing to wait within 10 min, while 38.6% were willing to wait between 10 and 20 min. Based on the results of this analysis, which was conducted by a university laboratory, suggestions were made to the local government on how to provide an efficient network. The bus routes in Akita City are operated by private operators but managed by the local government. Thus, efficient bus routes with connections can be constructed through proposals to local governments. Inefficient bus routes were identified using DEA, and a network with transfers was examined for their improvement. When examining such a network, the attitudes of the users toward transfers must be understood; the relationship involves understanding the attitudes of the users toward inefficient bus routes using DEA. This study revealed that a large number of people could tolerate up to one transfer. The transit time is a significant factor in the acceptance. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32142 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32141 Planning for Bus Rapid Transit in an island context. The challenges of implementing BRT in Malta Attard, Maria In 2007 the Government of Malta commissioned a study into the feasibility of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system to accelerate a modal shift from the ever increasing car ownership and use. The study concluded that the government's efforts to consolidate and improve public transport bus services could be well served by a BRT infrastructure over and above the existing bus network. Since then a public transport reform was implemented in 2011 ending a long held monopoly of bus owners which controlled and operated inadequately the network of services, and introducing competitive tendering. Following many years of decline bus passenger numbers are now growing due to the recent economic development, influx of foreign workers and increased tourism. This study investigates the implementation of a BRT in the main island of Malta by looking at key socio-demographic and infrastructural determinants. It also lists some of the barriers to implementation. The aim of the paper is to provide a preliminary assessment of BRT implementation in an island context and propose research in support of such infrastructures in islands facing similar transport-related challenges as in Malta. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32141 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32140 Pathways to integrating paratransit and formal public transport: Case studies from Tshwane, South Africa Mokoma, Lesedi; Venter, Christoffel At its core public transport integration is about the collaboration of actors. Collaboration is elusive and difficult to achieve, especially in developing countries where insufficient regulation and dispersed, quasi-formal public transport operations are common. Asymmetries in information and objectives between paratransit and formal sector actors create barriers and may prevent synergies from emerging. A simplified framework for assessing the collaboration of actors during the implementation of integrated public transport projects is proposed. The position of the framework is that it is critical to identify actors’ objectives and barriers to collaboration, and then to action decisions to remove these barriers and achieve objectives at every step of the STO (Strategic Tactical Operational) decision-making process to maintain structural and horizontal consistency. The framework is tested ex-post on two public transport integration projects in Tshwane, South Africa: the Gautrain regional rapid rail and A Re Yeng Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), both of which are supported by paratransit feeders. The case study shows how collaboration is achieved when all the key actors' objectives and barriers are understood, planned for and implemented across the STO levels and how failure to do so can lead to failed integration outcomes. The framework may be useful to authorities pursuing collaboration with paratransit for the purposes of implementing integrated public transport in the Global South. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32140 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32139 Measuring market power of rail incumbents Chini, Jakub; Špetík, Ondřej; Kvizda, Martin The aim of this article is to assess the market power of the state-owned incumbents within the open-access lines in Europe and compare it among themselves. This article investigates three open-access lines in Europe: Prague-Ostrava line (in the Czech Republic), Vienna-Salzburg line (in Austria) and Bratislava-Košice (in Slovakia). The market power assessment of each of the state-owned incumbents on these lines is based on their market shares, average revenues per passenger-kilometre, whether there is a vertical separation of the infrastructure owner and railway service provider and the role of state intervention. Our results show that the state-owned incumbent in the Czech Republic on the Prague-Ostrava line has the lowest market power in comparison to other investigated open-access lines. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32139 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32138 How the COVID-19 pandemic changed travel behaviour? A case study on public bikes in Seoul Goh, Hyewon; Choi, Gahyun; Song, Yena This study aims to examine how travel behaviour has changed after the COVID-19 outbreak, specifically focusing on the use of public bikes in Seoul. In January 2020, the Korean government reported its first COVID-19 case and implemented several levels of social distancing measures excluding movement restrictions. These measures, coupled with the fear of infection, resulted in reduced social interactions and, further, changed travel behaviour. Transit usage in Seoul has experienced a significant decline of approximately 25% in 2020 and 2021 compared to the previous two years. However, the use of public bikes continued to rise even during the pandemic, unaffected by the prevalence of the disease. Moreover, there was a doubling of public bike usage during commute hours, implying the potential of public bikes as an alternative travel mode for commute purposes. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 acted as a disruptive shock that prompted changes in travel behaviour. Policymakers should seize this opportunity to promote the wider adoption of cycling, potentially through the development of more efficient and safer infrastructure as well as the implementation of various incentives. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32138 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32137 Factors influencing the patronage of flexible transport in urban and rural areas. A case study in NSW, Australia Loyola, Miguel; Nelson, John D.; Clifton, Geoffrey; Ho, Chinh Q. Since 1990, gradual changes have been observed in the implementation of flexible transport service (FTS) schemes. A growing body of evidence suggests FTS are highly supportive for specific groups, like people with disabilities and the socially disadvantaged. Although this is more evident in rural and regional areas where there may be no fixed public transport routes, some urban FTS schemes have proven effective. However, little empirical research has focused on exploring the factors influencing patronage of FTS in urban and rural areas. This study aims to understand the relationships between patronage and the user's characteristics in New South Wales, Australia, by associating spatial datasets and employing statistical modelling to compare the experience in urban and rural contexts. Results show that users' characteristics of flexible transport are contrastingly different in urban and rural areas; and that this method represents an effective tool to capture the economic and social benefits for FTS users. This study posits that tangible evidence is not enough to evaluate and assess FTS schemes and points out that a careful understanding of the FTS user's benefits is needed to assess the effectiveness of FTS. These findings contribute to a better understanding of flexible transport implementation and provide evidence for FTS scheme proponents and transport funders. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32137 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32136 Exploring the attitudes and perceptions influencing user participation in gamification schemes for TDM Yen, Barbara; Mulley, Corinne; Meza, Gerardo Travel demand management (TDM) strategies and behaviour change initiatives aim to improve travel conditions by reducing or redistribute demand where the transport system is most congested. TDM strategies with gamified design can provide positive incentives in the form of playing a game and providing rewards. Gamified design has recently been implemented for TDM strategies in the public transport field with some success. However, before implementing a TDM strategy with a gamified design, it is critical to understand how participants or users value the proposed strategy. This study explores which attitudes and perceptions make a gamified scheme successful in attracting users to participate. This study surveyed 160 participants in Taipei City and used structural equation modelling (SEM) with an extended technology acceptance model (extended TAM) to identify which user atti tudes and perceptions are critical to influence respondents’ intention to join the gamified scheme. This study finds the key element of ‘to capture the fun and joy’ of the gamified scheme or perceived enjoyment is positively related to perceived ease of use that is key in convincing people to participate as being perceived as easy to use means the target demographic feels no burden in “giving it a try”. The results of this study may aid policy makers in designing gamification schemes that are more tailored for the specific purpose and thus more effective. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32136 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32135 Expectations and satisfaction towards railway companies by residents in Japan Utsunomiya, Kiyohito; Sanko, Nobuhiro; Keumi, Chikako Railway companies in Japan, which have successfully managed their business using TOD approach, now face a decrease in the general population under a motorised society. They are trying to cooperate with residents along their operating lines by expanding their activities, but it is unclear what residents expect of railway companies and to what extent residents are satisfied with these companies. This paper uses questionnaire survey data to explore this issue quantitatively. Expectations and satisfaction are examined using both aggregate and disaggregate analysis. In disaggregate analysis, expectations and satisfaction are jointly modelled in bivariate ordered probit models to investigate the interrelationships between them. The results are as follows. Residents have high expectations in various issues, and those in metropolitan areas tend to be satisfied with the transportation-related services provided by railway companies. However, there is quite a large amount of dissatisfaction with railway company activities in fields other than transportation. Expectations and satisfaction depend on the respondents’ attributes, including residential geographical conditions, and these vary even among stations within the same company, but expectations and satisfaction have little relationship to whether or not residents frequently travel by train. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32135 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32133 Efficiency benchmarking and its determinants in high-speed railways: Reference for China Zong, Yueqi; Wu, Jianhong; Yu, Kemei; Yang, Xutao The high-speed railway (HSR) performance has drawn considerable attention from international scholars and policymakers. One heatedly-discussed topic is measuring HSR efficiency and its important determinants, particularly HSR organizational structures. The main contribution of our research is the adoption of the multistage Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Tobit Model, which provides a rational and coherent method to address this issue. We select the dataset from main HSR countries during the period of 2009–2018, and rank the efficiency of HSRs of different countries. Subsequently we examine the relationship between HSR efficiency and characteristic determinants, along with geographical and economic indicators that may influence the model. The results have revealed the HSR productivity difference do exist among countries. Overall, Asia’s HSR systems demonstrate higher efficiency compared to those in Europe; while China’s HSR efficiency ranks medium in the HSR multi-stages chain but higher in the service stage. Furthermore, the determinants of organizational structure can significantly effect on the effectiveness of HSR systems under a certain transport density threshold. In conclusion, regulators and operators should endeavor to increase traffic by meeting the demand to improve system efficiency. For China, focusing on vertical integration should be the key aspect of future HSR reform. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32133 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32131 Crowdsourcing, digital co-production and collaborative governance for modernizing local public transport services: The exemplar of General Santos City, Philippines Tiglao, Noriel Christopher C.; Ng, Anne Clarice L.; Tacderas, Mark Angelo Y.; Tolentino, Niki Jon Y. Informal transport continues to play a significant role in the urban transport systems of developing countries. Modernizing informal transport requires a co-ordinated approach to ensure inclusive and sustainable transition. Massive reforms to the Philippines’ public transport system were rolled out in 2017 through its Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) aimed at modernizing the country’s jeepney industry. Consequently, there is a need to explore collaborative governance mechanisms to sustain the momentum of modernization reforms. A framework integrating crowdsourcing and digital co-production toward collaborative governance is explored through participatory action research based on the deployment of the SafeTravelPH public transport crowdsourcing platform in General Santos City, Philippines. The SafeTravelPH app was developed at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. The platform actively engages the government, transport industry providers, and passengers in sharing transformative information to improve public transport by collecting and analyzing realtime data on vehicle trajectory, boarding and alighting locations, occupancy and other public transport operational parameters. The study demonstrates the potential of digital technologies and collaborative governance approaches in modernizing local public transport services. The experiences of General Santos City can provide an exemplar for other cities in the Philippines and other developing countries. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32131 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32128 Editorial: Thredbo 17 conference Hensher, David A.; Merkert, Rico; Nelson, John D.; Connell, Rebecca; Steel, Ruth This volume of Research in Transportation Economics collects the workshop reports as well as the best papers presented at the 17th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport (the Thredbo Series) held in Sydney, Australia, in 2022 (after a brief hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic and with plans to go to Japan put on hold). The 17th conference in the series followed in the footsteps of previous conferences by bringing together academics, government officials, consultants, policymakers, politicians, students, and public transport operators to review trends and challenges in ownership and competition issues in public transport. It was attended by 125 delegates from 25 countries, with 78 papers presented. The conference included seven workshops. A summary of the history of the conference series, including the themes covered, can be seen in Table 1 at the end of this editorial. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32128 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32127 Price and competition in emerging shared e-scooter markets Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Johannes Liland Hartveit, Knut; Johnsson, Espen The rapid deployment of shared dockless electric scooters (e-scooters) has resulted in attention from the public and regulators. Recurring issues include fleet size and the number of operators in the market. In this paper we study market development in two Norwegian cities and discuss how these experiences point towards future e-scooter regulation and ask if market regulation based on price competition in the e-scooter market is plausible. We study this by focusing on two natural experiments. First, we analyse the market entry of a low-cost e-scooter company in Drammen. We discuss how that entry impacted two incumbent e-scooter companies and the total market. Second, we look at the change in e-scooter regulation in Oslo in September 2021. This change represents a movement from a laissez faire market approach to a fleet cap of 8000 divided evenly between 12 different e-scooter companies. We study these experiments using data obtained from selected e-scooter operators (GPS location, start/stop time, e-scooter id), municipalities (fleet size, trips) and a web page tracking e-scooter fares. We find that competition between e-scooter companies varies across user segments, with trips made for traveling purposes being less price sensitive, and joy rides being more price sensitive. Also, we find that there are substantial advantages in being a large actor. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32127 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32126 Governance of uncertainty in implementing mobility innovations: A comparison of two Dutch cases Akse, Ruben; Veeneman, Wijnand; Marchau, Vincent; Ritter, Simone To make the supply of transport services more attractive and sustainable, mobility suppliers and governmental actors expect much from mobility innovations. When developing and realizing these innovations, they experience considerable uncertainty about the future outcomes of implementing these innovations (1), and about other actors' intentions and actions in realizing these innovations (2). Literature on governance under uncertainty often overlooks the experienced uncertainty during interactions among multiple actors. To address this gap, this paper applies a new conceptual model for understanding interacting actor behaviour under uncertainty in the context of two innovative mobility cases in the Netherlands: Mobility as a Service (a digital channel for users to plan, book, and pay for multiple mobility services) and ERTMS (a new European rail traffic control system). Our analysis reveals that actors tend to rely on traditional project management approaches for dealing with uncertainty, even when there is no shared understanding of innovation requirements and scope. However, uncertainty manifests itself most regarding actors’ intentions and actions in the development phase of innovations. This gap underscores the limitations of managing innovations using project management and highlights the need for additional governance approaches to address the major uncertainties that actors face about their mutual relations. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32126 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32125 Long-distance rail in Europe: Comparing the forms of head-on competition across Europe Beria, Paolo; Lunkar, Vardhman; Tolentino, Samuel; Pařil, Vilém; Kvasnička, Michal Europe is finally entering a season of liberalisation in the long-distance rail passenger market, which takes the form of on-track competition among public and private operators. The paper provides a broad-scope comparison of relevant European markets, belonging to liberalised and non-liberalised countries, aiming to point out the patterns in terms of supply, competition model and prices. The paper is based on a sample of heterogeneous 69 city-pairs, analysed in two fourteen days periods in 2019 (May/June and November). All available modes are observed, collecting info on companies, frequency of services, and cheapest price. The analysis starts from a schematisation of different business models, based on literature. Then, using the database, we study the country's supply structure, size, and level of intermodal and intra-modal competition through HHIs. Prices are analysed in two steps: the average prices and the price dispersion, searching for their main determinants, including but not limited to competition. Results show that a higher competition level is not always corresponding to low prices, which are instead determined by many other factors such as size of market, demand, socio-economic characteristics, subsidies, production costs, speed advantage, strength of the incumbent, etc. The competition level, instead, directly influences the quality, the supplied capacity, and the price dispersion. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32125 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32124 E-scooters and public transport – Complement or competition? Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Johnsson, Espen The rapid deployment of shared electric scooters (e-scooters) has resulted in much attention from the public and regulators. In this paper we look at what role e-scooters have in the mobility system in Oslo, Norway. Previous research suggests that e-scooters fill three main functions: first by serving areas underserved by other modes; second that they replace public transport (PT) trips where the generalised costs of PT are relatively high; and third that they can play an important role as first/last mile mode. In this paper we look at the interaction between e-scooters and PT. We ask: do shared e-scooters compete with or complement public transport? We analyse competition between e-scooters and other modes by combining four data-sources: trip data from escooter trips; travel planner data for alternative modes; a survey conducted among e-scooter users collected for the purpose of the study; and the regional travel survey, obtained from the PT authority in the greater Oslo area. We find that e-scooters are both competing with and complementing PT. For most e-scooter trips, the PT alternative would take twice as much time, or more. A sizable share of e-scooter trips are indeed access and egress to/from PT. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32124 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32121 Assessing free-fare public transport in Chilean cities through optimization models Basnak, Paul; Giesen, Ricardo Many public transport services receive operating subsidies from national, regional, or local Governments, part of which are directed to reducing fares. In recent years, different cities, most of them located in Europe, have advanced in the provision of free-fare public transport, which could help reduce car use and thus limit negative externalities related to its use. Using cost minimization models with variable mode share, in a circular structure with radial lines, optimal fares for bus services were estimated for 33 small and medium-sized cities in Chile. Through a linear regression model, we determined that the optimal fares decrease for cities with higher population, lower average income, a higher proportion of students, and with a CBD surrounded by natural boundaries such as seacoast. Based on the model’s results, together with feasibility criteria that included competition of buses with other transportation modes, the regulation of existing systems and the quality of available data, recommendations are provided to select the best cities for a test of free-fare public transport in Chile. The methodology is applicable to cities in other countries, and future research may incorporate the effect of the valuation of crowding by users, as well as the generation of additional trips due to a drop in bus fares. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32121 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32120 An application of land use, transport, and economy interaction model Le, Henry; Gurry, Finn; Lennox, James Governments need to assess the benefits of transport projects to prioritize investments. It is imperative for governments to have tools that can closely estimate the actual benefits and impacts of investments in significant transport projects. Traditionally, the benefits of a transport project have been estimated by using a transport model, assuming fixed land use for the base and project case in the future. However, this approach cannot measure the impact of land-use changes as residents and businesses relocate to take advantage of lower travel and/or freight costs resulting from the project. Consequently, the benefits of the project may be under or overestimated, depending on its position within the transport network and how it reshapes land use patterns in the future. To overcome this drawback in existing models, this paper firstly presents a literature review of advances in the land use transport interaction model (LUTI), then discusses the development of a LUTI model for Victoria, Australia (VLUTI) by integrating the Victorian Integrated Transport Model with a Spatial Computable General Equilibrium model (SCGE). The land use component (SCGE) was developed to represent a highly resolved zone system, detailed classifications of occupations and industries, and spatial interactions via commuting, and trade in goods and services, and thus enables VLUTI to simulate a detailed and nuanced picture of land use and transport interactions in a complete economic environment. The literature review also indicates limited research in applying a LUTI to estimate land use change benefits. This paper presents an application of VLUTI by looking at differences in the conventional transport benefits under both static and dynamic land use scenarios. In the static method, the land use in the project case is unchanged from the base case. In the dynamic case, the land use in the project case, at a future point in time, is endogenously adjusted within VLUTI. It presents a method to correct, in the dynamic case, the benefits as estimated by the rule of a half, which usually assumes static land use. The paper concludes with suggestions for further developments and improvements of VLUTI such as incorporating an activity-based transport model and an environmental model to progress toward an integrated land-use, transport, economy, and environment model capable of assessing the full impact of a transport project in a holistic way. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32120 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31898 Reforms in Metro Manila's bus transport system hastened by the Covid-19 pandemic: A policy capacity analysis of the EDSA busway Gaspay, Sandy Mae; Tiglao, Noriel Christopher; Tacderas, Mark Angelo; Tolentino, Niki Jon; Ng, Anne Clarice In response to the health and mobility issues caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the Philippine government took advantage of opportunities to expedite public transport reforms by converting a portion of Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA), Metro Manila's busiest thoroughfare, into a dedicated busway. This deserves a closer look since historically, solutions catering to EDSA have been bereft with challenges given the overlapping powers of various authorities and multitude of interests that benefit from the status-quo. Through semi-structured interviews with key actors followed by a policy capacity analysis, the authors found that the pandemic provided opportunities for the key institutions to gain political legitimacy and authority that pushed its stakeholders to cooperate. However, this new solution forced them to take on tasks that are outside their regular responsibilities so while they were able to provide measures to make EDSA Busway succeed in the short-term, much work needs to be done to sustain the gains achieved. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31898 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31895 Improving the service of E-bike sharing by demand pattern analysis: A data-driven approach Zhang, Ziru; Krishnakumari, Panchamy; Schulte, Frederik; Oort, Niels van In recent years, there has been a surge in the popularity of free-floating e-bike sharing. However, the shared mobility sector is fiercely competitive demanding, efficient operations and high-quality service to cater to user expectations. We propose several data-driven methods that apply demand pattern analysis. We suggest the use of a new spatial unit (i.e., overlapping circles) to enhance the cost-efficiency and user-friendliness of e-bike sharing. Moreover, temporal clustering is employed to develop operational strategies that counter the imbalance in supply and demand in recurrent clusters. To evaluate the impact of these strategies, we introduce a framework and apply it in a case study of an e-bike sharing project in The Hague, The Netherlands. We identify 5 hourly clusters which enable reallocation strategies to alleviate the imbalance among spatial units in these clusters. The results demonstrate that the derived operational strategies improve the service significantly, with almost 1.5 times increased ridership, an approximately 20% decrease in vehicle idle time, and a decent monthly net retention rate of around 60%. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31895 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31894 An exploratory study of Mobility Hub implementation Arnold, Thomas; Dale, Simon; Timmis, Andrew; Frost, Matthew; Ison, Stephen Mobility Hubs (MH) have been developed, as multimodal interchanges focussed on public transport, active travel modes, and shared mobility, with the aim of encouraging more sustainable forms of travel. There is emergent evidence of MH development and implementation across an increasing number of international cities often with different interpretations of the concept. The aim of this paper is to analyse the decision-making factors behind MH implementation. 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted with transport professionals involved with MH implementation in the United States, mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. The interviews revealed common elements in the decision-making process categorised under four headings, namely: Purpose, Process, Place and Performance referred to as the 4 Ps. These are used as explanatory factors to understand the variety of MH implementation globally. Furthermore, they have utility as a decision-making guide for prospective cities considering MH implementation. This enables exploration of how MHs develop and are implemented responding to the specific aims, opportunities, challenges, and contexts of a move from private transport to more active and shared modes of mobility. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31894 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31893 Innovation in stable competitive tendering regimes: An insoluble knot? Hansson, Lisa; Aldenius, Malin; Paulsson, Alexander; Thoresson, Karin; Vitestam, Birgitta The transport sector is currently undergoing rapid development, which is to a large extent driven by innovation and technological changes initiated by various market actors. At the same time, public transport operations are largely framed by extensive procurement processes and a mature market where a few large companies compete for market share. In Europe, there is tension between rapid innovative development in the sector, on one hand, and stability given by regulation practices shaping procurement processes, on the other. This paper presents results from a study in which opportunities for innovation in procurement processes were examined. The findings are based on public transport authorities' and transport companies’ experiences from tendering bus transport in the three largest cities in Sweden. By using a theoretical perspective of innovation and institutional logics, the paper explains the restrictive role innovation has in procurement processes and discusses the conflicting views transport authorities and transport companies put forward. The paper is of general value since it raises questions related to the complexity of existing tendering regimes and the possibilities of facilitating innovation. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31893 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31892 Effects on operating costs of adjusting bus departure times during peak-hour traffic in Sweden Eriksson, Eva-Lena; Lidestam, Helene; Hiselius, Lena Winslott The cost of public transport has increased more than the supply in recent years in Sweden. One of the main cost drivers identified is peak-hour traffic. The major operating cost factors are the need for a large bus fleet for short periods during mornings and afternoons and the scheduling of drivers for shorter periods than the minimum working hour restriction. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of the number of buses needed (and hence the operating cost) during peak hours when adjusting the bus departure times. The study also analyses the increase in public transport supply and the number of boarding passengers if the cost reduction is re-invested. The analysis is based on case studies and simulated scenarios of possible adjustments in departure times for buses. The results show that by marginally adjusting the departure times, fewer buses are needed which leads to decreased operating costs. Further, the results show that the reduction in costs can be used to improve public transport in the area by expanding the supply of public transport in the long run. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31892 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31891 Personal safety perception of ride-share amongst young adults in Cape Town: The effect of gender, vehicle access and Covid-19 Baufeldt, Jennifer Louisa; Vanderschuren, Marianne This paper investigates ride-share related personal safety of young adults in Cape Town in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic. As a response to gender-based violence, the focus is on the different perceptions of females and males. Additionally, this paper considers how having access to a private vehicle affects an individual's perception of their safety. Data was collected amongst university students in Cape Town, as they have previously been identified as likely ride-share users. Uncertainty in using ride-share services is explored in the scenarios of ‘before’, ‘during’ and ‘after’ Covid-19 to see possible impacts of the pandemic. This study shows that access to a private vehicle is a significant factor when considering ride-share trips ‘before’, ‘during’ and ‘after’ the Covid-19 pandemic. Being female, especially with access to a private vehicle, has a negative correlation to making ride-share trips ‘at night’, ‘alone’ or ‘alone at night’. By understanding the Covid-19 pandemic influences on individuals’ perceptions, strategies and policies can be better informed. This ensures that the negative impacts of similar future disruptive events are mitigated. Supporting the progress of the case city, Cape Town, into having a more inclusive, multi-modal transport culture, this study proposes the implementation of several policies and strategies. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31891 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31890 Will the latest British reforms to rail passenger service procurement work? Smith, Andrew S.J.; Nash, Chris A. In the 1990s Great Britain embarked on one of the most radical railway reforms undertaken anywhere in the world, with full vertical separation and privatisation of all aspects of the railway and the introduction of competition throughout the sector. However, since then Britain's railways have been plagued with multiple problems, most notably a failure to control costs, as well as multiple franchise failures and problems with developing sensible timetables, with consequent impacts on train performance. Multiple attempts to reform the initial model have failed and in 2018/2019 a fundamental review was undertaken which culminated in the publication of the Williams–Shapps plan for rail which proposes a major step back towards vertical integration with the establishment of a new government owned organisation to take charge both of infrastructure and services, although the latter will be operated by private companies under concessions. This paper reviews the reasons behind the problems experienced by Britain's railways – which led to the review – before setting out the proposed reforms and discussing whether they might solve the problems and what some of the critical success factors might be. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31890 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31889 Development of workshop framework empowering local stakeholders for “place strategy” in a district: An implementation at Omotesando, Tokyo Miura, Shino; Usui, Hiroyuki; Ishida, Yuya; Oyabu, Yoshihisa; Yamada, Kousuke This research aims to structure the workshop framework ‘empowering local stakeholders to create a “place strategy”’, a spatial planning and management strategy for enhancing place function in a district. This strategy primarily focuses on the team-up phase for stakeholders with human and financial resources, whose mission is to bridge a backcasting vision to the next step involving others and users of the streets. Referring to the ‘link and place’ theory, originally developed in England and adapted to fit the alternative plans suggested by municipal officials at the community level, the paper establishes a toolkit and sessions for the conduct of a community-led workshop in Japan. The prototype workshop was implemented for the place strategy of Omotesando, a mixed land-use district with a famous shopping avenue in Tokyo. The validity of the workshop was examined based on opinion changes and the feedback of participants at each session. The results show that the prototype can draw the participant's consciousness on both the link and place functions, including a perspective on effective bus service. The policy option guides affected the participants' choice of flexible tactics by illustrating the relationship of link and place, which is not necessarily a trade-off. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31889 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31888 The impact of ‘competition for the market’ regulatory designs on intercity bus prices Asensio, Javier; Matas, Anna Spain regulates its intercity bus market by means of a ‘competition for the market’ mechanism, whose design has been modified several times in the last years. This implies that current services are operated under contracts whose conditions are heterogeneous. We take advantage of such fact to empirically measure the impact that regulatory designs may have on fares paid by the users. Controlling for the different determinant of bus prices at route level the results show very large differences between routes whose contracts were awarded under relatively open conditions compared to regionally regulated routes or old contracts whose concessions were extended in 1987 and have not been retendered since then. The observed difference between the cheapest and the most expensive services is to a great extent explained by the difference in the regulatory designs used to award each contract. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31888 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31887 Assessing passenger preferences for Bus Rapid Transit characteristics: A discrete choice experiment among current and potential Dutch passengers Borsje, René; Mastrigt, Suzanne Hiemstra-van; Veeneman, Wijnand To gain ridership, bus services need to offer more than just high frequencies. An attractive system design for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a result of various configurational choices concerning infrastructure, rolling stock and operations. To find out which configurations are preferred by potential and current passengers, a Discrete Choice Experiment was carried out in The Netherlands. For this study, eight BRT characteristics were included. Results (n = 1019) show that four characteristics are valued the most: frequency, service hours, reliability and stop spacing. The attractiveness of three different service formulas or configurations is evaluated. The more conventional bus configuration is preferred by the majority of the respondents. However, a considerable amount (25%) of respondents that prefer this configuration does not consider using this service formula. Configurations that either address offering more passenger comfort or higher capacity, do seem to be attractive to distinct passenger segments who are more likely to actually use the service. These appealing BRT configurations address different types of passenger segments and therefore could coexist on certain routes. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31887 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31886 Rationales for transitioning to electric buses in Swedish public transport Åslund, Vendela; Pettersson-Löfstedt, Fredrik Public transport systems in different parts of the world are currently undergoing a change characterised by the introduction of battery-powered electric buses in everyday operations. The introduction of electric buses brings new challenges such as high investment costs and technology concerns, as well as new forms of collaboration between both established and new actors. The aim of this paper is to disentangle different actors’ rationale for the transition, identifying underlying interests in and expectations of the electric bus system. With a focus on the Swedish context, we found that whilst common rationales exist, these are influenced by collective expectations and different underlying interests for the actor groups. We found that the interests of the actors are grounded in expectations of future developments, but also relate to the experience that the transition is occurring faster than previously anticipated. The results show a high degree of consensus regarding the transition to electric buses, although the actors have varying resources and action spaces with which to influence the transition, which is largely determined by the institutional and local context. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31886 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31885 Re-evaluating roles and relationships between city authorities and informal public transport operators in sub-saharan africa: A comparative analysis of five cities Durant, Timothy; Monney, Mamaa Grant; Johnson, Michael Etonam; Osei, Kwame Kwakwa; Tejada, Joaquín Romero de; Schalekamp, Herrie; Tarawally, Ansumana Informal Public Transport (IPT) is the primary form of transport throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, responding dynamically to passenger needs, including those of the poorest travellers. Despite this form of collective transport's positive contribution to growing cities, there remain important negative aspects to be addressed, including strong competition for passengers, severe air pollution and poor safety records. The TRANSITIONS project (funded by UKAID) sought to better understand how IPT can be supported to deliver improved service quality, and investigated the relationship between public authorities and IPT operators in the five cities of Accra, Kumasi, Freetown, Cape Town and Maputo. Based on research activities that included stakeholder interviews and workshops, this paper compares the regulatory frameworks of the cities and their evolution. It finds that Cape Town has been an ‘early mover’ in terms of its attempts to professionalise and support the sector, but that self-regulation continues to play a significant role. Accra, Kumasi and Maputo have the main IPT licensing frameworks in place, but limited enforcement capacity and elements of corruption undermine this. Freetown is currently developing a regulatory structure for IPT, which is likely to be informed by major public transport schemes that are frequently seen as the catalyst for IPT professionalisation initiatives. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31885 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31884 Shared micromobility and public transport integration - A mode choice study using stated preference data Montes, Alejandro; Geržinic, Nejc; Veeneman, Wijnand; Oort, Niels van; Hoogendoorn, Serge This paper uses stated preference data collected in the city of Rotterdam and discrete choice modelling techniques to study the relationship between public transport and shared micromobility. It assumes a hypothetical condition of integrated systems and studies the relationships of complement and competition between these modes. The findings suggest that shared micromobility modes are viable alternatives as egress modes for metro trips. Shared micromobility can be seen as a complement to metro, yet shared e-mopeds proved to also be a viable option as individual modes for long-distance trips. Different characteristics proved to be important in choices in this context: frequency of public transport use, previous use of shared micromobility, and age. Considering the results obtained, collaboration between shared micromobility and transit operators might benefit them as well as travellers. Collaborations should be designed so that they help travellers to decrease total travel time, even if it implies longer egress legs. However, the costs of these shared modes should not be as high as to prevent travellers to use them as egress alternatives. Finally, young travellers and frequent transit users could be specifically targeted, as they showed to have a better perception of shared micromobility. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31884 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31883 Assessing spatial characteristics to predict DRT demand in rural Switzerland Imhof, Sebastian; Blättler, Kevin The niche market segment of demand responsive transport (DRT) services is meant to overcome structural economic problems of currently cost ineffective public transport (PT) services in rural areas. Simulation studies for mainly urban DRT services showed that demand for DRT trips is correlated with spatial characteristics. More knowledge of spatial characteristics of rural settings and their influence on DRT trips is necessary. In this study, trip data of a rural DRT service called mybuxi is used. Machine learning is applied for a better understanding of spatial characteristics of DRT demand in two different rural settings of the mybuxi service. Here in, the transferability from one mybuxi setting to the other is then tested. Results show that the number of inhabitants is the most important spatial characteristic for the prediction of DRT demand, followed by the distance to a train station and the presence of a restaurant in a given zone. The quality indicator of PT had low or no predictive power. The study shows that both DRT service areas experienced an increase in accessibility. For future transport planning, the increase in accessibility by DRT services in different rural areas must be taken as a legitimation for these services to be implemented instead of line-bound PT services. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31883 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31882 Public-private MaaS: Unchallenged assumptions and issues of conflict in Sweden Smith, Göran; Sørensen, Claus Hedegaard Despite an increase in Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) initiatives that aim to pave the way for both public and private MaaS Operators, such MaaS models have received limited scholarly attention. Uncertainties therefore remain in terms of how public-private MaaS can be realized and governed. This paper addresses this problem through an exploratory case study of an attempt to reform the business ecosystem for mobility services in Sweden, which is conceptualized as a move towards public-private MaaS. Inspired by the What-is-the-Problem-Represented-to-Be approach, the paper analyzes what problem representations and assumptions underpin the proposed reform and outlines issues of conflict across the involved actors. Drawing on these findings, the paper highlights disagreements on problems, centralization, and responsibilities as challenges to public-private MaaS developments and proposes that an inclusive and pragmatic governance strategy is key for effective and democratic governance of MaaS. Additionally, three avenues for future research are identified: development of analytical tools that better represent the complexity of MaaS governance choices, studies of how the prevailing narrative around MaaS influences developments, and analyses of governance strategies’ effectiveness in relation to political objectives for MaaS developments. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31882 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31881 Has collaboration contributed to goal achievement in Swedish public transport? Pyddoke, Roger; Thoresson, Karin Collaborative contracting between public transport authorities (PTAs) and bus operators has been presented as a successful method for reaching public transport policy goals. This paper examines management processes and outcome data, asking whether this management approach, incorporating more far-reaching collaborative elements, is associated with higher goal achievement in two Swedish regions and two contracts. Stated regional policy goals are ridership growth, reaching set levels of customer satisfaction, and some cost-efficiency. This management approach suggests that PTAs should delegate more planning responsibility to operators. PTA management assessed the approach to be valid but, to our surprise, also said that they frequently reclaimed previously abandoned control to secure desired outcomes. This indicates that more delegation may not necessarily have led to increased goal achievement. Without making claims as to causality, we note that ridership increased in both regions and individual contracts, while customer satisfaction stagnated and costs increased steeply in both regions, but not in one contract. The paper questions whether collaborative contracting, on average, has contributed to ridership increases generally, although it may have in some instances. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31881 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31880 All things must pass? Recent changes to competition and ownership in public transport in Great Britain. Preston, John The publication of the National Bus Strategy in March and the Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail in May 2021 suggests an end to the period of deregulation and privatisation that has dominated local buses in Great Britain since the mid-1980s and national rail since the mid-1990s. This paper reviews the recent trends in the local bus and national rail industries in Great Britain, both pre- and post-Covid. The policy response in the two sectors seems to be searching for solutions that do not involve full blooded public control and ownership, at least in England. For local buses, emphasis is being placed on the development of Enhanced Partnerships between operators and Local Authorities. For national rail, the key organisational change is the establishment of Great British Railways to vertically integrate the planning of infrastructure and train services. Operations will remain vertically and horizontally separated but with franchising replaced by Passenger Service Contracts. For both sectors, post-Covid, there will be an emphasis on demand and service recovery, with funding likely to be problematic. Future prospects will be considered, alongside the potential for further turns of the regulatory cycle, with respect to both competition and ownership. Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/31880 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z