https://hdl.handle.net/2123/5863 2026-06-04T20:17:42Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33542 Different Responses to Travel Hindrances: Pandemic, Congestion, and Extreme Weather Nakamura, Eri; Shibayama, Takeru We investigate how different levels of perceived risk affect individual travel decisions. Three travel scenarios (daily grocery shopping, going to a restaurant, and attending a one-off sports match) are compared under three types of travel hindrances (pandemic, heavy rain, and traffic congestion). A survey in Japan, Germany and the UK reveals the following four implications. First, people's decisions differ depending on the travel scenario and the hindrance. Heavy rain is perceived as a more severe constraint than traffic congestion in the decision to postpone a travel, and fewer people cancel a sports match than restaurant. Second, people's decisions also depend on the certainty that the hindrance will be resolved. People are more likely to postpone or cancel a travel if there is a greater likelihood that the hindrance will be resolved soon. Third, the essentiality and substitutability of a travel influence the minimum discount rate for compensation. People require a higher discount rate for essential shopping than for dining out for postponement, and for dining out than for a sports match for cancellation. Fourth, the incentive mechanisms for postponing and cancelling a travel are not transferable across countries, as respondents in our sample countries show different tendencies. 2025-01-22T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33476 Enhancing last- mile connectivity through participatory planning- A case of Namma metro, Bengaluru Das, Bipasha; Gupta, Premjeet Das; Alavilli, Srinivas "An advanced city is not one where even the poor use cars, but rather one where even the rich use public transport" (Enrique Penalosa, 2013). The urgency for sustainable solutions has grown as rapid urbanization outpaces conventional planning methods. A paradigm shift towards inclusive, citizen-centric planning is crucial, where public participation is not just a formality but a cornerstone for creating equitable, co-producing cities. This shift is particularly important in mobility planning, where traditional practices must evolve into sustainable smart mobility solutions aimed at reducing congestion and emissions. Dynamic cities require more than technocratic advocacy; they need the integration of planning, governance, technology, and active citizen participation. This research aims to assess the transport governance for Bengaluru, one of India's largest and fastest-growing metropolises, and enhancing the last-mile connectivity for the metro system. Recognizing riders as co-creators and co-producers, the study focuses on optimizing the metro system to bridge the gap between planning and on-ground execution. The study assesses the effectiveness of governance by studying partnerships among civil societies, end users, and government agencies. Finally, the research uses qualitative methods, validated by quantitative data, to inform a framework for optimal engagement in Bengaluru's mobility planning. 2024-12-16T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33424 A City in Motion: Rethinking Urban Mobility through Sustainable Transport Systems Kamange, Coxley This paper examines the growing challenges of urban transportation in a world facing environmental and social pressures. The paper proposes a paradigm shift towards sustainable transport systems, prioritizing the well-being of citizens and the environment. Urban mobility is a critical aspect of modern city life, shaping not only the efficiency of transportation but also the quality of urban living and environmental sustainability. This research explores the paradigm shift towards sustainable transport systems as a means to address the challenges of congestion, pollution, and limited accessibility in urban environments. Through a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this study examines the integration of alternative modes of transportation such as cycling infrastructure, public transit enhancements, and pedestrian-friendly urban designs. The principal results reveal the multifaceted benefits of sustainable transport systems, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, enhanced public health, and increased social equity. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of policy frameworks, technological innovations, and community engagement in fostering the transition towards more sustainable urban mobility solutions. In conclusion, this study underscores the imperative for cities to prioritize investments in sustainable transport infrastructure and policies to create more livable, resilient, and inclusive urban environments. The research analyzes successful strategies implemented in leading cities, highlighting the importance of promoting active modes like cycling and walking, alongside robust and efficient public transit networks. It explores how demand management techniques, such as congestion charging, can incentivize a move away from private car use. Urban mobility stands as a critical challenge in contemporary cities, marked by congestion, pollution, and inefficiency. This manuscript explores the imperative shift towards sustainable transport systems to alleviate these issues. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we examine the theoretical underpinnings, methodological approaches, implementation strategies, and resultant implications of adopting sustainable mobility solutions. Drawing upon empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks, we advocate for a holistic rethinking of urban mobility, emphasizing the integration of public transport, active modes, and innovative technologies. This manuscript contributes to the discourse on urban sustainability by offering actionable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders vested in shaping the future of cities. The paper concludes that a sustainable urban mobility future requires a multi-faceted approach. By strategically integrating various transport options and promoting responsible consumer choices, cities can foster a cleaner, healthier, and more livable environment for all. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33423 Governance, locations and amenities of hubs – places that connect and intertwine mobility, energy and social networks Vianen, Jarco; Walvius, Minze A network of hubs could help to deal more efficiently with valuable public space and improve accessibility in cities. This paper aims to enhance Advier’s existing draft design principle, which can determine promising locations for the hub network and suitable amenities for each hub, following feedback from applications in Dutch municipalities. The draft design principle has been improved by adding two steps. First, the list of amenities can be further tailored to local needs by gaining direct insights from the local representatives. Second, hub locations can now be prioritized based on movability of anchor points and infrastructure maintenance or urban developments. Besides, this paper proposes a governance model for hub networks to align all stakeholders involved. Advier has identified the PPP governance model as the most preferable structure. According to this model, all stakeholders are shareholders of a hub network through a single entity, which is most likely to result in a positive business case while ensuring benefits for hub users, residents and the municipality. Both the enhanced design principle and governance model will support policymakers to develop a well- functioning hub network and will be further assessed and developed during living labs as part of the DMI programme. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33422 ‘Food Deserts’ Theory Applied in the Field of Road Safety: Testing the Impact of Traffic Analysis Zone Size in Cape Town Vanderschuren, Marianne; Newlands, Alexandra; Monyatsi, Bikomfident Motivated by the extremely high road fatality rates in South Africa (Vanderschuren et al., 2017), the authors are on a quest to improve road safety analysis methodologies, adapting the “Desert theory (Wrigley et al., 2002; Hulchanski, 2010; Vanderschuren et al., 2021). ‘Food Deserts’, as an example, are places where people, without access to motorised transport, are compelled to shop at corner stores with exorbitant costs and less fresh products. In line with the ‘Desert’ theory, a Z-value calculation is conducted. Z-values are numerical measurements used in statistics to determine a value relationship to the average of a group, measured in terms of standard deviations from the mean (Heyes, 2019). Z-values are calculated per Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ). Vanderschuren and Newlands (2024) have proven that an adaptation of the ‘Food Desert’ theory to the field of road safety is possible. In this work, the authors use smaller TAZs (52 instead of 16). This study revealed that the Z-value range for 52 TAZs is larger than the range for 16 areas. Furthermore, a significant number of large TAZs show variation within the area. More importantly, in some cases, a risk or desert area turns into a low road safety risk area. This underpins the need for small TAZs, and more detailed results. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33421 Small-Scale Public Transport for Social Capital Building – A Case of ‘Green Slow Mobility’ in Japan Qin, Ziyi; Mieno, Mayo; Nakamura, Eri; Utsunomiya, Kiyohito This research employs a case study approach to explore the link between public transport and social capital, with a specific focus on a type of micro-transit system known as ‘green slow mobility’ (GSM) in Japan. A questionnaire survey was conducted before and after the introduction of GSM in an urban residential area in Chiba City, Japan, to examine whether the implementation of GSM can contribute to social capital building. GSM users reported higher scores in terms of sense of community, mutual help, trust, and close neighbourhood relations than non-users, indicating a positive correlation between GSM usage and social capital building. The results suggest that GSM has the potential to foster social capital by encouraging resident outings and facilitating communication. The findings provide policy implications not only for addressing the diverse transport mobility needs arising from an ageing society but also for developing practical approaches towards an inclusive society by enhancing social capital accumulation. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33420 We are not all the same: Preference-Based Market Segmentation among Public Transport Users in Soweto, South Africa Cheure, Namatirai; Venter, Christoffel J. Identifying travel needs and preferences of different market segments is important in planning public transport systems. Preference-based market segmentation has been researched globally but rarely in the Sub-Saharan African context. This paper seeks to investigate variations in mode preference behaviour amongst public transport users in Soweto, Johannesburg. Revealed and stated preference surveys were conducted to capture travel choices in hypothetical scenarios involving bus rapid transit (BRT), bus, minibus taxis, Gautrain, car, and walk modes. The survey data was used to determine if preference heterogeneity exists amongst the respondents through a priori segmentation based on income and estimating multinomial and nested logit models, and by applying a latent class model. The latent class model identified two segments, labelled as, a “transfer sensitive” group and a “walk sensitive” group. The transfer sensitive group does not like using an access mode, transferring, and waiting, while the walk sensitive group tolerates access trips, transferring and waiting but do not like walking. The paper discusses the implications for public transport design. These include strategies that minimize transfers and reduce stop distances to attract both potential user groups as the network connectivity and access characteristics of a mode determine its attractiveness to different user groups. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33419 Evolution of bus rapid transit concepts in Sub-Saharan Africa: towards lighter design and incremental deployment Chetty, Alison; Venter, Christoffel J. While Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has matured into a standardised set of technologies worldwide, its slow adoption in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cities has raised questions about its suitability in some contexts. A number of key factors affect BRT adoption in SSA, including poorly developed road networks, constrained demand and affordability limits, and the strength and importance of the legacy informal public transport (PT) ecosystem. In response, some cities have increasingly departed from the conventional infrastructure-heavy BRT design approach towards lighter, more incremental deployment concepts, in an effort to better match local realities and constraints. This paper aims to describe this shift and put it into the context of a continuum of BRT deployment approaches. A literature review presents clarifying terminology and an overview of recent BRT system design in SSA cities. We then describe a phased implementation approach evolving in South African cities that focus on improving existing services gradually towards the final BRT design. Two examples of BRT evolution in large (City of Tshwane) and medium-sized (Rustenburg) cities are described in more detail. The potential implications of design standards are explored and provide insight for cities in developing countries seeking designs best suited to enhance PT services with limited funding. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33418 Creating Inclusive Public Transport – Addressing Gender Based Harassment Experiences and Improvement Opportunities Vanderschuren, Marianne; Allen, Heather In the international transport planning community, there is a growing realisation that the design and implementation of infrastructure and services can no longer be approached from a male only perspective. The needs of women, children, the elderly, and people with disability, must be considered to create an inclusive system. This is also the case for the provision of public transport services. It is well documented that globally women rely on public transport services to access education, health and employment opportunities, especially lower income women. Fewer women than men own a motorised vehicle or have a licence to drive one (Bates, 2015; Allen and Vanderschuren, 2016). In the African context, few formal public transport services remain, and these are mostly bus services. Informal systems, sometimes called popular or paratransit minibus systems, have stepped in to fill this gap. Motorcycle taxis are also widely used. Most public transport trips are made on a combination of these modes, which are especially used by women. Harassment in formal and informal public transport is an international phenomenon (Elsherif and Belding, 2015). This paper describes gender-based harassment case studies and intervention opportunities, investigating the usefulness of the SHE-CAN tool in addressing gender-based harassment. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33417 Critical factors influenced Pedestrian Walking Speed: A Meta-Analysis SHEN, Wei-Ting; YEN, Barbara T.H. Active transport plays a vital role in sustainable transport and urban planning and is beneficial for health. Since improving active transport facilities that provide service to active transport would improve the safety and convenience of micromobility users, it is essential to measure the performance of active transport facilities. Further, pedestrian walking speed has been recognised as the main design factor for pedestrian facilities. Due to different focuses and various outcome reports on cases related to walking speed, this study selects 41 papers and collects external data of quality of life indexes to control built environment and economic status of each case. A two-step modeling process is developed. Firstly, DBSCAN has been used to identify the similarities among the samples. Three clusters identified would be one of the inputs in the second stage. Secondly, meta-analysis regression model is developed. The result indicates that young pedestrians, weather, and DBSCAN clusters have significant positive impacts. Elderly, female pedestrians, specific clothing wearing, commercial land use, and speed type have significant negative impacts. Moreover, this study compares the worldwide Global Street Design Guide indicators with the meta-analysis model results. Findings would provide policymakers or planners with a clear guide on facility design. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33416 PESTEL Analysis of introducing shared micro mobility in Dublin, Ireland Caulfield, Brian Over the past few years has seen an explosion in the number of micromobility operators and it poses challenges on how cities adapt to these new modes. Cities around the world have had issues with these modes and some cities (e.g. Paris) have removed these modes. This paper will present a detailed policy analysis of shared micromobility for Dublin. This policy evaluation examines the Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) aspects of shared mobility. The key point of using the PESTEL model was to determine what operational issues could exist in a city like Dublin looking to expand it’s shared mobility offering. At the time of writing this research, shared mobility services in Dublin city consisted of two car- sharing operators and three bike sharing operators (two of which operated a free-floating system). Some of these operators had been operating in Dublin city for over 10 years prior to this research. One of the main motivations of this research was the increased interest in micromobility (electric scooters etc.) and the global trend of increased use of shared mobility. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33415 Comparing use of e-scooters and e-bikes – two similar modes of micromobility filling slightly different roles Aarhaug, Jørgen; Johnsson, Espen Free floating dockless e-scooters and e-bikes are relative new phenomenon in the mobility system. Still, we have been able to learn quite a bit on how they are used. Studies typically suggest that both modes of transport are used for short to medium range trips. But also, that there are differences in usage pattern, with e-scooter users being somewhat younger. Does e-scooters and e-bikes fill different roles in the urban mobility system? To answer this question, we utilise the experience in the city of Drammen as a case. In this city, both e-scooters and e-bikes have been offered in parallel. That means that the services were offered at the same time, in the same geographical area, through the same app and with identical pricing. As a result, the main variance between the services is likely to be explained by the physical characteristics of the mode. To analyse use we utilise data collected automatically from the vehicles, mainly GPS on trip start, stop, distance, including anonymised user IDs. We find that e-scooters have higher utilisation rates, in terms of trips per vehicle per day, are used for shorter distances, and at lower average speeds than e-bikes. E-bikes are used more for longer trips, and for trips to or from higher altitudes. However, we find that the areas served by both modes share similar characteristics in terms of origin and destinations. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33414 Does e-scooter ownership matter? A comparison of usage patterns and mode replacement effects of shared vs. privately owned e-scooters Aarhaug, Jørgen; Egner, Lars Even; Fearnley, Nils E-scooters have changed from being an urban novelty to becoming an established phenomenon. Parallel to this maturing process of the technology the literature on e-scooters has expanded rapidly, in particular related to the shared e-scooters. However, the literature on privately owned e-scooters is still relatively slim. Privately owned and shared e-scooters are accompanied by different advantages and disadvantages. While parking and littering problems cause considerable unrest and opposition against shared e-scooter schemes, these problems are virtually non-existent with privately owned e-scooters. However, and in contrast to privately owned e-scooters, shared e-scooters obey maximum speed, size and engine power legislation and other regulations that can be enforced with geofencing, like speed, parking, and zone restrictions. We find that privately owned e-scooters replace car trips to a much larger extent than the case with shared e-scooters, while shared e-scooters are more often used in conjunction with public transport. We also find there are differences in e-scooter ownership along the urban-rural axis. The relative share of privately owned e-scooters is increasing with distance from city centers. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33413 What makes people choose e-scooters for the first or last mile of a public transport trip? Aarhaug, Jørgen; Egner, Lars Even; Fearnley, Nils Shared e-scooters have been introduced in a number of cities in the last five years. Their potential to contribute to the first/last mile problem of public transport (PT) services is widely acknowledged, yet Norwegian data suggests that over time, fewer e-scooter trips are made in combination with PT and in general, few shared e-scooter trips are in fact first/last mile of PT services. Earlier studies show that the relation between PT and shared e-scooters is complex, and context dependent. In this study, we investigate which factors contribute to more use of e-scooters in combination with PT. The aim is to identify measures that can be used to increase the use of e-scooters in combination with PT. To investigate this, we use our survey on e-scooters which has been distributed each year for 3 years, totalling 6 458 unique shared Norwegian e- scooter users. We asked about their use of e-scooters in combination with PT and factors that may stimulate more use of shared e-scooters in conjunction with PT. Our findings suggest that pricing integration stands out as the most prominent way forward for more successful integration between shared e-scooters and PT. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33412 Shared E-Scooters: A Whim or the Wheels of Tomorrow? Zhang, Yuting; Nelson, John D; Mulley, Corinne; Kent, Jennifer The popularity of e-scooters has introduced both new challenges and opportunities for urban mobility. This paper explores shared e-scooters’ development and regulation internationally through a stakeholder lens. Nine international expert interviews were conducted spanning different types of organisations. Data were analysed using NVivo software. A stakeholder farmwork was used to identify and examine the needs of stakeholder groups, to aid understanding of behaviours, conflicts, and collaborations within the shared e-scooter ecosystem. The findings suggest that successful partnerships in the e-scooter sector require proactive government leadership, a competitive yet sustainable operator environment, and technological advancements. Clear responsibility distribution in regulation among government bodies and addressing public safety concerns are crucial. This paper also details the interests and interactions among typical stakeholders in a shared e-scooter scheme. By presenting diverse perspectives and experiences from different regions, this paper provides comprehensive insights into the current status and potential future developments of shared e- scooters. The findings offer an evidence base for proposing recommendations to engage stakeholders effectively and foster positive outcomes for shared e-scooter schemes. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33411 Exploring factors influencing e-scooter use in islands D’Orso, Gabriele; Scerri, Karyn; Attard, Maria; Migliore, Marco E-scooters, both privately owned and shared, have emerged as popular micromobility options addressing first/last-mile issues, increasing accessibility and in some cases, complementing public transport and reducing car use. However, their rapid uptake presents regulatory and safety challenges, particularly within the context of Mediterranean islands. This study examines e-scooter user and non-user perceptions in Malta and Palermo, focusing on socio- demographic characteristics, travel behaviours, attitudes and perceptions of e-scooters as transport mode. The data is collected through an online survey in Malta and Palermo for adults over the age of 18. The findings from the online surveys indicate that surveyed non-users are predominantly female, older people and individuals having children. Younger people are more likely to be frequent users as well as highly educated people (in Malta) and people living in the city centre (in Palermo). The perception of the quality of the e-scooter sharing, the perception of safety issues and risk-taking were found to significantly impact on the frequency of use of e-scooters in both contexts. This research fills a gap in understanding micromobility choices and concludes by offering insights and policy recommendations to enhance e-scooter safety and adoption in island contexts. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33410 Impact of Combined Travel Modes for Carless Users: An approach to Beijing MaaS Platform Zhang, Yifan; Xu, Meng To investigate the impact of combined travel modes in the MaaS system on the travel behavior of heterogeneous carless users, this study establishes individual utility functions for such users. It utilizes a multi-agent simulation model to study one-to-one commuting mode choices in MaaS systems with and without combined travel modes. The study presents a real travel plan scenario recommended by the Beijing MaaS platform, examining the travel preferences of heterogeneous carless users and the changes in operator revenue under two recommendation scenarios. In scenarios with combined travel mode recommendations, carless users with a high value of time tend to prefer combined modes (ride-hailing + subway) due to higher travel utility and shorter travel times. In scenarios without combined modes, carless users lean towards single-mode public transportation. Government recommendations include developing a comprehensive travel system policy and using carbon trading platforms to incentivise green travel. These findings assess MaaS operational benefits, explain user group attraction mechanisms, and offer theoretical support for MaaS 2.0 policy formulation. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33409 Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and the potential of multiservices Militao, Aitan M.; Ho, Chinh; Nelson, John This study explores the potential of integrating non-mobility services within the Mobility-as-a- Service (MaaS) framework, focusing on their impact on user adoption and the scalability of multiservice bundles. Using a stated choice experiment informed by semi-structured interviews, the research examines user preferences for multiservices. The findings indicate a strong preference for a pay-as-you-go option, with flexibility being a key driver of adoption across diverse demographic groups. While markets for multiservice bundles evidently exist, the overall reception of non-mobility services is mixed. The results suggest that the success of non-mobility services in scaling up MaaS depends heavily on multiservice design and market segmentations. We estimate the willingness to pay for non-mobility services, with gamified reward schemes standing out as the most promising factor to deliver scalability. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33400 Where are we headed with research, training and practice in land passenger transport governance in Africa? Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck; Midimo, Lydia Akoth; Vanderschuren, Marianne; Nyachieo, Gladys Moraa This paper takes stock of land passenger transport governance research, training and practice in Africa. It is based on an interpretive analysis of selected studies, training courses and practices of land passenger transport governance in Africa. The key findings of this paper are outlined as follows. Transport governance research in Africa is in a nascent stage with respect to theoretical, methodological and empirical advancements. While relevant theories and methods are utilised, the contextualised reformulation of these theories and methods, based on the African reality is, however, not evident. A sustained effort by prolific scholars who pursue an engaging research agenda or expand on initial transport governance is not also evident. Hence, there is a tendency for one-off empirical studies and not a stream of related studies by the same researcher on a set of topics. An exploratory analysis of courses in 26 African universities shows that there was no course dedicated solely transport governance as a standalone course. Several practices of transport governance like public participation and accountability exist but the extent to which they are adhered to, need to be assessed. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33399 Insights from users and providers of regional and rural mobility services, current and future Nelson, John D; Xi, Haoning; Mulley, Corinne; Hensher, David A; Ho, Chinh; Balbontin, Camila While the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has gained popularity in urban areas it has not received much attention in regional and rural contexts, even though these are areas where users often face the greatest challenges in accessing mobility services. The definition and key elements of ‘Rural MaaS’ are still evolving and there is a need to fully understand the significant barriers and enablers to implementation of integrated mobility solutions. This study conducted two related primary data collection exercises: in-depth stakeholder interviews and discussions with end user community members, in three regional locations in New South Wales, Australia. The stakeholder interviews explored barriers to integrated mobility not just from a transport perspective but also from socio-cultural, economic, and governance perspectives. The community discussion groups explored the unique mobility challenges and barriers faced by vulnerable user groups and their attitudes, requirements, and preferences towards integrated mobility solutions. Taken together, the findings suggest that integrated mobility solutions have significant potential to ameliorate the barriers identified and improve the quality of life and social inclusion for rural populations. The paper concludes with policy implications for necessary adjustments to the modal landscape and governance around mobility in rural areas. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33398 Analysing the interaction between transport demand reduction and urban redesign based on a 15-minute city concept Lane-Visse, Tanya; Vanderschuren, Marianne This study investigates the feasibility of urban design that is based on the ideals of citizens on what travel times, modes and urban densities should be, through the development of a multi- objective optimisation model. It is found that walkable 20-minute neighbourhoods are viable in the South African context, although this comes at a price. The study provides evidence of the trade-off between the number of buildings and services provided, housing density and the average travel time required to access essential goods and services. Given the limited economic resources in South Africa, the economic feasibility of an oversupply of services to reduce average travel distances renders the acceptability of solutions that will provide maximal satisfaction to residents questionable. The Pareto set of solutions generated can be subjected to contextualised posterior analysis to identify the best fit solution for a specific application, finding the compromise between the economic, environmental and social objectives of planners and decision makers. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33397 Investigating the operational compatibility of minibus taxis in the city of Tshwane with contemporary electrification technologies: A rule-based approach Abdelgadir, Salma M.E.; Venter, Christoffel J. The important role of paratransit in African cities drives increased interest in adopting clean energy technologies within the sector. Planning for the potential electrification of minibus taxis is in its early stages, and questions arose on whether the informal, highly variable operational patterns of minibus taxis will be compatible with existing technical limitations of battery-electric technologies. This paper addresses this question by analysing the operational characteristics of a fleet of 206 in-service minibus taxis in the City of Tshwane – South Africa, from the point of view of daily travel distance and charging opportunities. Minibus taxi vehicles were examined for compatibility with three considered charging scenarios: home, depot and depot-and-home charging scenarios. Vehicles are classified using a rule-based approach into groups that are definitely compatible, somewhat compatible, or definitely not compatible with the specified charging scenarios, taking their day-to-day operational variability into account. Results showed that 6% of the minibus taxi fleet are definitely compatible with the home charging scenario, while 9% of the fleet may commence home charging should they adapt their operational pattern or adopt hybrid technologies. No sufficient evidence was found to support depot charging of the vehicles during the day suggesting the need for alternative electrification technologies for the other 85% of the fleet. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33396 Navigating the Crossroads: Addressing Transport Poverty and Social Equity in South Africa Pisa, Noleen; Ho, Chinh Q.; Luke, Rose; Heyns, Gert; Mageto, Joash; Chakamera, Chengete Transport poverty in South Africa is influenced by historical contexts, urban sprawl, and inadequate transport policies. The reliance on informal micro-transit services exacerbates financial burdens on low-income households. This study aims to reflect on issues and the extent of transport poverty in South Africa by i) identifying the most critical transportation- related challenges faced by households nationwide; ii) exploring its spatial distribution across provinces and between urban versus rural areas, and iii) determining the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on transport poverty and iv) identifying, policy interventions and implementation strategies that will be most effective in reducing transport poverty in the South African context. This research utilises the National Household Travel Survey 2020 data, adopting the Household Budget Survey framework, to develop and test alternative transport poverty matrices specific to South Africa. Multi-variate discrete choice modelling and a mixed logit model were computed to identify (extremely) vulnerable households and the factors that drive transport poverty. The findings reveal that transport poverty is a widespread issue in South Africa. Household income and transport expenditure, unsurprisingly, contribute significantly to transport poverty. Our findings challenge the assumption that access to motorised transport reduces transport poverty, highlighting the need for context-specific solutions. There is an urgent need for policy interventions to improve transport accessibility and social equity through increased investment in public transport, incentivisation of private sector involvement in PT service provision, and stringent measures to protect infrastructure. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33395 In search of indicators for Sustainable Mobility Guarantee(s) Shibayama, Takeru; Köhler, Chantal; Laa, Barbara Sustainable Mobility Guarantee (SMG) is an emerging concept in transport policymaking. On the contrary to Classical Mobility Guarantee (CMG), which primarily focuses on ensuring mobility of those who do not own a car or who are not able to drive, SMG focuses on nudging people’s mobility behavior towards low-carbon and sustainable modes of travel such as walking, cycling and public transport. Ultimately, the SMG addresses sustainable accessibility to facilities, amenities, services and opportunities without owning a car or driving. For policymaking strategic indicators for analysis, consensus building, planning and monitoring are important. For CMG, indicators stemming from service provision of public transport such as frequency are typically in use. This remains as a part of SMG indicators, but SMG calls for a wider range of indicators, in particular spatial accessibility indicators to describe accessibility to everyday destinations. There are some proposed indicators for it, but they all have their shortcomings that stem from the origins of the indicators. A comprehensive one is proposed in academic literature, but it is “data-hungry” and not easy to handle. Nevertheless, this would be a potential base for further development. Indicators about quality and usability of public transport would also gain more importance. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33394 Rail bonus in the corridor where alternative rail routes exist Sanko, Nobuhiro; Yamamoto, Hideyuki It has been reported that individuals are more willing to pay for rail travel than for bus travel, a phenomenon known as the 'rail bonus'. The following three investigations were conducted. First, the rail bonus, previously been examined in a rural context, is now examined in an urban context. Second, the rail bonus is evaluated in instances where the rail is replaced not only by buses but also by trams and other rail operators. Third, in instances where a railway is replaced by another railway operator, both scenarios are considered: (i) the level-of- service (LOS) of the railway in question is maintained at the same level prior to replacement; and (ii) the LOS of the railway after replacement is transferred. In the Kobe-Osaka corridor in Japan, the greatest bonus is observed when the rail is replaced by buses (sometimes greater than 10% of the rail fare), followed by replacement by trams and other rail operators. The rail bonus is found to be greater when the LOS transferred than when it remained unchanged, indicating that people require greater compensation when their current LOS is lost. Factors affecting the rail bonus and recognition of the importance of transport options are investigated. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33393 Towards a revitalization of passenger rail services in South African cities: Lessons from international institutional reforms Behrens, Roger; Onderwater, Pieter; Shah, Kavita For over a century passenger rail services in South Africa have been provided by one or other form of national public monopoly. Over the past decade these services have been in steep decline, effectively collapsing when COVID-19 lockdown regulations were imposed. Current policy attention is focussed on reviving operations and installing an institutional structure capable of providing ‘safe, reliable, effective, efficient and fully integrated’ rail transport. Key to this is a commitment to devolve functions to capable lower spheres of government. The aim of this paper is to explore lessons from international experiences in institutional reforms centred around devolution. To qualify for inclusion, cases needed to have experienced a deliberate policy action to devolve passenger rail functions from a national to a lower tier of government. A literature search revealed 11 such cases. Case reviews focussed on: the circumstances of the devolution; any associated vertical separation and privatisation; impacts; and any subsequent policy reversals. Key lessons included: devolved operations should be accompanied by financial resourcing; vertical separation requires independent institutions capable of adjudicating competing interests; private sector participation in operations is less risky than private infrastructure ownership; and the devolution of both train and bus services can enhance modal integration. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33392 Quantifying Direct Public Costs and Externalities for a Just and Sustainable Urban Transport Arioli, Magdala; Lindau, Luis Antonio; Albuquerque, Cristina; Pasqual, Francisco; Rêgo, Pollyana The quest for a just and sustainable urban transport requires a better understanding of the use of public resources and the impact of transport systems. In the global south we know little about how much a city spends on transport provision and to what extent the movement of passengers and freight affects society. We developed a method to assess how much and how well a Brazilian city invests in different transport systems. We also estimated the costs of some of the main externalities generated by passenger and freight transport. We found that: (i) the parcel of the city budget allocated to private motorised transport exceeds that allocated to public transport by more than 15 times; (ii) spending on transport systems in 2020, during the first year of COVID19 in Brazil, was atypical, as public transport needed to receive significant contributions from city budgets; (iii) private motorised transport, responsible for the largest part of externalities costs, consumes the largest part of the city transport budget; (iv) the city spends a yearly amount between 200 and 255 euros per private motorized vehicle of the circulating fleet; (v) freight transport has externalities costs of more than 3 times that of public passenger transport; (vi) cycling and walking, which account for around a quarter of trips and that contribute the least with externalities, receive a negligible share of the transport budget. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33391 Integrating Healthcare Infrastructure Network: Application in the Context of Minas Gerais, Brazil Guzella, Marcelo S.; Almeida, João Flávio de F. This research investigated obstacles to the integration of services in a regional healthcare system, principled in providing care to a region’s citizens as best as possible. Our method includes a di- agnosis that evaluates the patients’ displacement to the nearest health facilities, and an estimation of the location and costs of new units to improve geographical accessibility in each of the three healthcare levels. We applied it to the context of Minas Gerais, the second most populous state in Brazil. Our results show that an investment of US$ 2.1 billion is required to virtually eliminate healthcare deserts on primary, secondary, and tertiary care. This investment avoids US$ 1.3 billion spent by at least 6.8 million individuals (30% of the population) who have to travel to reach far care units. Using regressions to verify determinants of healthcare deserts, we found that municipalities with lower GDP, lower health expenditures or more distant from the capital have a higher portion of the population poorly served (in terms of distance) in secondary and tertiary care. Our work contributes to public policies and strategic planning regarding service integration and transportation. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33390 Challenges and opportunities in mobility in secondary cities in Ethiopia Yang, Yi; Kumar, Ajay Ethiopia is one of the fastest-urbanizing countries in the world. Rapid urbanization is taking place not only in its capital city, Addis Ababa, but even faster in its secondary cities. Despite this trend, national urban transport policy, capacity building and infrastructure investments have not given prominence to the secondary cities. Consequently, residents face significant challenges in their daily travel, relying primarily on walking or Bajaj, a private three-wheeler motor vehicle service. Variability of fare, worsening congestion and uncertainty of total travel time are common issues for Bajaj users, who call for regulation, particularly in areas concerning fares, coverage and driving behavior. Projected population growth and urban development are expected to increase travel demand and distance, potentially pushing up this micro-transit system against its limits, and exacerbating congestion, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and unsafe operating conditions. The paper examines the origin, structure, regulatory and financing arrangements, vehicle ownership, driver characteristics, and operating environment of the Bajaj and minibus taxi services in five secondary cities in Ethiopia: Bahir Dar, Dire Dawa, Hawassa, Jimma, and Adama. The paper also explores opportunities for transforming the operating and business model of these informal transport. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33389 Passengers’ informal institutions and the implications for public transport integration Mokoma, Lesedi; Venter, Christoffel Little is known about the informal institutions that govern passengers’ behaviour in a transport system. Informal institutions are the constraints that we impose on ourselves to structure our daily interactions with others. “Pathways for integrating formal and informal public transport: case studies from Tshwane” presented at Thredbo 17, identified the informal institutions of passengers as a barrier to public transport integration. Interviews of 46 participants and thematic analysis are carried out in two public transport integration projects in Tshwane, South Africa. The aim is to identify the informal institutions of passengers and how they influence integration outcomes. Key findings include the identification of three groups. Those who integrate seeking to “escape paratransit’s ” traditions of violence and exploitation for the service stability and lower fares of bus services. The second group of integrators are “public transport optimisers” who balance the benefits and costs of paratransit and BRT objectively. Lastly, “the free and indifferent” refuse to integrate due to traditions of bus unreliability and the flexibility derived from their social capital with paratransit operators. These findings provide new insights about the barriers to overcome to attract new passengers and improve satisfaction on integrated public transport. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33388 A framework for understanding the formalization of informal transit and its application to South Africa since the 1970’s Ryneveld, Philip van Public transport in much of the global south is dominated by informal transit despite many initiatives to introduce formal services. This resilience is leading to a shift in strategy from seeking to replace it, to improving it by ‘formalizing’ it. However, success has been quite limited thus far, often because of a rudimentary understanding of the process of formalization. This paper seeks to convey a more nuanced understanding of formalization by identifying five discrete levels of formalization on a continuum from very simple and informal, to more structured forms of industry organisation. It then uses this framework in describing the development of the South African paratransit sector since the 1970’s. The paper concludes by arguing that the scale of urban population globally that is dependent on informal transit makes this a critical area of work; that progress requires working in partnership with the existing industry; that reform strategies must start with a detailed understanding of the dominant business model and must respond to the significant variation in current levels of formalization within and amongst countries; and that regulation is key both to optimizing productivity and service quality at each step in the continuum. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33387 A Risk and ESG Approach to Assessing the Barriers to Modernization and Cooperative Formation in Informal Public Transportation: Case of Philippine Jeepney Sector Tacderas, Mark Angelo Y.; Sanciangco, Erris; Tiglao, Noriel Christopher The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) of the Philippine Department of Transportation (DOTr) remains challenged by operators and drivers of the public transport sector. Jeepney operators and drivers remain the most vocal sector as the most affected stakeholders of the program. The DOTr set deadlines to consolidate the operators in line with the program and franchising requirements. Yet, the sector points out multiple challenges in compliance to the program mandates. Our past case studies report that the cost of modernization extends beyond vehicle ownership (Tacderas et al, 2021). However, existing subsidies and fiscal support from government prioritizes vehicle ownership. Yet, the costs of modernization include capital and operational costs that burden and disrupt the long-term sustainability of the sector. Meanwhile, there are currently limited options for financing the transition (Sunio and Mendejar, 2022), with the financial sector perceiving jeepneys as a risky investment. The PUVMP cover some social safeguards and non-fiscal support, but they may still be limited. There are also other material risk factors, such as environmental regulation compliance, labor management costs, human capital development, and corporate structures and practices. For instance, environmental risks may include regulation and investment costs to comply with the mandate to operate Euro 4-compliant vehicles. Labor management risks include availability and skills of drivers. Human capital development pertains to retaining or hiring highly skilled personnel to adapt to the technological requirements of modernization. Consolidation and cooperative formation—components of the PUVMP—entail corporate structures and capacities necessary to operate, manage assets, and manage competition. The jeepney sector is a semi-formal paratransit service, where single-unit driver-operators are common. Yet, cooperative formation may be seen as a threat to their livelihood. The OECD reported that the informal sector, like the jeepney operators, face larger poverty and occupational risks compared to formal private enterprises; yet their contribution to the economy is largely unrecognized, which impedes proper arguing for public and private financing. It is a question, therefore, if the attempt of government to organize and modernize the sector is beneficial or detrimental, despite the intent of improving overall public transport services. This paper uses an ESG exposure and risk management framework to craft a risk management approach in addressing known barriers for prioritization of programs for the PUVMP, taking the perspectives of the transport service entities and financial institutions. This would inform financing, policy making and program implementation. We gather empirical data on ESG risk factors and financial performance from a sample (peer group) of paratransit operators. In particular, we gather data on: (1) environmental risks and practices, (2) labor management, (3) human capital, (4) service quality, and (5) corporate governance practices. The peer set covers three regions in the Philippines: Cordillera Administrative Region, Region 6, and Region 12. We determine the materiality of ESG risks through focused group discussions and consultation workshops with financial institutions and transport operators. The data and analysis are used for developing an expert system to assist key agencies and regulators to diagnose and assess performance of transport service entities. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33386 Working towards informal public transport improvement and integration in Luanda: process and outcomes of international technical cooperation between France and Angola Schalekamp, Herrie; Baffi, Solène; Monplaisir, Sophie-Anne; Boudet, Lucile Development finance institutions (DFIs) increasingly recognise the importance of informal public transport (IPT) in Sub-Saharan Africa, and are expanding the scope of their urban mobility-focussed technical cooperation and financed projects to include it. Since 2022 Codatu, an NGO based in France, has managed such a technical cooperation programme, funded by AFD, in Angola. The cooperation comprised leveraging Codatu’s international network to respond to knowledge gaps and support local government and operator capacities to plan for improved formal and informal public transport. Activities undertaken in partnership with local stakeholders included regular meetings, expert missions to Angola, and study tours and conference visits in Africa and Europe. This paper reports on the cooperation’s process and outcomes, with a focus on its IPT thematic area. Key findings include that IPT was the mainstay of the urban mobility system, with a nuanced service offer. Government officials and operators recognised this, though national policy advocated relegating IPT to a subsidiary role. The cooperation enabled exposure to IPT improvement processes elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, providing alternative approaches to the replace/displace policy discourse. To realise improved and integrated IPT, government and IPT stakeholders must develop a concrete change management strategy and address persistent capacity constraints. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33385 Governance and Reform of Paratransit – An institutional strategy to strengthen the role and function of the regulator Olyslagers, Frits Reforming and regulating informal paratransit systems present significant challenges, often focused on managing poor service quality, safety concerns, replacing outdated vehicles, and competition issues, leading to efforts at formalising or removing them. There is an evolving discourse on paratransit reform exploring diverse approaches, recognising the sector's entrepreneurial potential and its key role in urban transportation. This highlights the need for inclusive regulatory frameworks considering paratransit's unique characteristics. Contemporary interventions, such as BRT implementation, data and technology integration, and institutional reforms, show some success yet significant limitations. Many of the interventions do not resolve the business model, or the institutional structure. The exception is formalizing paratransit through BRT projects; however, implementation confronts difficult on-ground realities. Effective management structures and sustainable business models are crucial. Analysis reveals that regulation alone is ineffective due to the entrepreneurial nature of paratransit and cities' limited regulatory capacity. Regulation is often ineffective against economic forces and operator survival instincts. Cities attempting to solve this regulatory dilemma, engaging more formally, through gross cost contracting, often face an unmanageable risk burden, demonstrating that regulators should regulate risk-takers rather than manage risks themselves. This paper proposes a partnership contract model with paratransit, that involves sharing risk with a commercial, business-like public sector partner. This will enhance public sector capacity with a shift from a regulatory to a managerial approach. The proposal for an appropriate contract paratransit ensures a sustainable business model for operators where they carry demand risk, incentivising them to plan and adapt services, grow demand, and be rewarded for their efforts. It also provides a pathway to meaningful integration of paratransit into the public transport network. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33384 Lessons learnt from informal transport business model improvements in feeder – distributor and line – haul route typology settings in Cape Town and Pretoria South Africa McLachlan, Nico The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the informal transport business model can be sustainably improved by applying a systemic and collaborative approach involving institutional, private and development sector stakeholders and focussing at the operational level of industry. The paper draws on lessons learnt from two South African informal transport business model improvement pilot projects undertaken in a typical feeder – distributor and a typical line – haul environment. The paper illustrates the importance of a systemic approach focussing on route – typology, vehicle occupancy, operations improvement, and a reduction in the cost of capital. In the feeder- distributor operation the main improvements entailed collectivisation of control over the fleet, drivers and daily fare revenue, as well as shifting from a fill -and -go operation to a scheduled services model. The results achieved with this improvement included; ● rationalisation of the fleet from 78 vehicles to 40 vehicles ● reduction in driver working hours from 12 hours per day to 7.5 hours per day ● a 45% reduction in fuel consumption ● a significant increase in passenger satisfaction (Saddier et al 2019) In the line – haul operation the main improvements entailed collectivisation of the fleet, drivers and daily fare revenue, agreement to shift from cash to a cashless fare system, rationalisation of the mixed occupancy 29 vehicle fleet to a fleet of 20 x 22 -seat vehicles, the establishment of a transport operating company, preparation of a bankable business plan and successful application for short term fleet recapitalisation financing from the Development Bank of Southern Africa. The main conclusions drawn from the two pilot projects are that business model improvements are possible and sustainable, provided that collectivisation of the means of production is undertaken and the cost of capital is reduced. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33383 Formalising the Informal – Organisational formation of Auto Drivers Society: A case of Kochi Joseph, Angel; Jose, Dennis Informal public transport (IPT) dominates developing economies, offering first-and-last-mile connections and intercity options. Kochi, India, exemplifies this system with its ubiquitous auto rickshaws. Despite their importance, IPTs face challenges like limited safety and fragmented operations. Kochi offers a glimpse into potential solutions. Through collaboration with various agencies, the Kochi Metropolitan Transport Authority (KMTA) has implemented improvements like a metro system and cycling infrastructure. Organizations like Ernakulam Jilla Auto Rickshaw Drivers Cooperative Society (EJADCS) have fostered cooperation among auto- rickshaw drivers, improved efficiency, and even introduced electric rickshaws. EJADCS was registered in 2019 as per Kerala State Co-operative Societies Act, 1969. EJADCS was formed by six major auto-rickshaw unions in the city, aimed to function as a support structure for the benefit of the side-lined auto-rickshaw drivers, without considering political or other interests, and to deliver standardised services to the customers. EJADCS has fostered a unified auto-driver community and achieved substantial environmental gains. This remarkable progress, despite limited resources, demonstrates the potential of effective leadership and strategic partnerships in driving positive urban change. The organization's model serves as a valuable blueprint for other cities seeking to improve their transportation systems. 2024-12-06T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33382 Understanding Okada and Keke operations in Freetown Greene, Georgette; Morgan, Samuel Congestion is one of the major challenges to urban mobility in Freetown. A major contributing factor to this challenge is the operation of two and three wheelers (okadas and kekes) who usually ignore traffic rules, congregate disorderly at intersections and are one of the leading causes of road traffic incidents and accidents according to the Sierra Leone Police Road Accident Data for 2019. In addition to the accidents and road safety issues, the rising number of low occupancy vehicles contribute to the noise and air pollution in the city which in turn contribute to public health issues. On the other hand, they provide a valuable public transport service, navigating the hilly topography of Freetown to get commuters to their destinations. In a bid to modernise and professionalise public transport services, it is necessary to understand the operations of these low occupancy vehicles and proffer solutions for improved level and quality of service providing last mile connectivity. This paper concludes that, okada and keke are an unsafe mode of transportation dominated by young male operators, who may not prioritise their safety. A key recommendation is regulating this mode of transportation through the implementation of zonal licensing and training. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33380 Notes from a Small Island: The Continuing Evolution of the Local Bus Industry in the British Isles Preston, John This paper reviews recent developments in the local bus industry in the United Kingdom and three crown dependencies (Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey). The industry is well-known for the deregulation implemented in the mid-1980s, but this only affected Great Britain outside London. In London, an alternative regime of comprehensive tendering was developed, whilst in Northern Ireland the industry remained under public ownership and control. Recent trends in these different jurisdictions will be reviewed with particular reference to Bus Back Better, the national bus strategy for England, published in 2021. This has led to some extensions of the concept of franchising, most notably in Greater Manchester, and in the development of enhanced partnerships. In addition to this general high-level review, two case studies are discussed, based on recent student projects at the University of Southampton. The first compares the bus market and industry in Guernsey and Jersey (both competitively tendered), the Isle of Man (publicly owned and controlled) and the Isle of Wight (deregulated). The second examines the bus market and industry in the neighbouring urban regions of Bournemouth and Southampton, where in both cases the successor to the former municipally owned incumbent has recently exited the market. Assessments are made of the efficacy of the different organisational structures considered. Conclusions are drawn with respect to likely future developments in the regulatory cycle, the relevance of theories of public value and whether the co-production of services could form a fourth way for the bus industry. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33377 Driving Change: Lessons on the Electrification and Modernization of Jeepneys in the Philippines Gaspay, Sandy Mae; Salison, Arse John; Sunio, Varsolo; Stringer, Thomas This paper investigates the adoption dynamics and operational challenges of electric jeepneys (E-jeepneys) within the framework of the Philippine Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP). Through qualitative case studies of 4 jeepney entities, the study explores primary motivations, business models and challenges encountered during the transition from traditional to E-jeepneys. Key findings emphasize the pivotal role of government subsidies, alternative financing schemes and local government support in facilitating vehicle acquisition, route planning, and smooth operations. Operational benefits, such as reduced costs and enhanced service capabilities through cooperative alliances, are identified as critical factors contributing to successful E-jeepney integration. However, challenges remain in infrastructure development, operational sustainability, and regulatory alignment across diverse localities. The research underscores the importance of tailored policy frameworks, robust infrastructure investments, and sustainable business models to support ongoing transport modernization efforts. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders navigating similar initiatives globally. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33376 Public-Private Partnerships in Public Transportation: A Comparative Analysis of Japan and Europe He, Le; Shibayama, Takeru; Le, Yiping This study aims to identify more efficient and versatile ways to subsidize public transportation by comparing Japan and Europe, both of which maintain unprofitable public transportation systems through government-private partnerships. Europe has gradually introduced private operators into government monopolies, while Japan has introduced government involvement into private monopolies. Despite this opposite approach, both aim to establish an optimal government-private partnership. The comparison focuses on task distribution, policy objectives, and modes in public transportation subsidies. Europe, with extensive government tasks and market competition through service tendering, maintains versatility with many policy objectives and modes. In contrast, Japan's deficit compensation subsidies lack clear government roles and contractual content, limiting policy objectives and modes. However, public service contracts similar to those in Europe are becoming popular in Japan, proving more efficient and versatile than deficit compensation subsidies. The systems in both regions are converging on public service contracts. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33375 Formalizing the Informal in Public Transportation: The Case of Motorcycle Taxis Transport Network Service in the Philippines Guillen, Marie Danielle V.; Gaspay, Sandy Mae; Mateo-Babiano, Iderlina; Schneck, Justine Alexandra T. This article explores the case of motorcycle (MC) taxis in the Philippines from a systems lens, adopting the informal-formal dichotomy. Using a qualitative approach, the paper: (1) reviews the development of MC taxis from the livelihood, service, and institutional viewpoints; (2) investigates the role of technology and its impact on the public transportation system; and (3) explores the evolving forms of regulation, competition, ownership, and agreements. The article established the country’s long history with motorcycles. This history is consistent with its role in filling the public transport gap. Ideally, a good public transportation system meets the “formal” service standards. Yet the policy response has persistently been reactive. Technology was used by transport network companies to advocate for drivers’ livelihoods and legitimize their operations. Unfortunately, this is also symptomatic of the bigger issue that needs to be tackled– the need for a modern, urban public transport system that meets commuters’ service quality expectations: comfortable, accessible, reliable, and environment-friendly. Technology via apps for better service can help in better mobility management but this should be consistent with the policy and service quality expectations of the commuters. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33374 Transitioning from Diesel to ZEB: Implications for Operators Lowe, Christopher In May 2021, the Victorian Minister for Public Transport announced a policy that all new buses purchased for government contract work (route, school, and long-distance coach services) are to be zero emission buses from 2025. Contemporaneously, Minister announced the State Government would conduct a series of trials between 2021 and 2025, and taking lessons learned from the trials, inform the state-wide implementation of the zero-emission bus policy. These announcements have implications for significant change for the entire bus eco- system in order to eventually comply with the policy. This paper discusses the implications for operators in transitioning from diesel to zero emission buses, which include: operational; supply chain; contractual; and financial. This paper will also suggest the most appropriate method of procurement State Government’s should use to contract for the deployment of zero emission buses, that being negotiation. This paper also discusses the role of the state-based voluntary professional association in stewarding operators through the transitioning process and assisting them, and government, realise it’s zero emission bus policy objective. A discussion on a version of Agency theory, which provides a theoretical base for the role of the association in delivering on both the State Government’s and operators’ objectives will ensue. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/33370 Regulatory voids and contractual folly – the evolution of competitively tendered regional rail networks in Sweden Alexandersson, Gunnar; Hultén, Staffan; Henriksson, Lars The Covid-19 crisis highlighted the prevalence of contract disruptions in Sweden’s public bus transport sector and a couple of issues of more general importance. The first observation is that voids in regulatory structures give more or less leeway to open up misalignments between contract complexity and follow-up. The second observation is that contract design, in terms of complexity and completeness, has an impact on the possibilities of fulfilling a contract without major disruptions. The more complex a contract is, the more difficult it is to monitor. The third observation is that the complexity and completeness of contracts in public transport evolve over time. In this paper we take a closer look at these three issues in the evolution of contractual relations in the market for regional trains in Sweden, using case studies from the greater Stockholm region. In these rail networks, it is evident that both the process of competitive tendering and contract design have changed from the first tenders more than twenty years ago. Nearly all changes have been initiated by the regional authorities procuring the train services. For example, there have been changes in how train operating companies are remunerated, ownership and maintenance of rolling stock, the bidding process, contract length, and rules concerning employment of train drivers. The downside of the alterations has been a series of contract failures, resulting in cost increases, poor service quality and missed opportunities to improve the railway networks. This highlights the need to further investigate the role of regulation and regulators. If there is a regulatory void, it allows the contracting parties to enter into a contractual relation with an incomplete contract that may fail if something unforeseen happens. Stricter regulations can potentially improve the execution of contracts in such situations. 2024-12-05T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32157 Workshop 7 report: Sustainable transport systems designed to meet the needs of both users and residents Vickerman, Roger; Gee, Julie Workshop 7 looked beyond the narrow focus on efficiency and sustainable funding of transport systems to a wider view to meet a variety of different users’ needs as well as those of residents and taxpayers, recognising that these are not always the same people. The focus was on identifying the factors which lead to different levels of accessibility for different individuals and households and how these may not be reflected in area-based measures. Whether these differences can be met by more flexible transport systems targeted at specific (groups of) individuals or by providing better access to regular public transport by addressing the first/last mile problem needs careful analysis. Ultimately understanding different needs depends on being able to understand different types of household and their need based on their characteristics including a recognition that many transport demands (and constraints) are created by the need to provide care for other household members. This has implications for both the funding of public transport and how it is priced in a broader approach to underwriting mobility. The Workshop generated a set of recommendations for further research and for the development of policy. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32156 Workshop 6 report: Micromobility movement in urban transport Attard, Maria; Balbontin, Camila The theme of micromobility was introduced for the first time in Thredbo 17 as the growth of shared and privately-owned e-scooters, bicycles and e-bicycles continue to affect the nature and structure of urban transport systems worldwide. And whilst in some cases they challenge the priority afforded to the private car, in others they complement already existing and well-established greener transport modes such as cycling and walking. The discussion in this workshop focused on a number of questions looking at the benefits of micromobility and discussing the main incentives for their use as an urban mode of transport, questioning the role of government and describing the potential threats, if any, to public transport systems, in what we expect for the future of micromobility. Five papers showcased evidence on the use of micromobility, from e-scooters in Norway and Australia, to public bicycles in South Korea and The Netherlands. Each of the questions discussed in the workshop is reported in this paper. The need for multimodal integration is evident and remains essential to ensure complementarity across transport in cities. However, other concerns such as the need for regulation, education/enforcement structures, stronger business models and more effective tendering procedures have been identified and discussed. A long list of future research topics in the area of micromobility is provided and some themes for Thredbo 18 are recommended. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32155 Workshop 5 report: New service models – Governing emerging mobility services Smith, Göran; Ho, Chinh Q. The rise of new service models for passenger transport is arguably transforming the mobility landscape. Concurrently, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted mobility practices and questioned traditional public transport models. Given the negative externalities of transport, and the key role of shared mobility in reducing these, it is therefore critical to work out what governments can do to ensure that the new service models contribute to making mobility service systems more attractive to users as well as more energy-, space- and cost-efficient. Workshop 5 of the 17th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport set out to address these issues. It included thirteen papers that reported evidence about demand-responsive transport (DRT), ridesourcing, ridesharing, and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as well as about innovations within traditional public transport, taxi, and paratransit. The workshop discussed what roles governments have adopted, what types of regulations and policies they have been using, and what is known about the impacts of these governance approaches. Drawing on this discussion, the workshop developed a set of policy recommendations designed to cater for democratic governance processes with transformative impacts as well as a list of potential avenues for further research on the governance of emerging mobility services. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32154 Workshop 4 report: Optimising the impact of technological innovation on achieving sustainable public transport outcomes Merkert, Rico; Nelson, John D. Under the workshop's theme of optimising the impact of technological innovation on achieving sustainable public transport outcomes a total of 7 papers were presented and discussed and participants also completed a public transport contract “experiment”, taking the role of operators and authorities. The experiment benefited from having C-suite level representatives from both sides at the negotiation table with consultants and academics providing advisory support. Following an initial discussion on definitions relevant to sustainable transport outcomes and a recognition of how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed our perspective on sustainability, papers were grouped into three themes to cover various perspectives on the impact of technological innovation on achieving sustainable public transport outcomes – authorities, operators and consumers/end-users. We developed several areas for further research including a requirement for a global benchmarking framework for sustainable transport outcomes and a need to better understand the right balance of uncertainty in innovation. There were also several policy recommendations such as the encouragement of greater sharing of data, information and best practice in sustainable (urban) mobility. This will be facilitated by more flexibility in contracts to allow new technology to be effectively deployed to measure and incentivise sustainable outcomes in public transport service delivery. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32153 Workshop 3 report: Infrastructure, services and urban development Hansson, Lisa; Leong, Waiyan Workshop 3 concentrated its discussion on critical factors for strategic transport planning, implementation, and service provision in the post-pandemic era. The workshop report makes a strong case for social and environmental considerations to be included in transport and land use planning. Bottom-up and top-down processes must converge, and policies that put focus on equity in transport planning are needed. In this also lies a recognition of the benefits of transport services for all and, in turn, the importance of threshold services that are inclusive. In the discussion on service improvement and wider benefits, there is a need to recognise the value of transport and distribution of resources. This is linked to better use of existing resources and working with methods that capture the value of transport improvements. Drawing on the discussion on service improvement, it is also recognised that there is a need to further develop objective decision-making tools that assess the outcomes of planned processes. This includes taking into account a wider social perspective in existing methods and further develop the existing tools traditionally used in transport planning. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32152 Workshop 2B report: Governance of relationships between authorities and operators with particular reference to situations of fundamental change Finn, Brendan; Yen, Barbara T.H. Contracting public transport services is one of the traditional topics in the Thredbo conference series. Nine papers were presented in this workshop, leading to in-depth discussions on a better contracting framework for informal sectors and on improving stakeholder relationships. The evidence from papers in this workshop fell broadly into three areas. The first considered contracting frameworks to formalise and better organise the informal passenger transport (IPT) sectors, the second discussed contracting issues on resource and pricing strategies, and the third looked at contracting issues for innovative services. In addition to the detail provided by the evidence in the papers, the workshop discussions identified a trade-off relationship between many aspects of the tendering processes and broadly defined stakeholder relationships. The workshop developed five areas for further research: review mechanisms across regions, settings, and disciplines; stakeholder relationships in contracting and concessions; the importance of social outcomes of contracted/concessioned services; quantifying the informal sector; and innovation. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/32151 Workshop 2A report: Public transport governance via contracting, collaboration, and hybrid organisational arrangements Dementiev, Andrei; Alexandersson, Gunnar A key focus for this workshop was the interaction between authorities, operators and other corporate actors involved in public transport, with particular reference to how long-established contracting practices are surviving. Interorganisational relationships were considered from a broader perspective to provide a theoretical rationale for the scope of renegotiation and contractual flexibility, for example against the background of technical transitions and external shocks like COVID-19. The workshop outcomes are presented along three main headlines: collaboration vs coordination, contractual arrangements in times of transition and uncertainty, and understanding different organisations forms and inter-mediaries. Collectively, they lead to a proposed tentative policy-oriented framework which could be used to structure further discussions at subsequent conferences. Policymakers are recommended to clearly distinguish (and adapt policies) between risks under legally binding agreements and genuinely unforeseen contingencies in incomplete contracts. While risks may be expressed as probabilities (with an attached calculated cost) and can be shared and put in a contract (as long as they are not too costly), uncertainties may instead have to be treated outside the contract. As presented in the framework, this will have governance implications at the strategic, tactical and operational levels in public transport. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z