https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19031 Thu, 11 Jun 2026 18:03:03 GMT 2026-06-11T18:03:03Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19541 Shipping network design in a growth market: The case of Indonesia Tu, Ningwen; Adiputranto, Dimas; Fu, Xiaowen; Li, Zhi-Chun This paper investigates the design issues of a shipping network when cargo demand increases rapidly. A gravity-type model for origin-destination (OD) demand estimation is first presented and calibrated based on the current cargo volumes of the Indonesian maritime market. A model for minimizing total system cost, which is the sum of shippers' and carriers' costs, is then proposed to design the shipping network with cargo demand levels forecasted for future years. The results show that for the Indonesian maritime market, although a hub-and-spoke (HS) network is appropriate for the current low level of shipping demand, a point-to-point (PoP) structure will be needed at higher traffic volumes in the future. Additional domestic hub ports shall be developed as cargo demand increases over time. The results suggest that a progressive policy can be promising for infrastructure investments in developing countries: government planning and regulations may be introduced in early years to enhance infrastructure utilization and economic return. With increased demand the market may be liberalized to promote healthy competition. Sat, 01 Apr 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19541 2017-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19544 Risky Weighting in Discrete Choice Li, Baibing; Hensher, David A. This paper presents a new approach to discrete choice analysis for risky prospects. Conventional discrete choice analysis focuses on riskless prospects and does not deal with the scenario where the alternatives that the decision-makers choose from are associated with risk. In this paper, we investigate decision-makers’ risk perception and choice behaviour in choice experiments when they are facing several risky prospects. We propose a broad class of cumulative risky weighting functions, upon which a unified cumulative risky weighting function is developed. We show that this unified cumulative risky weighting function includes several existing cumulative risky weighting functions as special cases. We then develop a multivariate method for choice analysis with risky prospects to account for decision-makers’ individual-specific risk perception and the impact of various factors on the value function respectively. We illustrate the developed method using an empirical study on road tolling in Australia. Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19544 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19545 Modeling the effects of unilateral and uniform emission regulations under shipping company and port competition Sheng, Dian; Li, Zhi‐Chun; Fu, Xiaowen; Gillen, David This study develops an integrated model to investigate the economic and environmental effects of a unilateral maritime emission regulation vis-à-vis a uniform maritime emission regulation. The proposed model explicitly incorporates the effects of competition between regional ports and between shipping companies, and captures operational considerations such as the inventory costs of in-transit cargo, and the tradeoff between enlarged fleet size and slow steaming. The behaviors of shipping companies and ports are modeled in a two-stage game so that market equilibria under alternative regulations can be solved and compared. The findings suggest that a unilateral regulation may actually lead to an increase in total emissions, whereas a uniform regulation always reduces total emissions. Under either type of regulation, there can be asymmetric effects on shipping companies and ports. Therefore, regulators and the maritime industry need to strike a balance between emission reduction and fair competition. Our study cautions against unilateral regulations, and emphasizes the importance to take into account the effects of alternative emission policies on the operations of shipping companies and ports. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19545 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19540 Smartphone-based Travel Surveys: A Review Verzosa, Nina; Greaves, Stephen; Ellison, Richard Interest continues to grow in the use of smartphones for travel survey purposes. Their locational and interactive potential combined with their ubiquity and pragmatism as something people are likely to keep with them and charged, makes them particularly appealing. However, several challenges remain, particularly around battery life, user acceptance as an instrument for tracking mobility and a fundamental lack of concordance on how travel survey apps should be designed. The current paper provides a review of smartphone-based travel survey apps focusing on issues around functionality, participant burden, processing requirements, data quality and costs. We identify a typology of smartphone apps, that all passively collect route information but vary in the level of automation and user interaction required. All of the apps reviewed report reasonable levels of participant satisfaction irrespective of the levels of automation and user-app interaction required. However, the accuracy with which information is accurately inferred appears to vary markedly, largely a function of the quality of data collected, which in turn is heavily influenced by the make/model of phone, and the processing algorithms employed. One common issue is battery drain, which continues to be an issue for both highly automated apps and those requiring significant user interaction. Looking forward, while the intuitive appeal of smartphones will continue to grow, we argue that developments have been constrained by attempts to integrate existing survey approaches within a smartphone environment. More attention needs to be given to the design of apps that engage users to start and finish the survey, focusing on ‘smart’ use of the sensors and processing routines to minimise battery consumption and on providing additional benefits for users. Sat, 01 Apr 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19540 2017-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19536 The South Eastern BRT Network in Brisbane, Australia: How much is added to residential house values as a result of the network effect? Mulley, Corinne; Sampaio, Breno; Ma, Liang This paper addresses an area of policy much understudied in the literature. It emerged out of investigating the policy needs of governments seeking to find new ways of funding public transport infrastructure. Land rent theory (Alonso, 1964) identifies that the value of unimproved land reflects accessibility gradients with new transport infrastructure, through improvements in accessibility, uplifting land values. Capturing the uplift in land value for funding requires that the amount of uplift be known as well as when the uplift occurs – is this after the announcement of the project, after building starts or when the new infrastructure starts to operate? However, many cities plan a number of projects over a longer timescale, what is the value of the network effect as additional infrastructure provides the opportunity to access more destinations quickly. This network effect is a case of a ‘product’ that has less value in isolation but increases in value when in combination with other ‘products’ (Katz and Shapiro, 1994). There have been a few studies on the timing of uplift (Gatzlaff and Smith, 1993; Knaap et al., 2001), but these have been generally confined to rail based infrastructure in the public transport domain. The objective of this paper is to identify how much is added to residential land values through the provision of bus rapid transit (BRT) in Brisbane, Australia and to identify specifically the value of the network effect as incrementally adding to existing transport infrastructure as a feature of Australian cities. The paper is structured as follows. The next section explores the literature context for this study. This is followed by a description of the data and the case-study area. The method follows which describes the difference in difference methodology employed while the following section interprets the results. The final section discusses the results and concludes with recommendations for future research. Wed, 01 Feb 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19536 2017-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19539 Assessment of the Hunter Valley Coal Export Supply Chain Boland, Natashia; Reisi, Mohsen; Savelsbergh, Martin We develop a decision support tool that assesses the throughput of a coal export supply chain for a given level of demand. The tool can be used to rapidly evaluate a number of infrastructures for several future demand scenarios in order to identify a few that should be investigated more thoroughly using a detailed simulation model. To make the natural model computationally tractable, we exploit problem structure to reduce the model size, and we employ aggregation as well as disaggregation to strengthen the structure of model. We use the tool in a computational study in which we analyze system performance for different levels of demand to identify potential bottlenecks. Wed, 01 Mar 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19539 2017-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19542 Airline Horizontal Mergers and Productivity: Empirical Evidence from a Natural Experiment in China Yan, Jia; Fu, Xiaowen; Oum, Tae Hoon; Wang, Kun The identification of possible efficiency gains is a core issue in the analysis of mergers. However, empirical studies are generally subject to bias caused by merger endogeneity. In the early 2000s, the Chinese government pursued a strategy of merging small firms in key industries to create large enterprise groups. Mergers created by this policy provide a rare natural experiment to investigate the effect of mergers. We take the opportunity to apply the difference-in-differences approach to identify the effect of mergers on the efficiency of Chinese airlines. Overall, our analysis suggests that the mergers increased the productivity of Chinese airlines. Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19542 2017-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19543 Data challenges: more behavioural and (relatively) less statistical – a think piece Hensher, David A. The study of traveller behaviour has blossomed into a multi-disciplinary array of theories, methods and data paradigms all aimed at improving our understanding of drivers of passenger and freight movement in time and space. While progress continues unabated, there remains the challenge of extracting more behavioural richness out of the way in which we work to understand the nuances of preference revelation and hence choice making. In particular, we are a long way from understanding what incentives might work best in attracting behavioural responses that government on behalf of society would like to see as travel outcomes that align with specific policy and strategy objectives. In this paper we discuss a number of informative ways of gaining an increased understanding of behavioural response, which leads into a list of data items worthy of inclusion in new surveys. The paper is designed as a thought piece in line with the role it played as a plenary presentation at the opening of the 2014 International Conference on Travel Survey Methods. Thu, 01 Jun 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19543 2017-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19546 Strategic Management of Integrated Public Transport and its Value in the Air Bus Service Context Merkert, Rico; Beck, Matthew While there is a well-developed body of academic literature on how to procure ground transport services and how to integrate those services, there is virtually no literature on how to do this in the context of air services (in combination with ground services). This paper aims to substantially contribute to the area of strategic management of integrated transport based on the concept of mobility as a service including revenue management, marketing operations management and also policy making. All these areas relate to improving efficiency, acceptability and profitability of air services to regional and remote areas (but also air services more generally) that can benefit significantly from any form of integration (integrated fares, timetables, customer information, marketing etc.). We show that customer-centric public transport integration with aviation as the highest priority can create competitive advantage of the air bus transport value chain as particularly in the regional aviation context the total trip travel experience is of high importance given the potential competition from private car travel, except for island air services. The public ground transport experience will therefore not only impact on the perceived flight product quality but also on other products along the aviation value chain. In terms of the demand analysis and travel choice literature, we reveal that integrated planning and management efforts such as joint timetabling and joint pricing are most likely to have an impact on competitive advantage, demand (passenger numbers plus yields, measured in the customers’ willingness to pay) and hence the profitability of regional air services. We use stated choice experiments for flights from Sydney to regional NSW, Australia to establish the willingness to pay for integrated add-ons to scheduled regional air services. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19546 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19537 Heterogeneity in decision processes: Embedding extremeness aversion, risk attitude and perceptual conditioning in multiple heuristics choice making Hensher, David A.; Balbontin, Camila; Collins, Andrew T. There is an increasing interest, in the discrete choice modelling literature, in alternative behavioural paradigms that represent ways in which individuals make choices when faced with a choice set of alternatives, under conditions defined by revealed preference, stated choice or a mixture of both data sources. Attribute processing has come of age, and we see many studies using process heuristics such as attribute non-attendance (ANA), relative advantage maximisation (RAM), extremeness aversion (EA) and value learning (VL). With some exceptions (e.g., papers by Hensher, Hess, Scarpa, Campbell and colleagues, and Balbontin et el. 2017, 2017a), the study of each heuristic has been undertaken in isolation from other candidate heuristics; the exceptions being a joint investigation into a fully compensatory model defined by a linear additive in attributes and parameters specification and one process heuristic, commonly using latent class models (reinterpreted as probabilistic decision processing). Within the set of more than one candidate heuristic, limited account has been taken of the possibility that attributes are being processed under varying levels of risk attitude (instead assuming risk neutrality), and where multiple levels of an attribute might be observed in real markets (such as travel time over repeated trips with associated occurrences) and/or designed into stated choice experiments, no account is taken of perceptual conditioning. This paper investigates the role that two behaviourally appealing heuristics or decision rules play jointly in explaining choice making, both of which reflect risk attitude in different ways, where each heuristic contributes up to a probability within a sampled population both within and between respondents’ selection of a relevant multiple-heuristic utility expression. We jointly estimate a model that accounts for (i) extremeness aversion and (ii) an extended expected utility transformation for an attribute that accounts for risk attitude and perceptual conditioning. We use a stated choice experiment associated with a commuter car choice between tolled and nontolled roads in Australia, and compare the key behavioural output, the value of travel time savings (VTTS), obtained from the joint model and two stand-alone models. The findings suggest, after accounting for the probability of choosing each heuristic by each individual, in their construction of an empirical utility expression representing each alternative tolled road, that the mean VTTS from the multiple-heuristic model ($24.32/person hour) lies between the mean estimates obtained from the stand alone models ($21.45/person hour under extremeness aversion, and $29.19 when accounting for risk attitude and perceptual conditioning). The extremeness aversion heuristic has, on average, a 0.63 probability of relevance compared to a 0.27 probability of relevance for the other heuristic. Extremeness aversion (or seeking) is an appealing way of handling degrees of attribute risk that are not explicitly conditioned on the more traditionally identified risk parameter. Wed, 01 Feb 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19537 2017-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19547 Choice Modelling With Time-varying Attributes, With an Application to Train Crowding Collins, Andrew T.; Hensher, David A. This study is concerned with the treatment of time-varying attributes (TVAs) in discrete choice models, where the attributes are some measure of the quality of an alternative that changes over some relevant measure of time. Examples include public transport crowding, traffic congestion, and quality of life. Various methods for representing TVAs are considered, including a number of simplified approaches that only use a single measure, a decomposition approach that presents the amount of time spent in different conditions, and more complex representations that account for variability in the TVA outcome. A study of train crowding is used to test these alternative representations. The results indicate that the simplified approaches are problematic and may bias valuations of TVAs, and that the decomposition approach is less susceptible to these problems and allows for greater insight into potential threshold and nonlinear effects. Sat, 01 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19547 2017-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19132 The Thredbo story: A journey of competition and ownership in land passenger transport Wong, Yale Z.; Hensher, David A. This is a companion paper to Bray, Hensher, and Wong (2017), reviewing developments in public transport institutional reform, contract design and implementation over the past 30 years since the inception of the International Conference Series on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport (known as the Thredbo Series). Whilst Thredbo has grown to encompass all topics in transport planning, policy, contracting, financing, data, as well as funding; competition and ownership remains the core focus and the 14 conferences to date constitute a unique resource to chart the conversation and state of the art as it has evolved in both developed and developing economies. Discussion is structured around three eras (the early years, turn of the century and recent developments) and six elements of contracting—market arbitration, procurement mechanism, asset ownership, contract design, risk allocation and contract management. What emerges is a shift in interest from deregulated to contracted markets (and back to deregulated to some extent), a renewed focus on institutional performance in line with changing government and community expectations, and an increasing desire to place contracted services within the broader context of land use, well-being and wider economic benefits. Importantly, this paper also covers some landmark ideas which have grown to become key cornerstones of the Thredbo series including the STO (strategic/tactical/operational) framework, regulatory cycles in the bus and rail sectors, as well as trusting partnerships between transport regulators and operators. We conclude with the enduring legacy of the Thredbo series and look with optimism to the future for what the next 30 years of Thredbo may bring to the land passenger transport sector. Fri, 01 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19132 2017-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19131 A radical reappraisal of transport and land market basics Stone, Alastair The current foundation narrative of land transport service established in 1960s, focused on projections of existing demand, equilibrium models, and projects with feasibility based on the value of time savings exceeding costs. This works reasonably for inter-urban infrastructure. However in urban areas, communities observe that the benefits of capacity improvements are short lived while wider community costs are substantial and long lasting. Exceptions to the 1960’s narrative exist places like Amsterdam. Distilling the principles underlying these exceptions produces a new framework, with a foundation narrative that focuses on broad objectives to develop liveable, resilient and sustainable cities. The paper analyses the systems framework in which urban economic action takes place including insights of behavioural economics in the cost functions used. It then analyses the institutional arrangements that govern urban economic decisions. Then follows analysis of the product markets that constitute urban transport service, namely land, facilities, vehicles, and trips. Then models useful for investment analysis for each product are analysed. Finally the paper summarizes what transport service decision making would look like applying these changes and how this could be expressed in a new foundation narrative for our perspective on urban land transport service. Sun, 01 Oct 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19131 2017-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19109 Sustainability Analysis under Disruption Risks Fahimnia, Behnam; Jabbarzadeh, Armin; Sabouhi, Fatemeh Resilience to disruptions and sustainability are both of paramount importance to supply chains. This paper presents a hybrid methodology for the design of a sustainable supply network that performs resiliently in the face of random disruptions. A stochastic bi-objective optimization model is developed that utilizes a fuzzy c-means clustering method to quantify and assess the sustainability performance of the suppliers. The proposed model determines outsourcing decisions and buttressing strategies that minimize the expected total cost and maximize the overall sustainability performance in disruptions. Important managerial insights and practical implications are obtained from the model implementation in a case study of plastic pipe industry. Wed, 01 Nov 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19109 2017-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19135 Getting off the greenhouse gas: Public transport’s potential contribution in Australian cities Stanley, John; Ellison, Richard; Loader, Chris; Hensher, David A. Australians are one of the world’s highest per capita emitters of greenhouse gases, yet the country’s target for emissions reductions by 2030 remains modest. This paper looks at policy options for Australian cities to deliver faster transport emissions reductions than the national commitment level. The main focus is on an accelerated reduction in emissions from urban road transport, through technological improvements and behaviour changes. Targets are proposed for improved emissions intensities, to bring Australia much closer to US and EU performance expectations. A range of behaviour change measures is then tested on Melbourne and Sydney, the Sydney analysis using MetroScan-TI, an integrated evaluation framework, to explore how behaviour changes might enhance emissions outcomes. The potential contribution of public transport is a particular focus. The paper concludes that, with sufficient political will, Australia could reduce its 2030 road transport emissions to 40% below 2005 levels. This is a much larger reduction than the current 26-28% Australian emissions but is more consistent with longer-term pathways to acceptable carbon budgets. Sat, 01 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19135 2017-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19120 Continuous-time general link transmission model with simplified fanning, Part II: Event-based algorithm for networks Raadsen, Mark P.H.; Bliemer, Michiel C.J. In this paper a novel solution algorithm is proposed for solving general first order dynamic network loading (DNL) problems in general transport networks. This solution algorithm supports any smooth non-linear two regime concave fundamental diagram and adopts a simplified fanning scheme. It is termed eGLTM (event-based General Link Transmission Model) and is based on a continuous-time formulation of the kinematic wave model that adapts shockwave theory to simplify expansion fans. As the name suggests eGLTM is a generalisation of eLTM, which is a special case that solves the simplified first order model assuming a triangular fundamental diagram. We analyse the impact of modelling delay in the hypocritical branch of the fundamental diagram to assess the differences between the two models. In addition, we propose an additional stream of mixture events to propagate multi-commodity flow in event based macroscopic models, which makes both eLTM and eGLTM suitable for dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) applications. The proposed solution scheme can yield exact solutions as well as approximate solutions at a significantly lesser cost. The efficiency of the model is demonstrated in a number of case studies. Furthermore, different settings for our simplified fanning scheme are investigated as well as an extensive analysis on the effect of including route choice on the algorithms computational cost. Finally, a large scale case study is conducted to investigate the suitability of the model in a practical context and assess its efficiency compared to the simplified first order model. Wed, 01 Mar 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19120 2017-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19134 Barriers and facilitators of integration between buses with a higher level of service and rail: An Australian case study Clifton, Geoffrey; Mulley, Corinne The debate as to whether investment should be made in bus based or rail based rapid transit systems continues within the academic literature with entrenched arguments on both sides. Within Australia, the debate has become increasingly political with questions around the transport benefits, the environmental impacts and the financial costs of the rival technologies being significant issues in recent state and territory elections. However, this tends to be a debate around the appropriate solution for particular corridors. In practice all major Australian cities have made investments in both bus serviced and rail serviced corridors. If public transport services are to operate as a coherent network then successful integration must occur between these bus and rail corridors. This paper adds to the literature on the success factors for network integration by examining the barriers and facilitators of integration between buses with a higher level of service and rail using two case studies from Australia. The paper sets out a taxonomy of the elements of network integration then examines cases from around Australia to show aspects of where service integration has been successful and where it has been less so. The paper includes a detailed study of a new public transport infrastructure project in Sydney to examine the concept of bus and rail integration more holistically and to show how a framework of examining success factors for network integration can inform policy. Tue, 01 Aug 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19134 2017-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19107 Dynamic responses of freight operators to government policies: a latent curve modelling approach Ellison, Richard B.; Greaves, Stephen; Hensher, David A. Using a unique dataset collected from Australian (urban) freight operators using an adaptive-dynamic simulation method, firms’ dynamic responses are modelled using latent curve models to investigate firms’ adaptation strategies in response to new government policies. Latent curve models are used to identify the magnitude and timing of the responses as well as what factors influence the changes. The results show that firms adapt gradually to the policies with some decisions changing quicker than others. Furthermore, the drivers of responses changes during the adaptation process and that not all incremental decisions are made solely on the basis of cost. Fri, 01 Dec 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19107 2017-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19114 Mobility as a Service for the older population: a transport solution to land use changes in essential services? Mulley, Corinne; Nelson, John D.; Wright, Steven D. Land use changes in relation to everyday services are resulting in centralisation of local services from mixed land use town centres to single land use destinations on the edge of cities. Technology advances are disrupting the provision of local community services such as local shops and local health care. Cost considerations and the benefits achieved by economies of scale are driving the land use changes which are changing the landscape of service provision. Whereas hospitals, for example, were typically located in city centres they are now more often in peripheral locations. For many sections of society, these changes have offered better convenience and higher quality of service. However, these changes have both spatial and horizontal equity impacts, particularly for older people and particularly for areas of lower density where accessibility will significantly decline. This paper explores the potential contribution of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in promoting greater equity for older people using Community Transport (CT) as the service co-ordinator. The travel needs and behaviour of older people are reviewed as well as the contribution of flexible transport services towards meeting these needs. Drawing on discussions with a group of CT operators in Australia the key characteristics of the MaaS model are explored in the context of older people to ascertain whether CT acting as the service co-co-ordinator fits the MaaS model. A series of MaaS packages are proposed to show how the model could be delivered in practice. The paper concludes that as a business model, MaaS for CT could be one way of ameliorating the lack of equity for the old and frail age group brought about by land use changes in essential services. Sun, 01 Oct 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19114 2017-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19133 How well does BRT perform in contrast to LRT? An Australian case study using MetroScan_TI Hensher, David A.; Ellison, Richard; Ho, Chinh Quoc; Weisbrod, Glen BRT is typically a relatively more popular transport investment in developing countries in contrast to the bias observed increasingly in developed economies towards LRT. While there have been a number of comparative assessments of BRT and LRT (in all of its possible manifestations), with a focus on one or more elements of patronage demand, and costs of construction and operation, there has, with few exceptions, been a preference for LRT which some might describe as linked to emotional ideology rather than anything to do with factual evidence on the costs, benefits and economic impact of each modal investment. In this chapter, we present a new planning tool, MetroScan as a quick-scan tool that can be used to assess the merits of BRT and LRT. MetroScan is different to other planning systems in that it accounts for the demand implications on both passenger and freight-related activity (all in the one model system), endogenous residential and employment decisions, and associated benefit-cost outcomes, as well as the wider economic impacts of transport initiatives. We use a case study setting in the Northern Beaches of Sydney to illustrate the way in which MetroScan can assess a wider suite of benefits and costs of BRT and LRT, which encompasses not only accessibility and mobility opportunities but the contribution that can be made to the productivity and value added outcomes for the local economy. This broader set of considerations is important in suggesting other ways in which a comparison of BRT and LRT might be more informative than is typically presented. Tue, 01 Aug 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19133 2017-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19115 Will bus travellers walk further for a more frequent service? An international study using a stated preference approach Mulley, Corinne; Ho, Chinh; Ho, Loan; Hensher, David A.; Rose, John Network planning of bus services requires addressing the trade-off between frequency and coverage. Traditional network planning has focused on coverage using the rule of thumb that people will walk four hundred meters to access bus based public transport services. More modern approaches have recognised that encouraging mode shift means improving quality and thus in the presence of budget constraint, a shift of resources is needed to provide frequency on core corridors. Using a Stated Choice experiment approach, this paper elicits the trade-off between access distance and service frequency and how this might vary in a number of cities around the world. The key results show travellers in all cities forming part of the sample are willing to walk further for a more frequent service: in Australian capital cities between 226 m and 302 m further for a ten-minute reduction in bus headways, while in UK and US this is between 370 m and 475 m further for the same improvement in service frequency. The policy implications are that moving towards creating high frequency corridors are likely to welcome more passengers, even if they have to walk further noting that it is higher frequency that is more likely to achieve mode shift from car to public transport. Fri, 01 Sep 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19115 2017-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19119 Continuous-time general link transmission model with simplified fanning, Part I: Theory and link model formulation Bliemer, Michiel C .J.; Raadsen, Mark P.H. The kinematic wave theory is widely used to simulate traffic flows on road segments. Link transmission models are methods to find a solution to the kinematic wave model, however, their computational efficiency heavily relies on the shape of the fundamental diagram that is used as input. Despite the limitations and drawbacks of triangular and piecewise linear fundamental diagrams, they remain popular because they result in highly efficient algorithms. Using smooth nonlinear branches is often preferred in terms of realism and other desirable properties, but this comes at a significantly higher computational cost and requires time discretisation to find an approximate solution. In this paper we consider a nonlinear fundamental diagram as input and propose on-the-fly multi-step linearization techniques to simplify expansion fans. This leads to two simplified link transmission models that can be solved exactly in continuous time under the assumption of piecewise stationary travel demand. One of the models simplifies to shockwave theory in case of a single step. We show that embedding shockwave theory in the link transmission model allows for finding an exact solution in continuous time and we discuss the potential for the design of efficient event-based algorithms for general networks. Wed, 01 Mar 2017 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19119 2017-03-01T00:00:00Z