https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17756 Sun, 07 Jun 2026 02:14:40 GMT 2026-06-07T02:14:40Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19432 Transport, Traffic & Land Use : changing roles for local government Ken Ogden; Bill Chandler There are a number of important changes occurring in local government which have the potential to significantly influence the role which this level of government plays through its influence on transport and land use. These changes include : larger local government units and the consequent tendency towards a strategic outlook; the withdrawal of State or central governments from some areas creating a vacuum which local governments may move to fill; a tendency towards partnership arrangements for major projects which may involve all levels of government; and (in Victoria, at least) the requirement for compulsory competitive tendering. This paper examines the effects of these factors in three areas: · Integration of land use development and transport provision. Notwithstanding a lot of talk and fine motives, we argue that the potential value to the community of a greater integration of land use and urban planning has not been realised. We suggest that local government, with its local understanding and responsibility and access to most of the important instruments of policy, is in a strong position to achieve better results. Greater attention to detail in implementation - good urban design - has often been an important missing element. · Public transport. While some local authorities in Australia and New Zealand have a very significant role in public transport, most do not. However, local government is likely to play a larger role in the future, extending beyond community transport to involvement in such aspects as bus routes and timetables, responsibility for certain infrastructure, e.g. railway stations, and a revised community bus role. · Road safety. Local government has always had an important role in road safety, but this is likely to increase in the future. Land use development and decisions related to control (or lack of control) of access greatly affect safety, and these decisions are a key local government responsibility. The potential for the application of road safety audits to development proposals, as well as other stages in the road design process, is also emergent. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19432 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19439 Local Government and its Changing Role in Transport and Land Use Integration Chandler, W R Land use/transport integration is no longer a nice sounding professional platitude. It is a major factor in the challenge of achieving adequate urban infrastructure world-wide. In different countries and different circumstances there are variations in importance, but it is not uncommon for transport elements to account for more than half the total infrastructure costs of new suburban development (Saggers 1990). There is a high degree of consensus about the importance of land use/transport integration, but there is also a major gulf between the rhetoric and the reality. The subject of land use/transport integration is not new. Some readers may proclaim- 'no, not againl'. But herein lies the problem. Despite consensus about the importance of the subject, the practice has been found wanting. This paper is based on a Masters thesis prepared at Monash University by Chandler (1994), which was supervised by Professor Ken Ogden. The thesis reviewed past actions related to the interaction between transport and land use in Melbourne, Australia. It concluded, firstly, that there had not been spectacular success in integrating transport and land use decisions and secondly that, amongst other actions, the chances of success in integration would likely be greater if Local Government played a more significant and effective role. Firstly, this paper, identifies contemporary circumstances in Australia which have led to a resurgence of interest in the subject. Secondly, it highlights a resultant deterioration in quality of life for many people which, if left unchecked, will eventually create destructive social, environmental and economic situations. It is observed that these problems are occurring, or are likely to occur in other countries in the region. Thirdly, the paper places emphasis on the importance of understanding user needs, and activities and travel characteristics at the local level. The paper concludes with the identification of the 'window of opportunity' presented by the year 2000 - the new millennium. Actions proposed address the costly and damaging gap between the rhetoric and the reality - focusing particularly on the role that Local Government can play in addressing this challenge. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19439 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19430 Impact of Data Quality on the Performance of Neural Network Incident Detection Models Dia, Hussein; Rose, Geoff One of the challenges in using field data for the development of neural network incident detection models is to be able to train models that can handle the noisy nature of the loop detector data. The noise in the field data, which may be the result of either a systematic or random error, can have an adverse effect on the performance of an incident detection model, especially in terms of false alarm rate. This paper describes a number of procedures for evaluating the impact of data quality on the performance of a neural network incident detection model that was trained and tested on field data (comprising speed, flow and occupancy measurements) collected from a number of freeways in Melbourne, Australia. Since this model was developed for implementation in an actual system, the paper also reports on a number of techniques and procedures for evaluating the model’s performance in the case of missing or incorrect data either during training or after implementation. In addition to the original research findings reported in this paper, the described procedures are also of interest to practitioners since they address many issues relevant to the implementation of incident detection systems and the quality of the detector data. These issues include evaluating the impact of detector failures, communications malfunction and missing or incorrect data on the model’s performance. In addition, the paper also describes how the same procedures can be used to evaluate the impact of speed data on the model’s performance (ie. the impact of using dual-loop instead of single- loop detectors). Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19430 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19440 The Outsiders: An essay on Transport Planning Methods Denmark This paper examines the concept of transport disadvantage and how people who are defined as such are ill served by commonly used transport planning processes. The notion of mobility and the difference between need and demand are examined as are the issues of access and equity especially in reference to transport subsidies. Non-mainstream transport solutions such as paratransit or community transport are explored. Transport planning is examined with criticism of some forms of transport modelling with reference to transport disadvantage. Finally a case is made for public participation in transport planning processes and for transport planning at a local level. Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19440 1996-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19407 Accident Analysis and Investigation: the role of road safety engineering Ogden, K W This paper was presented at a VicRoads Workshop for road safety engineers, held in Geelong on 2-5 June, 1996. It presents an overview of accident analysis and investigation, with particular emphasis on the role which the road safety engineer plays in road safety. The paper briefly reviews the road safety situation, highlighting different ways of viewing it, and then discusses generic approaches to road safety. The contribution of road safety engineering is discussed in terms of the road traffic system, hazardous road locations, identification of hazardous sites, diagnosis of accident problems, the development of countermeasures, and orad safety audit. Brief mention is made of the appraisal of road saferty programs, and monitoring and evaluation. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19407 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19404 Economic Significance of High Speed Rail King, Jenny The successes of existing high speed rail systems; the Shinkansen in Japan and TGV in France, have been widely reported. This paper presents evidence of the benefits of HSR as reported by studies carried out on the existing high speed rail systems. There are many benefits attributed to high speed rail systems which can be broadly classified into: Social/Public benefits; Economic benefits and Environmental benefits. While widely reported and evident, there has however been very little research carried out to quantify the benefits to the respective countries in which HSR has been introduced. Although limited, the available research does suggest a positive net benefit to the economy as a whole. Sun, 01 Sep 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19404 1996-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19435 The Impact of Data Quantity on the Performance of Neural Network Freeway Incident Detection Models Dia, Hussein; Rose, Geoff One of the difficulties in the development of artificial neural network (ANN) models is that, unlike statistical modelling where estimates of sample size can be initially computed, the number of samples or observations needed for training ANN models cannot be determined in advance. This is further complicated when dealing with ‘real world’ data that is not easily available or difficult and time consuming to collect. It is therefore desired that the impact of sample size on model performance be investigated such that the trade-off in performance using different sample sizes is evaluated. This issue is discussed in this paper in the context of a neural network freeway incident detection model that was developed using ‘real world’ incident and traffic data. From a practical perspective, the impact of sample size on model performance will provide an insight into the sample size of ‘real world’ data required to train ANN incident detection models. The results reported in this paper can also be used to make decisions about the sample size required for retraining the ANN incident detection model once it becomes out of date due to changed traffic conditions and/or upgrading of the facility. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19435 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19426 Comparative Performance of Freeway Automated Incident Detection Algorithms Dia, Hussein; Rose, Geoff; Snell, Anthony Common measures of performance of incident detection algorithms are detection rate, false alarm rate and mean time-todetect. These measures are not independent and it is therefore necessary to determine the underlying performance trade off. In this paper, the performance of the incident detection algorithm currently implemented on Melbourne’s freeways is evaluated based on a set of one hundred incidents that occurred on Melbourne’s freeways under varying traffic conditions. The results are interpreted in relation to the broader operational experience with the incident detection algorithm. An improved algorithm, based on artificial neural networks, is also presented. An independent set of forty incidents, not used in the development of either model, was used for comparing the performance of the two algorithms. Evaluation results, in terms of detection rate, false alarm rate and mean time-to-detect are presented using performance envelope curves that show the trade off in performance between the two models. The results clearly demonstrate the substantial improvement in incident detection performance obtained by the ANN model over the ARRB/VicRoads model. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19426 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19428 Activity Modelling of Urban Traffic Movement Daly, Peter; Young, Bill Many transport models use unrealistic representation of vehicle trip linkages. This paper presents a model that moves towards incorporating vehicle trip linkages into a framework capable of answering policy questions in a realistic manner. The model is developed using data from the South East Queensland Household Travel Survey. Variability in the nature of trip chaining and number of unique chains found in the South East Queensland area data is discussed The nature, role and method of incorporation of this data into the model is discussed. The staging of the model is explained and initial applications of the model are foreshadowed. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19428 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19438 The Importance of Organisational Commitment in Managing Change in the Bus Industry in Australia Brewer; Hensher In Australia there is a continuing trend in the transport sector towards corporatisation, privatisation, competitive regulation (ie tendering) and deregulation. With the implementation of the 1990 Passenger Transport Act in New South Wales, the urban bus industry has moved from a rigid system of licensing towards one of performance-based contracts. The new focus arising out of the legislation has centred on the quality of service delivery with pressing managerial implications. To date, little attention has been paid to the effects of organisational change on the role of middle management in the transport sector. While the current perception may be that the position of middle management is largely irrelevant following industry downsizing, it is contended that the role of the middle manager is reaffirmed at the centre of organisational change. This paper identifies the relationship between perceived satisfaction with the outcomes of change and organisational commitment and structure. Study findings demonstrate that organisational structure is important in the development of organisational commitment which in turn is vital in the effective implementation of organisational change. Fri, 01 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19438 1996-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19408 Analysis of Crash Patterns at Signalised Intersections Ogden, K W; Newstead, S V The paper reviews the crash patterns evident at signalised intersections in Victoria, and shows that such crashes are of four main types - right through, rear end, adjacent approaches, and pedestrian crashes. Crash patterns are then analysed in detail, focussing on the differences in site and operational characteristics between sites with a high, normal and low accident frequency over the 5 years (1987-1991) based upon an analysis of accident data and entering traffic volumes. The study indicated that the majority of the variation in accidents was not explained by traffic volumes, but by other factors. While no single factor was identified which would lead to a dramatic improvement in safety at signalised intersections, a range of measures were identified which would likely contribute to improved safety if applied at specific sites where relevant. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19408 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19424 An ITS Vision for Melbourne’s Southbank Precinct Rose, G; Young, W; Iljin, Mr A Melbourne’s Southbank area is achieving prominence as an activity centre because of the variety of cultural, sporting and entertainment opportunities which it provides. This paper outlines opportunities to maximise the economic and social value of the area by facilitating travel to andthrough the area. The focus here concerns the integration of intelligent transport systems (ITS) into the Southbank area. ITS covers the application of advanced information processing and communications, sensing and control technologies to surface transport. ITS will assist in the reduction of traffic congestion and inconvenience to drivers, public transport users, pedestrians, bicyclists and other travellers. The level of technology that is presently available revolves around variable message roadside signs, radio broadcasts and telephone services. For motorised vehicles, roadside systems appear to present the best option for parking and traffic information. Radio and television systems have the advantage of reaching an urban-wide audience while the roadside systems can focus on particular areas. The linear nature of the Southbank area and associated transport infrastructure lends itself to roadside information providing directions to parking and other facilities. Information for pedestrians can be provided in localised information booths or kiosks. This information could relate to entertainment, places of interest, public transport timetables, provisions of taxi services and parking. The Southbank area stands to benefit not only in the long term, but also during the period when much of the area is being developed, from investment in an ITS to cater for the diverse needs of the many people will visit Melbourne’s entertainment, sporting and cultural hub. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19424 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19410 Urban Goods Movement and Sydney’s Economy Taylor, Samantha; Ogden, Ken; Peachman, J E Freight transport is a key component of the role for roads in the national economy, particularly in urban areas, but our understanding of the urban freight transport system is very limited. Until recently there were minimal recent data available on urban goods movement in Australia, but data collection in several States and Sydney has partially relieved this situation. This paper discusses analysis of freight data collected in the Sydney Commercial Vehicle Survey (CVS). Broad analysis of the 1991/92 CVS of the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Region was undertaken to determine the patterns and behaviour of freight carrying vehicles. The survey was in the form of a mail-out, mail-back self-completion questionnaire and was undertaken by the Transport Data Centre, a section within the Department of Transport, NSW. The majority of the paper is drawn from the principal author’s thesis on Urban freight activities in Sydney, undertaken at Monash University. Results of the CVS are discussed with specific reference to temporal patterns, trip lengths, trip durations, and the temporal distributions of pick-ups and deliveries. These factors are also discussed in the context of the Sydney network and economy, and particularly in relation to the implications for transport planning and policy. Tue, 01 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19410 1996-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19402 Changing Ownership Strategies for Australian Ports: Some Emerging Issues Everett, Sophia Microeconomic reform has characterised the Australian maritime sector over the last decade or so. Shipping reform, waterfront reform and the current changing ownership strategies of state governments throughout Australia have focused on enhancing efficiency and competitiveness of Australian ports. Within this environment ports are no longer seen as public utilities but are expected to be market driven profit maximising operations similar to any private sector business venture. This paper examines a number of different strategies being implemented by state governments and some of the real and/or anticipated benefits that will result. The paper argues that if government business enterprises are to operate along private sector lines then an appropriate legislative framework must be set in place. The paper looks in some detail at changes in NSW ports where problems are already emerging precisely because the ports were corporatised under an inappropriate legislative structure. Sat, 01 Jun 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19402 1996-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19397 Australian Airports: The Case for Privatisation White, Sandy Privatisation of the airports of the Federal Airports Corportation has been supported by both sides of Parliament. After reviewing the Labor party policy which established airport privatisation on the national agenda, this Paper examines the various changes that have been introduced into that policy and discusses their effects in terms of efficiency and price benefits and disbenefits together with price maximisation. It concludes that the policy has been devaluated over time and that the final outcome cannot deliver the tangible benefits that were originally promised. Wed, 01 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19397 1996-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19390 Accessible Buses in a Commercial Environment Smith, Neil This paper considers the operation of accessible urban buses in a commercial environment with particular reference to the provision of services in Wellington, New Zealand. The goal of achieving fully accessible urban public transport is shared by government authorities in many OECD countries. This goal has been expressed in both specific legislation that relates directly to urban transport (eg the “Americans with Disabilities Act” (ADA)) or in the adoption of board human rights policies that imply such accessibility (eg the Australian “Disability Discrimination Act 1992” (DDA)). The implementation of this policy has given rise to widespread controversy in regard to practicality; cost effectiveness; reverse discrimination against other transport users; and ultimate financial responsibility. This controversy has been fuelled by the broad range of goals on the part of accessibility advocates, from those who are intent on developing a working transport system that provides a wider range transport options for the disabled, to those who see accessibility as a “right” that cannot be compromised by practical or financial issues. This paper addresses these issues firstly from the perspective of the operator who provides service in a commercial, competitive environment, and highlights the contrast between this environment and that in the United States, Europe and Australia where different regulations apply. Secondly, the broad issues of accessibility in buses are discussed. Thirdly, the impact that accessibility requirements will have on bus design and urban transport infrastructure are outlined, with an emphasis on the impact on smaller and medium sized buses. Fourthly, the capital and operating costs are quantified. Finally, the resolution process that has been implemented in Australia to replace legal argument is described. Thu, 01 Feb 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19390 1996-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19106 Urban Public Transport Futures: Broadening the Policy Debate Hensher, David A. The Fourth International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transporti, held 10-12 July 1995 in Rotorua, New Zealand, provided a forum for presentation and debate on the latest developments in the provision of land-based public transport. Over 120 participants from around the world gathered over 4 days in 5 workshops and 3 plenary sessions. The workshops were 1: Competitive models and impacts, 2: User requirements, 3. Rail sector issues, 4: Regulatory reform and transport policy development, and 5: International experiences in competitive operationsii. The opening address and workshop reports presented herein enable a wider audience to benefit from the outcomes of the deliberations. Sat, 01 Jun 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19106 1996-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19123 Extending Valuation to Controlled Value Functions and Non- Uniform Scaling with Generalised Unobserved Variances Hensher, David A. A common by-product of discrete choice models is the marginal rate of substitution between two attributes (one usually measured in monetary units). The typical output is a point estimate value. In reality there is a distribution of values around a mean which is the product of non-linearities in the role of each attribute in utility space, as well as covariate influences that condition the role of taste weights in dimensioning the relative importance of each attribute in a choice setting. This paper considers the broad issue of breaking away from valuation to valuation functions, the need to use appropriate experimental design procedures and mean centering or orthogonal codes in estimation with translation back to the real attribute levels in order to reveal the appropriate evaluation distributions. By relaxing the strict constant variance condition in practical discrete choice models, we are able further to absorb unobserved sources of behavioural variability which if not allowed for tend to produce an overvaluation. We illustrate the methods discussed above with a case study on choice of existing and potential commuter modes in six Australian capital cities. Mon, 01 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19123 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19111 Predicting Demand for High Speed Rail in the Sydney- Canberra Corridor Hensher, David A. Accessibility by High Speed Rail (HSR) services between major cities within a nation and across borders is growing in popularity. Currently 15 nations are evaluating new HSR along the lines of the successful systems in Japan, France and Germany. An HSR link between Sydney and Canberra is currently in the feasibility stage. A major market study undertaken in 1994-95 by the Institute of Transport Studies identified the size of the potential market for HSR in a corridor currently dominated by air travel for business trips and car travel for non-business trips. This paper presents details of a joint revealed preference/stated choice model system to evaluate the choice of fare type conditional on mode and the choice of mode for business and non-business travel in the Sydney- Canberra Corridor with and without a proposed new HSR system. The full choice set of modes in the corridor is conventional train, charter coach, scheduled coach, plane and car. Plane and HSR offer a range of fare classes. We identify the current travel profile and predict HSR patronage under alternative fare regimes, taking into account diverted traffic, induced traffic and growth. The paper argues that previous studies which have treated fare class as exogenous are poor representations of the real choice context facing potential patrons of HSR. Fri, 01 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19111 1996-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19122 Transport and Environmental Management Hensher, David A.; Hooper, Paul G.; Robinson; Everett The objective of this paper is to highlight the environmental impacts associated with the provision of transport services necessary for the movement of passengers and goods. The management of the transport sector requires trade-offs to be made between three major goals of transport management - growth, equity and environmental sustainability. To place the discussion on ways of reducing the environmental impacts of transport activity in context, we review international trends in emissions of the major noxious air pollutants, and then take a close look at policy instruments which might contribute to reducing the impact that transport services have on the quality of the environment. Mon, 01 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19122 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19113 Designing Transport & Urban Forms for the Australia of the 21st Century Richmond, Jonathan; Troy, Patrick; Hensher, David; Bray, David Papers presented at workshop on “Designing Transport & Urban Forms for the Australia of the 21st Century” on Tuesday 30 April 1996 at the Institute of Transport Studies (Sydney), University of Sydney. Four papers critically review the direction of current Australian policies for transport and urban form and make recommendations for the development of affective policies for the Australia of the 21st Century. Mon, 01 Apr 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19113 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19110 Intercity Rail Services: Evaluating Pricing Options Hensher, David A. This is a renewed interest in intercity and long-distance rail services in many countries, with both new high-speed rail services and improvements to conventional rail under review. The current study reports on an investigation in 1990 of the demand for sleeper, motorail and dining services between Sydney, Northern N.S.W and Brisbane, a 12 to 14 hour trip, just after a decision by the NSW government to temporarily suspend sleeper and motorail services and introduce XPT seating service only, pending an inquiry into the demand for such loss-making services under alternative price and service levels. A matrix of direct and cross fare elasticites within the rail mode and between rail and competing modes are obtained for concession and non-concession travellers. The empirical evidence extends our knowledge of the sensitivity of the long distance passenger market to a range or rails fares, distinguishing between classes of fares and levels of service. Fri, 01 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19110 1996-03-01T00:00:00Z