https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17663 Sat, 13 Jun 2026 15:09:43 GMT 2026-06-13T15:09:43Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19327 Sample Size Requirements For Measuring a Change in Behaviour Stopher, Peter R; Greaves, Stephen P Before and after surveys are designed to detect a change in travel-behaviour following an intervention policy, such as a travel-modification program. Longitudinal panel surveys are the preferred method for detecting such changes, because the variance of the difference between the before and after surveys is substantially reduced, enabling changes to be detected with smaller sample sizes than if a repeated crosssectional survey is used. A key issue concerns the size of sample required to be able to generalise the Panel results to the population; that is to state, with 95% confidence that if there is a ?% change in behaviour for the sample, there is a ?%± e% change in the behaviour of the population, where e is the sampling error. In this paper we present the rationale for an alternative formulation and demonstrate its applicability both hypothetically and then empirically using data from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. The results have important ramifications both for those implementing future behaviour change programs and those interpreting the results reported in previous studies. Sun, 01 Aug 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19327 2004-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19265 The Design of Stated Choice Experiments: The State of Practice and Future Challenges Rose, John M; Bliemer, Michiel CJ Since the work of Louviere and Woodworth (1983) and Louviere and Hensher (1983), stated choice (SC) methods have become the dominant data paradigm in the study of behavioural responses of individuals and households as well as other organizations, in fields as diverse as marketing, transport and environmental and health economics, to name but a few. In SC experiments, it is usual for sampled respondents to be asked to choose from amongst a number of labelled or unlabelled alternatives defined on a number of attribute dimensions, each in turn described by pre-specified levels drawn from some underlying experimental design. The choice task is then repeated a number of times, up to the total number of choice sets being offered over the experiment. Several experimental design strategies are available to the practitioner, however, within the transport literature, it appears that the most common form of experimental design used are orthogonal fractional factorial designs. In this paper we review the properties of such designs, and demonstrate that these properties are unlikely to be retained through to the estimation process. We also discuss an alternative design construction strategy, used to construct statistically optimal designs. Mon, 01 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19265 2004-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19269 New Technology and Travel Surveys: The Way Forward Alsnih, Rahaf Traditional survey methods are fast reaching their “use by” dates. It is much harder for researchers to contact households through the telephone as a result of call screening and answering machine devices. In relation to face to face interviews, housing estates and buildings are increasingly becoming fenced off and protected by security systems making it virtually impossible for the researcher to enter the premises, if not expected, as well as the fact that more often than not, householders are not available at the time when the survey is being conducted. In addition, the over use of marketing surveys has led people to believe that every survey they are asked to complete is of this type. Together, these difficulties have led to rising item and unit non-response, and consequently, rising unit costs. This is not only a phenomena associated with travel surveys, but rather the entire realm of social science research. Development of the World Wide Web has had some dramatic impacts on the global environment, in relation to communication, information and research. The development of web based surveys (internet-based or e-mail), is commonly seen as a combative measure to rising costs and the declining response problem faced by most survey practitioners. Despite the phenomenal uptake of this technology by industry and individuals, some people are still to embrace this new medium. This poses some interesting questions for researchers wanting to utilise this technology to combat low response rates. One of the major concerns today, in relation to web based surveys, is sample bias. Internet users are usually of higher socio-economic status. In addition, people who have access to the internet are not always certain of their ability to utilise the internet, let alone complete a web based survey. These are important issues that need to be considered if web based surveys are to be used. Thu, 01 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19269 2004-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19275 Freight Distribution in Urban Areas: The role of supply chain alliances in addressing the challenge of traffic congestion for city logistics Hensher, David A.; Puckett, Sean The distribution of freight is a major contributor to the levels of traffic congestion in cities, yet it is much neglected in the research and planning activities of government, where the focus is disproportionately on passenger vehicle movements. Despite the recent recognition of the contribution of freight transportation to the performance of urban areas under the rubric of city logistics, we see a void in the study of how the stakeholders in the supply chain associated with the distribution of goods (whose destination is an urban location) might cooperate through participation in distribution networks, to reduce the costs associated with traffic congestion. Given that transport costs are typically over 45% of all distribution costs, with congestion contributing a substantial amount of cost in the urban setting, the importance of establishing ways in which supply chain partnerships might aid in reducing the levels of freight vehicle movements in urban areas has much merit. This paper sets out a framework to investigate how agents in the supply chain might interact more effectively to reduce their costs of urban freight distribution. We propose an interactive agency choice method as a way of formalising a framework for studying the preferences of participants in the supply chain to support specific policy initiatives. Such a framework is a powerful way of investigating the behavioural response of each agent to many policies including congestion pricing as a way of improving the efficient flow of traffic in cities. Sun, 01 Feb 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19275 2004-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19227 Monte Carlo Simulation of Sydney Household Travel Survey Data with Bayesian Updating using Different Local Sample Sizes Pointer, Graham; Stopher, Peter; Bullock, Philip There is increasing interest in the potential to simulate household travel survey data as an alternative to collecting large sample household travel surveys, or as a means to augment sample sizes, well beyond what can usually be considered. In prior research on simulating such data, it has been shown that it is possible to reproduce, within reasonable bounds of accuracy, an actual household travel survey, It has also been found that the procedure of updating the distributions of the simulated variables, using Bayesian updating with subjective priors, can provide significant improvement in the accuracy with which an actual household travel survey can be simulated. In work performed to date, it has not been determined what the optimal size would be for the update sample to be used in the Bayesian updating. Rather, prior work has used a sample of approximately 500 households, largely as a matter of convenience and cost. In this paper, we report on further research that compares different sample sizes for the local update data. It was found that a reasonable updating could be obtained from a sample as small as 300 households, chosen through a stratified sampling procedure, and that results improved substantially when the update sample was increased to 500. However, an increase in the sample to 750 did not produce very much additional improvement, suggesting that sample sizes of this size and larger may not be economically justified. At the same time, the research suggests that there may be room for a more targeted sampling procedure which could allow smaller samples to be more cost-effective. Mon, 01 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19227 2004-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19383 GPS Surveys and the Internet Stopher, Peter; Collins, Andrew; Bullock, Philip ITS has been pioneering the use of GPS to provide more accurate data on where and when people travel, their routes, travel distance, and travel time. GPS provides no information on the number of people travelling together, trip purposes, and travel costs. ITS has pioneered the development of a method of collecting this additional information called the prompted recall survey, designed to be conducted some days after the GPS data are collected, using maps and tabular presentations from the GPS records to prompt the respondent’s memory. We describe these surveys and document some of the results. As an improvement on the paper and pencil version, we developed an internet-based survey. This provides animation of each GPS trip, and gives respondents the ability to stop the trip part way through to indicate a trip end that the analysis of the GPS data had not detected, to restart the trip, and to indicate that a stop was only a traffic stop, not a destination. The paper describes the animation, shows the types of data that can be collected, and describes the advantages offered. Some examples are provided of the results of people using the prompted recall survey version. Thu, 01 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19383 2004-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19266 Labour Pooling: Impacts on Capacity Planning Houghton, Erne; Portougal, Victor Cross-training workers to perform multi-skilled jobs is one of the modern trends in job design. As companies engage in downsizing, the remaining workforce is expected to do more and different tasks. This paper presents a formal definition and a practical solution for optimizing the size and cost of the pool of multi-skilled workers for production units operated under batch manufacturing. The pool size is optimized through a search procedure applied separately to just-in-time (JIT) and Level production plans, which are derived from the stones heuristic. The method allows direct calculation of the cost savings from labour pooling. This paper was inspired by consulting in the food industry, where implementation of these results has significantly reduced labour costs. Mon, 01 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19266 2004-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19315 Standards for Household Travel Surveys-Some Proposals Stopher, Peter; Alsnih, Rahaf Rising costs of household travel surveys and the critical need for good quality data, has led to questions about how best to obtain a quality survey that provides data comparable to other household travel surveys. To provide answers to these questions, the U.S. National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored development and recommendations of standards for household travel surveys. After reviewing briefly the state of practice of standards for surveys, a number of proposed standards are outlined. These proposals have been developed in the U.S. context, but offer potential for other countries, e.g., Australia, and New Zealand. A number of potential standards are discussed in the paper. The first are concerned with the initial design phases of a survey. The second are concerned with instrument design and the third with survey methodology. The fourth relate to non-response and the final to the analysis of survey results. Illustrations are provided of the consequences of not having standards and the difficulties and loss of quality that have arisen in past surveys. It is concluded that household travel survey quality could be enhanced significantly by adopting standards in all of the areas discussed in this paper. Tue, 01 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19315 2004-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19235 A Review of the Procedures Associated with Devising Emergency Evacuation Plans Alsnih, Rahaf; Stopher, Peter The incidence of freak weather and geological events, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, has increased over the past thirty years. Coupled with an increase in the populations located in the path of these natural disasters, the imminent danger posed by naturally occurring phenomena has also risen. Given the potential dangers, it is wise for policy administrators to ensure that appropriate emergency plans are in place that aim to minimize the negative consequences associated with these disasters. Effective emergency planning and management should successfully combine the skills and knowledge of law enforcement agencies, transport planners as well as the knowledge and skills of emergency planning professionals. In Australia, there has not been a thorough investigation of the emergency impacts on the transport infrastructure nor have emergency plans adequately integrated the transportation aspect. Which transport routes should evacuees and emergency vehicles use is a question that needs to be answered urgently to avoid situations: · Where evacuees are trapped in their vehicles, · When emergency personnel are unable to gain access to the people in need, and · When emergency vehicles are not able to get onto the road network due to traffic congestion. Thus in a case of a suburban bush fire (wild fire), a fire that may have been easily extinguished or controlled is left to engulf more bush land and increase in ferocity. This paper critically assesses the many emergency evacuation models developed and also describes the important information required to devise the models. It is clear, however, that more research needs to be undertaken that specifically investigates the effects of a mass evacuation on current transport networks. Mon, 01 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19235 2004-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19233 Information Processing Strategies in Stated Choice Studies: The Implications on Willingness to Pay of Respondents Ignoring Specific Attributes Hensher, David A Individuals processing the information in a stated choice experiment are typically assumed to evaluate each and every attribute offered within and between alternatives and to choose their most preferred alternative. It has always been thought though that some attributes are ignored in this process for many reasons including a coping strategy to handle their perception of the complexity of the choice task. However analysts proceed to estimate discrete choice models as if all attributes have influenced the outcome to some degree. The cognitive processes used to evaluate trade-offs are complex with boundaries often placed on the task to assist the respondent. These boundaries can include adding up attributes (eg components of travel time and cost), prioritising attributes and focussing on the primary influences and ignoring specific attributes. In this paper we investigate the implications of bounding the information processing task by attribute elimination through ignoring one or more attributes. Using a sample of car commuters in Sydney we estimate mixed logit models which assume that all attributes are candidate contributors, and models which assume that certain attributes are ignored (based on supplementary information provided by respondents). We derive individual-respondent parameters using a conditional choice specification of mixed logit, and compare the value of travel time savings distribution under alternative information processing regimes. As expected, assuming that all attributes are not ignored and duly processed, leads to biased estimates of parameters which over-estimate willingness to pay (WTP). Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19233 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19277 Dynamic Travel Demand for Emergency Evacuation: The Case of Bushfires Stopher, Peter; Rose, John; Alsnih, Rahaf There are two types of emergencies; those which can be anticipated and those that cannot. Among those that can be anticipated are such events as cyclones, floods, bush fires, and tsunamis. When such events are anticipated, one course of action that may be taken is the evacuation of residents from a threatened area. When evacuation takes place, there often remains a need to provide access for emergency vehicles and personnel to the threatened area creating a conflict between the needs to maximise capacity for evacuation, while continuing to provide access to the threatened area. Relatively little is known about when residents will decide to evacuate. A model of evacuation behaviour is needed that would predict the proportions of the population that would leave within certain time periods, thus leading to the development of an evacuation travel demand model. Under a contract from Emergency Management Australia, the authors developed a method to predict evacuation decisions by residents from bush fires. This paper describes the methods used to determine when a household would evacuate, and describes the resulting model that predicts how many partial and full evacuations will take place by time period from when the emergency is first perceived. Thu, 01 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19277 2004-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19311 How do Respondents Handle Stated Choice Experiments? – Information processing strategies under varying information load Hensher, David A. The popularity of stated choice (SC) experiments has spurned a large number of design strategies within which to study choice behaviour. When the amount of information provided increases, we often wonder how an individual handles such information in making a choice. Defining the amount of information (or ‘complexity’) as the product of the number of attributes and number of alternatives associated with each choice set, we investigate how this information is processed as we vary the amount of information. Four ordered heterogeneous logit and mixed logit models are developed, each for a fixed–attribute design, in which the dependent variable is the difference between the maximum (fixed) number of attributes in the design and the actual number that were maintained by the respondent in their information processing strategy (IPS). We have found that individuals adopt a range of ‘coping’ or editing strategies that are consistent with how we normally process information in real markets. Importantly, we should not argue that more information is necessarily undesirable; indeed such information may be necessary to give meaning (i.e., relevancy) to a choice context even if an individual invokes an IPS that involves excluding specific attributes and even aggregating them. That is, individuals invoke procedural strategies in the form of rules that they draw on as useful devices to process information in real or hypothetical markets. Indeed aggregating does not imply that we should provide the aggregated attribute in the design, but rather that this information is often useful (it is not ignored), and a respondent prefers to be aware of it and add it up in the processing of the SC experiment. This should not be seen necessarily as cognitive burden – indeed limited information may in itself be especially burdensome where it is an incomplete representation of the attribute space that matters to an individual. The evidence suggests that aligning ‘choice complexity’ with the amount of information to process is misleading. Relevancy is what matters Sat, 01 May 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19311 2004-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19258 Melbourne’s Public Transport Franchising: Lessons for PPPs Stanley, John; Hensher, David A. The paper reviews the recent franchising of public transport services in Melbourne, Australia, to assess the extent to which the objectives of the franchising were achieved. The major franchisee has failed only a short time into the franchise period. Some financial benefits from franchising have been realised, largely at the expense of franchisee shareholders. These savings are not sustainable. Some aspects of service delivery have improved. Overall, however, franchising has fallen well short of government expectations. The paper asks what can be learnt from this experience to improve future public/private partnerships in public transport. It is critical of the franchising process, in terms of unrealistic expectations and an insufficiently critical acceptance of competitive tendering to deliver outcomes. Changes in the nature of the relationship between the regulator and service provider are proposed, to incorporate a stronger planning focus, closer partnership basis and a greater reliance on negotiated contracts, along lines used in some infrastructure PPPs. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19258 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19261 Performance Based Contracts Hensher, David A.; Houghton, Erne The 90s saw a noticeable growth in the use of competitive tendering as a way of selecting bus operators to deliver a range of services that had previously been supplied by governments, mainly driven by pressures to reduce the budget cost impact of service provision. The focus was typically on minimising costs to government (under the label of cost efficiency), rather than on delivering specific service quality outcomes. Negotiated performance-based contracts (PBCs) have emerged in recent years as an alternative to competitive tendering (CT) in its various guises (including tendered PBCs) as a framework within which the broader economics and social outcomes have moved to centre stage under the labels of value for money and maximising the benefits of government subsidy to society as a whole. This paper, a report from the 8th International Conference on Competition and Ownership of Land Passenger Transport held in Rio de Janeiro in September 2003, details the relative merits of negotiated and tendered PBCs, highlighting the context within which each type of PBC is best positioned to service the broader gaols of public transport policy. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19261 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19267 Monitoring Traffic and Emissions by Floating Car Data Gühnemann, Astrid; Schäfer, Ralf-Peter; Thiessenhusen, Kai-Uwe; Wagner, Peter Intelligent traffic management is widely acknowledged as a means to optimise the utilisation of existing infrastructure capacities. A major requirement for intelligent traffic management is the collection of high quality data on traffic conditions in order to generate accurate real-time traffic information. The approach to be described here generates this information by a fleet of taxis equipped with GPS which act as Floating-Car-Data (FCD) provider for a number of metropolitan areas. The first part of this paper describes the methodology of setting up this data base. The information collected enables various applications such as real-time traffic monitoring, time-dynamic routing and fleet management. The second part of the paper proposes a framework for using these data additionally to include environmental effects into intelligent traffic management systems. To this end, a mapping between travel times and traffic flows is proposed. Some challenges related to the computation of emissions from velocity profiles are discussed. Equipped with these ingredients, an environmentally friendly intelligent traffic management might be in reach. Mon, 01 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19267 2004-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19328 The use of third party logistics services by large Australian manufacturers: current status and trends Rahman, Shams; Barber, Elizabeth; Ray, Pradeep Kanta Based on a revised questionnaire developed originally by Lieb (1992), an empirical research was conducted to investigate the use of third-party logistics (TPL) services by large manufacturing companies in Australia. Using a sample drawn from Australia’s Top 500 companies, the study examined the extent to which TPL services used, the type of logistics services used, the impact of the use of TPL services on customer satisfaction, costs and employee morale of the user companies. The results revealed that about two-third of the companies who have responded use TPL services from one or more TPL providers, and over 85% of the companies were satisfied with the services provided by the TPL service providers. The results also indicated that the most frequently used logistics functions were warehouse management, order fulfilment and fleet management. Fri, 01 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19328 2004-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19272 Identifying the Influence of Stated Choice Design Dimensionality on Willingness to Pay for Travel Time Savings Hensher, David A. This paper explores the influence of the dimensions of stated choice (SC) designs on the value of travel time savings. Utilising principles of experimental design, 16 choice designs are embedded within a global design in which we vary the number of choice sets, the number of alternatives in each choice set, the number of attributes per alternative, the number of levels of each attribute and the range of attribute levels. A mixed logit model is estimated in which design dimensions are interacted with the attribute parameters to explore the influence of these dimensions on willingness to pay (WTP) for travel time savings. The evidence in the context of a sample of respondents in Sydney choosing amongst trip attribute bundles for their car commuting trip suggests that design dimensionality does influence variations in WTP; with higher overall mean values of travel time savings associated with more complex designs (in terms of the number of items to process). Given evidence external to the SC design that most individuals tend to add up the components of travel time in processing bundles of attributes, we interacted aggregate travel time with a choice complexity index as a more general test of the directional impact on VTTS due to the net effect of all positive and negative design influences. The prior finding was confirmed. Importantly, the evidence should not be taken to suggest that simpler designs (i.e., less items) are preferred, but rather that individuals process the information in SC designs in ways that appear to support at least two hypotheses, one related to coping strategies and the other related to behavioural relevance. We recommend, however, that the selection of the design specifications (e.g., relevant attributes and their range) should be guided by, at least, the specific application setting. Thu, 01 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19272 2004-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19268 Estimating Eligibility Rates: A Crucial Component of the Calculation for Response Rates Alsnih, Rahaf; Stopher, Peter Response rates are used by analysts to assess survey quality: higher response rates are usually desired to reduce the incidence of non-response bias. The response rate is simply defined as the ratio of the number of completed interviews divided by the number of eligible sample units. However, due to the inconsistency of the definition of response rates often quoted in travel surveys, it is difficult to explicitly state that declining response rates are the result of less people willing to participate in surveys or are attributed to the calculation of response rates. It is most likely to be a combination of these two factors. This paper describes two well known formulas used to calculate response rates; the Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO) formula and the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) formula. The real difference between these formulas lies in the estimate of eligible sample units amongst the sample units of unknown eligibility. Through examination of two call history files, the recruitment phase for two household travel surveys, eligibility rate estimates for the sample units of unknown eligibility were calculated and used in the response rate formulas. It was found that the rates of eligibility for the sample units of unknown eligibility were higher than the eligibility rates for the units of known eligibility. These results were not expected and further confirm that agencies need to treat units of unknown eligibility carefully when calculating response rates. Thu, 01 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19268 2004-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19280 Collecting Data with GPS: Those who reject, and those who receive Hawkins, Renee; Stopher, Peter R Most surveys using GPS devices to collect data have focused on the device and its effectiveness for collecting reliable and accurate data. Another dimension to be considered with this form of data collection is whether the people who consent to carry the GPS devices differ from those who do not. Using active or passive GPS devices for data collection entails some degree of respondent burden. Even a passive device, must be carried by the respondent and be kept charged as necessary. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that there are statistically significant differences between GPS participants and nonparticipants and consider whether differences may introduce response bias to the GPS survey. The data are from the ongoing Sydney HTS and an associated project comparing the quality of personal travel data collected through the HTS with data collected through the use of GPS devices. Because the participants in the GPS study were recruited from those who already agreed to participate in the HTS, sociodemographic characteristics of both participants and non-participants are available. Identifying potential response bias will assist in developing specialised programs to encourage participation of those most likely to refuse, raising the response rate, and reducing the response bias. Wed, 01 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19280 2004-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19278 Evaluating Voluntary Travel Behaviour Interventions Stopher, Peter; Alsnih, Rahaf; Bullock, Philip; Ampt, Liz Considerable interest in the policy of voluntary travel behaviour change interventions, known as by the generic name of TravelSmart®, has emerged. Measuring its effectiveness and determining its cost-benefit ratios is a major issue. Several difficulties arise in this process. First, it requires both a before and an after survey, sufficiently far apart to detect stable change in household travel behaviour. Second, it requires estimates of numbers of trips and activities, distance travelled by mode, time spent travelling by mode, and the modes of travel used. These are poorly reported in household travel surveys, introducing serious potentials for error in evaluation. Third, are issues relating to sample sizes to detect changes of the order of 5 to 10 percent in various travel behaviours, with acceptable accuracy. After discussing these issues in some detail, we describe a potential survey process, using GPS devices, that can overcome a number of the problems. We describe the information that can be obtained through the GPS and its associated prompted recall survey, demonstrating some of the benefits associated with this procedure. We conclude that evaluation is a significant issue that requires substantial funding to be done effectively, but that the GPS survey offers a high level of reliability in the information obtained Thu, 01 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19278 2004-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19262 TRESIS (Transport and Environmental Strategy Impact Simulator): Application to a Case Study in NE Sydney Hensher, David A.; Stopher, Peter R.; Bullock, Philip; Ton, Tu This paper presents an integrated microsimulation urban passenger transport model system (TRESIS) for evaluating the impact of a large number of interrelated policy instruments on urban travel behavior and the environment. The model system has four integrated modules defining household location and automobile choices, commuter workplace and commuting travel choices, non-commuting travel activity, and worker distributed work practices. The demand model system, estimated as a set of discrete and continuous choice models, is combined with a set of equilibrating criteria in each of the location, automobile and commuting markets to predict overall demand for passenger travel in various socio-economic segments, automobile classes and geographic locations. The current version has been developed to operate at a high level of aggregation for the Sydney region, comprising a 14-zone system, with a spider-web network, and is designed to explore the impacts of broad strategic directions. The model system is embedded within a decision support system to make it an attractive suite of tools for practitioners. We illustrate the usefulness of TRESIS to a major investment option in Northeast Sydney, to replace a bottleneck opening bridge with either bridge improvements together with improvements to a number of intersections on the roads serving the region, or several possible tunnel options, including different levels of tolls for the tunnels. The application of TRESIS to this case was considered a success, with the model providing useful outputs on the revenue implications of various alternative tolls, the impacts of the proposals on regional travel, and the likely effects on public transport ridership. Mon, 01 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19262 2004-03-01T00:00:00Z