https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17760 Sat, 13 Jun 2026 15:10:31 GMT 2026-06-13T15:10:31Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19150 SELLING TRAVEL AS PART OF A PACKAGE. IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORT RESEARCH. Hooper, Paul G. The selling of long-distance travel as a package has its origins in the latter half of the last century and the practice has been instrumental in turning travel into a consumer item. Packaging is found to be significant in the Australian airline market while the degree of concentration in travel wholesaling and air transport is high. Travel packageing can be characterised as “price building”, a strategy which has been growing in popularity in competitive service sectors. This paper explorers optimal business strategies that take advantage of building, but it is shown that there are implications for policy analysis and for studies of travel demand. The relevance of bundling in transport research is illustrated while noting that there has been a lack of attention to the subject. Opportunities for further research are suggested. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19150 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19153 ALLOCATING SHARED COSTS IN FINANCIAL MODELS Milthorpe, Frank W. As we move into the nineties the management of public transport enterprises are being held more accountable for the business they operate. The financial importance of the business will continue to grow as government revenue contributions are much more closely tied to the service provided. As a result of this pressure financial details are being sought at ever increasing levels of detail typically at the route level for different time periods throughout the week. One of the great difficulties in developing an accurate route cost model is the methodology used to handle the shared costs such as vehicle ownership, garage and maintenance facilities and administrative costs. This paper proposes a method which allocates the cost in proportion to the average vehicle use. Sat, 01 Aug 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19153 1992-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19155 PATRONAGE ANALYSIS FOR ELECTRONIC TICKETING SYSTEMS Zhu, William Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19155 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19152 ESTIMATING THE DEMAND FOR PACKAGED TRAVEL FOR A PROPOSED HIGH-SPEED SURFACE TRANSPORT SYSTEM USING STATED RESPONSE METHODS Hooper, Paul G. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19152 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19148 DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION: WHAT ARE SOUTHERN AFRICA'S STRATEGIC OPTIONS ? Nyathi, Michael Z. This paper presents and analyses the major structural and operational changes in international civil aviation that are currently occurring. Out of the plethora of these changes are some that will have a greater impact than others on the operations, strategies and profitability of southern African airlines. These are mergers and "globalisation" of airlines in the developed world, liberalisation of aviation services in Europe (1993) and the attainment of democratic rule in South Africa. Some strategic options open to southern African carriers are presented. The strategies relate mostly to how the carriers should position themselves to compete on the intercontinental routes. A major conclusion reached is that it would be in the best interests of the carriers to work towards the formation of a single carrier that would operate from a chosen hub. Mon, 01 Jun 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19148 1992-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19149 THE EFFECTS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT CHANGE IN RURAL NEW SOUTH WALES Raimond, Timothy; Parolin, Bruno Policies of deregulation, privatisation and, especially, rationalisation are being increasingly adopted as mechanisms for a competitive and more market oriented approach to transport supply, particularly in rural areas. Nowhere is this more evident than in the state of New South Wales (NSW) where there has occurred deregulation of the long distance bus industry, deregulation of the freight transport industry, rationalisation of rural public transport services and, through national efforts, deregulation of the grain storage, handling and transport system. Over the past several years, rationalisation of rural public transport services in NSW has accelerated in response to deregulation of the long distance bus industry in 1988 and attempts by State Rail (SR) to reduce debt and inefficiency following the landmark Booz-Allen and Hamilton report in 1989. The process has generally involved rail station closures, withdrawal of rail passenger services, and substitution of rail passenger services in rural areas for road coach services to form the 'Countrylink' network. Decisions on rationalisation of rural public transport services in NSW have generally been motivated by supply side considerations. The wider ramifications of rationalisation decisions, particularly for rural communities, has not been part of the policy debate. The aim of this paper is to examine the impacts of rationalisation decisions which have resulted from the substitution of road coach for rail passenger services. Specifically, the focus is to assess the spatial travel behaviour and related economic consequences of service substitution on residents and businesses in case study communities along the former Barraba to Tamworth rail branch line, which now forms a part of the Inverell to Tamworth Countrylink route in northern NSW. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19149 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19147 APPROACHING A DYNAMIC URBAN TRANSIT DEMAND MODEL FOR SYDNEY Altinoglu, Ilker; Smith, Nariida Urban Australia has seen a continuing movement away from public transit. In 1988 over 95% of all passenger kilometres in the Sydney Metropolitan area were by car and truck. There is now a growing recognition of the costs of increased automobile use both locally in terms of congestion, pollution and accident costs and globally from vehicle greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies to stem the trend must come from a clear understanding of all the factors affecting demand in the long and short term at the micro-economic level. This paper discusses the approach to be used in development of a dynamic model system for transit demand in Sydney using travel survey data from 1971, 1981 and 1991. Use of data spanning 20 years means that the effect of land use on transit demand can be examined. The model system will aim to allow analysis of questions regarding public vs private transport not as “either / or” but rather in terms of providing the most appropriate mode for the context. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19147 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19151 SINGLE AVIATION MARKETS AND CONTESTABILITY THEORY: GETTING THE POLICY BEARINGS RIGHT Nyathi, Michael Z. This paper looks at the theory of contestable markets as it relates to the aviation industry, particularly its contribution to the deregulation debate and subsequent extension to the evaluation of welfare benefits in single aviation markets. The conclusion reached is that the theory has limited usefulness as far as policy formulation in aviation markets is concerned. Wed, 01 Jul 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19151 1992-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19035 Review of Panel Surveys and Other Longitudinal Techniques. An Annotated Bibliographic Review Raimond, Timothy; Hensher, David A. Tue, 01 Dec 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19035 1992-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19034 THE TIMING OF CHANGE: DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS TIME PANELS IN TRANSPORTATION Hensher, David A.; Raimond, Tim Individuals adapt to changed circumstances at various points in time. Panel data typically are collected at discrete points in time. How well can models constructed from discrete time panel data approximate the underlying process or timing of change? This is an important research issues as we increase our understanding of the benefits of longitudinal data in general and panel data in particular. In this paper we discuss change within a framework of the timing of change and a continuous time metric. The conditions under which a discrete-time approximation is an acceptable representation of the processes which occur in practice in continuous time is considered. Given that panel data are typically collected in discrete time units, the ability to 'translate' discrete time observations into a metric set of continuous time estimates is of interest in the study of the duration of events. We illustrate the suggested approach in the context of a duration model of the timing of switching to a new urban tolled road. Thu, 01 Oct 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19034 1992-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19015 Transport planning, markets and government: challenges for the future Hensher, David A. Sun, 01 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19015 1992-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19022 Safety and productivity in the long distance trucking industry Hensher, David A.; Daniels, Rhonda; Battellino, Helen Media attention to truck safety in recent years has highlighted the lack of scientific evidence on the real causes of heavy vehicle crashes. The paper examines the hypothesis that the underlying causes of unsafe on-road behaviour are inherently linked to the structure of economic reward in the long distance road transport industry. A strong relationship between economic reward and onroad performance was demonstrated in this empirical study. Elements of on-road behaviour include fatigue arising from working and driving hours, work routines, night time driving and stimulant use, and imposition of schedules and speeding. The study's main finding is that economic reward, through freight rates and income uncertainty, has a major influence on on-road behaviour. Competitive practices in the industry should be changed: regular competitive contracts may be a preferred form of load allocation. The study found an element of unsafe driver behaviour which is influenced significantly by the conditions and structure of economic reward in the industry. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19022 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19019 Urban transport directions: challenges for future research Hensher, David A. Urban transport research and planning is facing some major challenges. There is a new realism emerging which is recognising that it is not possible to construct enough capacity to match projected growth in traffic, especially automobile-based traffic. Furthermore, there is no consensus. The important questions in very broad terms are: "what are desirable futures?" and "how do we get there?". This paper sets out some major themes which urban transport researchers should address as contributions to the development of both a tactical and a strategic view of better futures. At the heart of the debate on a desirable future is a consideration of the role(s) of the market and the role of non-market controls (including physical planning incentives and policies). Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19019 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19030 Socially and environmentally appropriate futures for the motor car Hensher, David A. Wed, 01 Jul 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19030 1992-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19012 Privatisation of public transit: lessons from the wider experience Hensher, David A.; Beesley, Michael E. Road-based public transport internationally is increasingly exposed to the economic elements of competition, private ownership and tendered operations as part of a strategy by governments to improve the efficiency of service provision and reduce the level of explicit subsidy from the State. The experience with increasing exposure to competition and privatisation is not limited to the passenger sector. In the United Kingdom for example, electricity, telecommunications, water and gas utilities have been privatised and opened up to competition. There are plans in progress to privatise the railways and the postal service. This paper reflects on the experiences to date across the set of utilities. The lessons for government, the role of efficiency objectives, exposure to capital markets, the weak bankruptcy constraint in the public sector, exposure to competition in the product market, price control, and the promotion of competition are addressed. The evidence has a direct bearing on future strategies for public sector transit agencies. Sun, 01 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19012 1992-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19025 A comparative assessment of the productivity of Australia’s rail systems 1971/72 - 1990/91 Hensher, David A.; Daniels, Rhonda; DeMellow, Ian There is a recognition that Australia’s rail systems, as the major recipient of government subsidy, have to improve their performance and become more cost efficient. Any policy designed to reduce costs must consider the implications of resultant actions on the overall productivity of a business. In this paper we propose the use of the total factor productivity index as an appropriate reference benchmark, calculated annually for each rail system. As a reference benchmark, it enables each railway to evaluate the productivity implications of any change to the operating and managerial environment designed in part or in whole as a cost saving strategy. Total factor productivity indices are derived annually from 1971/72 to 1990/91 for the 5 major rail systems and sources of variation are identified. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19025 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19013 COMPASS AIRLINES: 1 December 1990 To 20 December 1991 Nyathi, Michael; Hooper, Paul; Hensher, David A. Sun, 01 Mar 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19013 1992-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19017 The role of stated preferences and discrete- choice models in identifying individual preferences for traffic management devices Hensher, David A.; Battellino, Helen C. Responsible local governments recognize the need to be sensitive to the local environmental implications of decisions taken in the course of developing strategies to ensure the efficient use of scarce resources. Rather than rely on the pressures of lobby groups to direct government behavior in relation to community concerns, a preferred strategy is to identify the preferences and choices of the community as a whole and to use information from a representative cross-section of the community to aid in making environmentally-linked decisions that maximize the benefits to the affected community. This paper demonstrates how discrete-choice models can be used to identify community choices among alternative traffic-management devices designed to improve the traffic environment within and in the vicinity of local residential streets. Using a “before” and “after” survey strategy, the study provides evidence to support the view that a set of guidelines representing the community's preferences for different devices should be based on an empirical model estimated on a sample of residents who have already had exposure to a range of devices. Wed, 01 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19017 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19027 Integrating revealed preference and stated response data into a jointly estimated hierarchical mode choice model Hensher, David A. Revealed preference and stated response data have both contributed to the development of the literature on behavioural travel demand modelling. Until very recently, these two types of data have been independently used in the estimation of a wide variety of discrete choice applications in transport. There is growing interest in exploring the view that both types of data have useful information and that their integration will improve the overall explanatory power of choice models. In this paper, we present the theoretical framework for combining the data sources, and specify a model capable of introducing the two data sets with independent choice outcomes. The approach requires the application of a full information maximum likelihood estimation procedure of the hierarchical logit form. We demonstrate the advantages of the dual data strategy by comparing the results with those obtained from models estimated independently with RP and SR data. Data collected as part of the prefeasibility study of the Very Fast Train Project is used to estimate the set of mode choice models. Thu, 01 Oct 1992 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19027 1992-10-01T00:00:00Z