https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23985 2026-06-04T18:13:41Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27190 Workshop 1. Models of Mainstream Public Transport Provision Preston, John; Walters, Jackie This workshop continued the long tradition of reviewing developments in the contracting-out of public transport services in this Conference series. Drawing on 12 research papers and presentations and the ensuing lively discussion, three main contributions were made. Firstly, key issues in the contracting cycle were identified and critical success factors identified for different public markets, distinguished by different levels of maturity and multi-modality. Secondly, a matrix that maps contract incentives/enablers against stakeholders was developed. Thirdly, the implications of new technology were considered and the role of regulatory sandboxes highlighted. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27189 Emerging business models and implications for the transport ecosystem Merkert, Rico; Wong, Yale Z This paper summarises our findings from discussing emerging business models in transportation. Going well beyond big data and regulatory issues, we also examine how new and emerging business models, leveraging on advances in digital technology, can enable more efficient, consumer centric and viable transport provision. One popular emerging solution is mobility as a service (MaaS), and we discuss both tension and partnership potential among government, operators and service providers. New disruptive models and market entrants as well as definitions of success, changing customer expectations, scalability of business models and the role of asset ownership are also shown in various case studies to shape the nature of future transportation ecosystems. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27188 Why most DRT/Micro-Transits fail – what the survivors tell us about progress Currie, Graham; Fournier, Nicholas Media often reports demand responsive transit (DRT) and ‘micro-transit’ (MT) as ‘re-inventing’ conventional fixed route transit but rarely report financial data on DRT/MT performance or note their high failure rates. This paper reviews DRT/MT systems performance with particular focus on failure rates. Results show DRT is very failure prone ; 50% last less than 7 years, 40% last less than 3 years, and about a quarter fail within 2 years. In the UK, 67% of DRTs have failed, and in Australasia, 54%. Results identify and explore three distinct phases of global DRT development since the 1970s; recent MT are most failure prone (50% fail within 2 years). Results show a strong link between failure and higher costs. Specialist DRT services for disabled people were relatively cheaper while MT was found to have higher and increasing costs. Results imply simpler (e.g., many-to-few or route deviation) operations had lower failure rates compared to more complex many-to-many services. Conclusions suggests that despite 40 years of experience, the high failure rate of DRTs suggest they are still a high cost, experimental, uncertain and unreliable solution for cities. The paper explores policy implications of these findings and areas for future research. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27187 Workshop 4 report: Realising the Potential Benefits of Demand-Responsive Travel Currie, Graham; Wong, Timothy This paper synthesises evidence from Workshop 4 ‘Realising the Potential Benefits of Demand-Responsive Travel’ of the 16th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport. The paper outlines key findings from 10 research papers presented at the workshop, which was structured into three broad topics, namely, A. DRT Development Challenges B. DRT User Perspectives, C. DRT Design and Planning Experience. Based on the three-day collaborative workshop, this paper synthesises the outcomes of discussions around these topics. The workshop established that DRT services are in their nature, an intermediary to fixed route services and fully flexible point-to-point transport by private cars. Thus, DRT has the potential to complement existing public transport services. There remain obstacles to mainstreaming DRT services, in particular high costs of operation, and high costs of adoption by users and apprehension among users about whether the DRT experience fits their needs. Policymakers, operators and researchers should concentrate efforts on overcoming these concerns. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27186 Valuing Public Transport Customer Experience Infrastructure – a Review of Methods & Application Currie, Graham; Fournier, Nicholas One of the most significant contemporary trends in public transport systems internationally has been the refocussing of planning and operations on improving the customer experience. This has been matched by the work of transport economists who have been advancing the field of economic appraisals using willingness to pay methodologies to place a value on customer experience infrastructure so as to better represent customer valuation of these amenities in project evaluation. This paper provides an international review of this field by reporting on a major international research program on this topic. The first phase of the program assembled the results of over 500 valuations to assess the general range and values for a range of amenity infrastructure including Information, Environment, Access, Customer Facilities and Security amenities. Values were normalised between currencies of the countries where they were measured and adjusted to create present value estimates. The second phase of the program sought to understand authority practices in using customer experience infrastructure valuations in practice using a survey of 12 cities in Australia, Europe, North America and Asia. This established patterns of use by breadth of modes evaluated, types of methods used and the degree of sophistication which valuations were undertaken. The third and final phase of the research program involved an international expert Delphi survey of researchers and practitioners involved in measuring values of customer experience infrastructure. The main focus of the expert survey was problems and issues in measurement methods and best practices in approaches to measurement. The paper presents an overview of all the phases of the research program and provides a view on best practices for industry in providing methods and estimates for valuing customer amenities in public transport into the future. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27185 Value for Money in Procurement of Urban Bus Services -- Competitive Tendering versus Negotiated Contracts: Recent New Zealand Experience Wallis, Ian The new Public Transport Operating Model (PTOM) recently introduced by the New Zealand government for local public transport services involves a mix of competitively-tendered and negotiated bus contracts in the main metropolitan areas. Most features of the procurement procedures and almost all the contract terms and conditions are common to both types of contract. This has provided a rare opportunity internationally to compare the impacts of the alternative procurement methods on contract prices. The paper analyses the prices for the tendered and negotiated bus contracts in NZ’s two largest metropolitan areas, Auckland (50 contracts, c.1100 buses) and Wellington (16 contracts, c.400 buses). Key findings are that: (i) for the tendered contracts, significant cost reductions were achieved compared with previous tendering rounds, reflecting the considerable increase in the number of bidders per contract; and (ii) for the negotiated contracts, (gross) costs averaged about 10-15% higher (Auckland) and 30- 35% higher (Wellington) than the equivalent tendered costs. These cost disparities reflected the weak position of the regional councils in their contract negotiations with the operators, as a result of the councils not having recourse to tendering as a fallback negotiating position and coming under considerable time pressures to introduce the new services. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27184 Understanding bidder behaviour: The case of the Mamelodi contract Walters, Jackie The South African government has had a nearly 17 year moratorium on new commuter bus contracts. In late 2017, the government lifted this moratorium which enabled the Gauteng Provincial Government to design a service for a number of operating areas, one of which was for the Mamelodi township to the east of Pretoria. From the outset, some operators expressed their reservations about the quality of the supporting information. The result of the tender process was that the respective tender prices and related subsidy requirements were significantly higher than that of the incumbent operator and was therefore not awarded. The purpose of the research is to investigate how bidding companies viewed the Mamelodi contract when tendering for the service. The results of the research indicated that there were major variances in annual passenger trip estimates, passenger revenue estimates, subsidy requirements and overall tender amounts, amongst the bidders. Conclusions are that the lack of accurate and complete passenger information, detailed route information, the lack of an adequate escalation formula and a requirement that bidders had to sub-contract 30% of their services to smaller operators, collectively contributed to higher tender costs and therefore subsidy requirements for the authority. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27183 Workshop 5 report: How much regulation should disruptive transport technologies be subject to? Smith, Göran; Theseira, Walter In recent years, the advent of disruptive transport technologies has started to transform the transport sector. Governments are therefore challenged to find the right balance in transport governance frameworks that allows new services, practices and entrants to emerge, but also ensures adequate and equitable service delivery, a fair and competitive landscape, and fulfillment of policy objectives. Workshop five of the 16th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport (Thredbo 16) focused on this challenge. Eight studies of governance approaches to ridesourcing, autonomous public transport and Mobility-as-a-Service were reported. These examples catered for a discussion on the development status of disruptive transport technologies and on what roles governments have adopted, what types of regulations and policies they have been using, and what is known about the impacts of these approaches. Drawing on this discussion, the workshop advocates transport scholars to work on the theoretical grounding of key concepts, and to elicit empirical evidence from trials and operations on disruptive transport technologies’ effects on e.g. equity, employment and modal shares. To governments wishing to facilitate the development and diffusion of disruptive transport technologies, the workshop offers ten recommendations that in sum describe an explorative, collaborative and reflexive governance approach. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27182 Transport Industry Adapting to Change: An Australian Case Study Lowe, Christopher; Stanley, Janet; Stanley, John Growing governmental reluctance to fund local bus services is leading to increased interest in demand responsive transport (DRT). At the same time, the use of technology to facilitate access to DRT is creating circumstances for significant disruption of the way bus services are planned, contracted, delivered and regulated. This disruption creates uncertainty for bus operators but also presents an opportunity for operators to proactively adapt to better meet passenger needs and capture more of the market. This could involve diversifying their businesses, becoming total local transport providers and/or brokers, along Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) type lines, where the passenger is of central importance, rather than the mode of transport. The paper presents a Victorian case study that explores how the bus industry’s voluntary professional association is working with its members to augment their capabilities and deliver DRT services, against the background of a changing contractual environment for delivery of services. The provision of a new transport business model, and the technological platform that supports it via their voluntary professional association, will enable bus operators to compete in the growing DRT realm and passenger services levels to improve, also supporting better social and environmental outcomes. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27181 The role of personal norms in the choice of mode for commuting Ababio-Donkor, Augustus; Saleh, Wafaa; Fonzone, Achille Research in travel behavioural studies have shown that social forces play a significant role in travel decision making like socio-economic factors. Several studies have tested models with different subjective variables to investigate their effects on travel behaviour. Understanding the influence of social norm and personal norm on travel mode choice preference is essential in promoting sustainable travel, considering the reported importance of these social forces in decision-making. This study draws upon the theories underpinning these sociological constructs and the integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) framework to develop an ICLV model by incorporating social norm and personal norm as latent variables to investigate their impact on transport mode choice decisions. The results of the ICLV model is consistent with the findings in similar studies and extend the literature in transport mode choice modelling. The results indicate that internalised norms or personal norms have a significant influence on individual behaviour, and positively influence travel behaviour. This strengthens the claim that activated norms and pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) influence overt behaviour by inducing a sense of obligations to act. The results also suggest that individuals with pro-environmental attitude are likely to travel with sustainable travel modes. Thus, reinforcing the importance of sociological and psychological factors in decision-making. Unlike studies involving social norms and personal norms, this research is novel because it applies the ICLV framework to empirically investigate the impact of these sociological constructs on travel mode choice behaviour by incorporating them as latent variables in an ICLV model. The contribution of this study to the literature is that it shows that personal norm has a substantial positive impact on sustainable travel. The impact of this study could be situated in the framework of sustainable transport. The findings are relevant for policymaking, the development of policies meant to create awareness of the consequences of travel behaviour could promote the development of strong personal norms, and consequently influence travel decision making. This can be useful for promoting sustainable travel as the findings shed light on the characteristics of individuals most likely to travel by active modes or PT. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27180 Workshop 6 Report. Better Service Delivery through Modal Integration Mulley, Corinne; Yen, Barbara T Workshop 6 of Thredbo 16 builds on Workshop 1 of Thredbo 15 which focused on integrating across different transport modes for a better and more seamless user experience. In Thredbo 16, the intention was to develop the discussion by including more widespread connectivity of the public transport system and to investigate how greater seamlessness of integration for an enhanced user experience can be achieved. The discussions in this Workshop extended discussions on better service delivery through modal integration by consideration of different transport modes, first and last mile issues, and the connectivity of the public transport system. It also contributes additional case studies providing detailed evidence on factors influencing integration. The evidence from papers in this Workshop fell broadly into six areas. The first considered public transport efficiency and governance issues, the second the contribution of BRT to urban public transport, the third specific issues around integrating transport systems, the fourth considering how vulnerable people travelled in multimodal transport systems and the role of integration in this, the fifth specifically considering first and last mile issues with the final one looking at public transport service types and improvements. In addition to the detail provided by the evidence in papers, the Workshop discussion identified a tension between many aspects of delivering integration and broadly defined, governance issues. The Workshop developed four areas of further research including the improvement of understanding the benefits of different integration options as opposed to their costs, understanding if there is a ‘best’ governance arrangement to achieve modal integration, investigating how different interchange experiences impact on the interchange penalty and finally, to investigate how quality of first and last mile and interchange aspects might be assessed. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27179 Formalising the jeepney industry in the Philippines – a confirmatory thematic analysis of key transitionary issues Mateo-Babiano, Iderlina; Recio, Redento B.; Ashmore, David P.; Guillen, Marie Danielle; Gaspay, Sandy Mae Jeepneys are paratransit vehicles which constitute the bulk of urban transport in many cities in the Philippines. There are around 179,000 jeepneys of which 90% are fifteen years or older. However, this is not without so many other issues on the road. To address this, the government issued a landmark policy enabling the Public Utility Vehicle Modernisation Program (PUVMP), a transformational large-scale initiative focused on land-based public transport in which the majority are jeepneys. The program brings about a comprehensive reform covering new policies in the franchising process, vehicle modernization, operator consolidation and changes in the current business model, financing and a more structured route planning process, among others. This is, however, an ambitious undertaking, not merely because of its scale, but the likely disruption to the current, relatively informal model by which jeepneys are regulated. This paper uses deductive thematic analysis, based upon a review of the literature on informal/formal hybridised urban transport regulatory models, to investigate the reform’s likely impact on the dynamics of the sector. As such it tentatively confirms the likely issues arising when transitioning from an informal model to a more formalised one. The paper raises imperatives for the global informal transport sector as a whole. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27178 Wider benefits from public transport - Context is everything: Thredbo 16 Workshop 7 report Stanley, John; Stanley, Janet Workshop 7 concluded that the terminology, ‘wider benefits’, tends to reinforce a narrow impact assessment-based approach to transport policy and project evaluation. Participants argued that a preferred approach is to concentrate on identifying (triple bottom line) societal goals and identifying initiatives to achieve those goals, in which case ‘wider benefits’ become core rather than add-ons. This shifts the planning/policy cycle focus to the starting point: need identification and initiative definition, as distinct from narrowly based impact assessment of initiatives conceived elsewhere. Against this background, Workshop papers examined a range of economic and social goals whose achievement can be enhanced, or set back, by transport initiatives, considering issues such as land use transport integration, land value uplift, customer amenity benefits, new technologies, social justice and mobility-related social exclusion, together with ways to identify those at risk of such exclusion and engage them in initiative identification and assessment. Recommendations for policy and research are outlined, together with discussion suggestions for Thredbo 17. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27177 The impact of regional railways on travel behaviour and social capital Utsunomiya, Kiyohito This paper focuses on the impacts of regional railways on travel behaviour and social capital, and describes quantitative analyses based on our survey research of residents in communities along two regional railways in Austria. The service levels of these two railways have greatly improved in recent years, and this leads to the results that around 50 to 60 percent of respondents reported “changes” in travel behaviour and 30 percent in relationships with others respectively for both railway lines. These numbers are similar to prior research carried out in Japan. Furthermore, according to analyses using logistic regression models, although the results vary between the two railways, it is notable that non- workers like pensioners significantly gave positive replies to “changes” in relationships with others for all the cases. These indicate that the improvement of regional railways has a positive impact on their travel behaviours and the social capital of residents along their lines, and could possibly reduce the risk of social exclusion of non-workers in regional areas. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27176 Workshop 8: Beyond the Farebox: Sustainable Funding of Public Transport by Better Understanding Service Values Poon, Joe Fai; Vickerman, Roger This Workshop was built around papers that aimed to identify ways of bridging the funding gap in public transport provision using methods other than the farebox. A number of traditional approaches such as land value capture and road pricing to provide additional sources of finance were discussed as were more general approaches such as the development of “Mobility as a Service”. The main thrust of the discussion was, however, the need to take an even broader approach recognising behavioural and governance factors that shape individual and social norms and trust in institutions. The creation of shared social values was seen as an essential precursor to successful public-private cooperation. The enhancement of efficiency in public transport provision to help reduce deficits rather than reductions in service would contribute to this. Above all the focus should be on a sustainable transport system embracing all modes to meet the needs of the population rather than a focus on sustainable financing of one element. Such a system depends on a complex set of interacting factors and not on a simple linear cause and effect model. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27175 Shared Autonomous Vehicles in rural public transportation systems Imhof, Sebastian; Frölicher, Jonas; Arx, Widar von This article focuses on the economic potential and the consequences on the regulatory context of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAV) used in a regional public transportation system. Based on an experimental case study two on-demand scenarios were developed for the Swiss rural area of the Töss Valley. Scenario 1 replaces the current public transportation by SAVs; scenario 2 operates with a SAV fleet instead of buses and integrates the regional railway. Data sources are an overall traffic model and the current business figures of the public transportation. The results suggest that scenario 2 is, out of an economic and traffic system view, an attractive solution compared to line bound traditional bus and train systems. In both scenarios, a cost-covering service may be possible due to an increase in productivity and demand. Regarding the present regulatory context of the Swiss public transportation system, we propose to change the system of call for tenders for single public transportation lines towards a call for tender for entire regions. This paper contributes to the scholarship discussion on the role of the final provider of new services and which adaptions of current regulations have to be targeted in the future. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27173 Resurgence of Demand Responsive Transit services – Insights from BRIDJ trials in Inner West of Sydney, Australia Perera, Supun; Ho, Chinh; Hensher, David This paper outlines the key insights gained from the Demand Responsive Transit (DRT) operations in Inner West Sydney, since its commencement in July 2018. In the context of Inner West Sydney, DRT plays the role of a feeder service during the morning and evening peak periods, where commuters use these services to directly access train stations serving high frequency train services. During the inter-peak and off-peak periods, DRT services provide connection and coverage functions by acting like the traditional bus services, to provide stop-to-stop services. Considering the flexibility in the role of DRT, if successfully integrated with the existing public transport network, it can unlock broader fixed route network enhancements through resource reallocation to the key trunk routes. While the patronage for DRT services was found to steadily increase since the commencement of the operations, the key barrier for these services to attract further regular patronage remains the relatively higher fares arising due to the lack of Opal benefits such as mode transfer discounts or weekly caps. Therefore, while DRT has great potential to link those in less connected areas with public transport hubs, thus facilitating a modal shift away from private vehicles, they need to be affordable and well regulated. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27172 Railway network design and regional labour markets in Sweden Johansson, Erik; Camoreale, Rosalia; Palmqvist, Carl-Wiliam Investment in railways, and transport infrastructure in general, are often motivated because they are believed to improve peoples’ accessibility to jobs. By linking together and increasing the size of labour markets, the matching between individuals and jobs is improved, and the productivity increases. Communities and municipalities lobby for investments that lead to higher accessibility and those that are successful often see inflows of people as a consequence. This paper looks at the entire Swedish railway network, at the level of service of each station and at the connectivity among stations during the morning peak hour, considering different time bands. Associations between job accessibility levels and socio- demographic features are explored and disclosed, looking at the longitudinal impacts of railway investments over 4 years (from 2011 to 2014) on annual wages. Estimating a fixed effects model, very small effects on wages have been found with the increase in the number of jobs around accessible rail stations. These preliminary results indicate that additional jobs along the rail network seem to have a marginal effect. The findings of this analysis, if communicated to planners, may assist them in assessing the effects of future railway measures to implement over the Swedish territory. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27171 Public Transport Tendering and Contracting arrangements in countries under regulatory transition: The case of Cyprus Papioannou, Panagotis; Georgiadis, Georgios; Nikolaidou, Anastasia; Politis, Ioannis Competitive Tendering is perhaps the preferred approach for procuring Public Transport (PT) passenger services in the EU, according to its legislation. Cyprus has initiated a few years ago the second PT Reform cycle which will be concluded with the awarding of six new concession contracts for passenger services by bus. This paper presents and discusses the two PT reforms in Cyprus. The aim of the second reform is to significantly increase the PT share by improving service availability and quality through the transition from a monopolistic to a more competitive PT market. According to the roadmap prepared by the Cypriot authorities, specific contracting arrangements have been set to attract both local and international PT operators to the competitive tendering process. These arrangements mostly pertain to the eligibility and selection criteria of the tendering process, the opportunity to lease PT buses from local companies and the contract type and duration. The paper sets five main questions addressing critical issues of the reform effort and provides responses through the in-depth analysis of the selected tender and contractual arrangements. Useful findings and conclusions may be drawn, especially regarding the effect of small size market and the lack of necessary PT infrastructure. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27170 The Perception of Service Quality among Paratransit Users in Metro Manila using Structural Equations Modelling (SEM) Approach Tiglao, Noriel Christopher C.; De Veyra, Janna M.; Tolentino, Niki Jon Y.; Tacderas, Mark Angelo Y. Paratransit, in this paper, refers to the informal modes operating in the urban transport system of Metro Manila with the dominance of public utility jeepneys. In the context of Asian developing countries, paratransit are generally presented as public transport services that do not fit with the idea of a modern urban public transport system but they also serve as flexible public transport modes in response to inadequate mass transit system. There is plenty of scope for improving such paratransit services in Metro Manila but strategies should be informed by a thorough understanding of the needs of public transport users from a service quality perspective. Moreover, there is a need for urgent reforms in view of declining share of public transport and the drastic increase in private car use, as well as, the increasing social cost of traffic congestion. A pilot public transport service quality survey was conducted at the University of the Philippines campus. Using exploratory factor analysis and structural equations modelling, the perception of service quality was analyzed based on seven (7) factors, namely, vehicle condition, customer care, reliability, stop’s condition, information, convenience, and availability. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27163 The coming disruption – the rise of mobility as a service and the implications for government Wilson, Anna; Mason, Ben Technology and changing consumer behaviour mean governments need to rethink and redefine their role in land passenger transport. New transportation service offerings are emerging from the private sector ― such as ride-sharing, car-sharing and Mobility-as-a- Service (MaaS). These services, and the technological platforms underpinning them, have the potential to transform public transportation. The prospect of competition arising in segments of the land passenger transport market and supply chain is becoming reality. Some ride-sharing providers’ business models are evolving to include small on-demand buses that could, and in some cases do, compete against timetabled, fixed route bus services. In addition, MaaS providers could be considered ‘retailers’ who complement and compete with public transport authorities in offering pricing and service bundles to customers. Competition drives efficiency and innovation; however, history shows that government decisions can easily hinder competition in markets where they have a significant role in planning, delivery and regulation. This paper explores the policy challenges governments will need to address to enable new transport services and service providers to flourish. The paper draws from the author’s experiences in other liberalised network industries to explore how government public transport policies and governance will need to evolve to ensure competition flourishes where efficient. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27162 Temporal analysis of fare evasion in Transantiago: A socio-political view Porath, Keiko; Galilea, Patricia Although fare evasion is a common problem in transport systems worldwide, the level of fare evasion experienced in Transantiago is considerably higher than the global average. This study aims to identify how social, political, and cultural components may affect levels of fare evasion experienced to complement and broaden the current research lines. A longitudinal econometric analysis is performed to determine the impacts of transport system variables (bus fare, ticket inspection, number of paid zones, and quality), macroeconomic variables (unemployment and informal employment), and socio-political variables (Transantiago and government approval, reference to scandals in the media, and general trust/confidence experimented at social level). Socio-political variables are included under the assumption that a negative perception regarding these variables may hinder the willingness of users to pay the transport fare. Results confirm existence of a positive autoregressive effect, suggesting a contagious effect in behaviour. An increase in level of inspection reduces fare evasion and an increase in bus fares increases fare evasion. New findings of this study include introduction of government approval and confidence/trust towards political and economic institutions and the ruling class as variables with a contrary effect towards fare evasion, i.e. a decrease in government approval and confidence/trust increases fare evasion. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27160 Technology choices in public transport planning: a classification framework Basnak, Paul; Giesen, Ricardo; Muñoz, Juan Carlos Choice of public transport technologies in cities is not straightforward: while the academy focuses on optimization models to determine which modes should a specific city have, policy makers rely on simple recommendations which are based on city population and income. We estimated six types of classification models that could allow for more precise recommendations yet are simple enough to be applied by the authorities. We considered typical variables as population and Gross Domestic Product of cities but also geographic and morphologic characteristics in a database of 400 cities from North and South America. Ordered Probit and Multinomial Logit models were the most accurate, with a success rate over 80% in the validation subset. Among the explanatory variables, city population and GDP per capita were as expected the most significant, but fare integration, car ownership and city shape were also relevant. Even if existent public transport modes in cities are not necessarily optimal, the classification models developed can give an insight for policy makers, in the sense that cities whose public transportation complexity cannot be explained by the models are more likely to have a suboptimal public transportation system. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27159 Interpretations of Downs–Thomson Paradox with Median Bus Lane Operations Ku, Donggyun; Na, Sungyong; Kim, Jooyoug; Lee, Seungjae The Seoul Metropolitan Government has implemented a public transportation priority policy with the introduction of a 121.1 km long of the Median Bus Lane (MBL). Therefore, to analyze the impacts of the introduction of Jongro-gu MBL in January 2018, an effect analysis using the speed and volume of passenger cars and buses in Seoul is conducted in this study. The interpretation of the Downs-Thomson (D-T) paradox demonstrates that the reduction in passenger car mode capacity can increase total social benefits. This study shows that the speeds of passenger cars and buses have reached the deterministic user equilibrium after the MBL introduction, resulting in an increase in total social benefits. Moreover, it demonstrates that the bus priority policies, which gives the right to keep the capacity of buses guaranteed in urban areas, will be effective. The interpretation of the D-T paradox will contribute to the formulation of transport demand management policies. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27157 Flexibility in contract design - is that possible? Camén, Carolina; Tsaxiri, Panagiota; Aldenius, Malin; Lidestam, Helene Public procurement is widely used in order to incorporate competition into public services. Competition in procurement often leads to efficiency but the process can also raise some problems. While providing the procurement documents you do not know who will be your upcoming partner. Another aspect is how flexibility can be managed in contract design while maintaining a high service quality. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, the aim is to investigate how flexibility has been expressed and historically described in bus tendering documents. Secondly, to explore how the actors define or describe flexibility and its importance in tendering. Data was collected from ten years of tendering documents in the bus sector in Sweden and from interviews and a workshop. The results showed that flexibility in tendering documents has been and still is low for the operators. However, the actors wish for more flexibility and new forms of contracts can make it easier to include higher degrees of flexibility in future contracts. The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about how to design contracts and to manage flexibility. The study has potential to create knowledge and contribute to better decision making for future procurement of bus transport. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27156 Public policy framework supporting “Mobility-as-a-Service” implementation Lajas, Renata; Macário, Rosário World population forecasted growth, ageing population, rising urbanization and congestion levels carry several challenges inside urban mobility systems. The digitalization megatrend is reshaping lives worldwide while at the same time “Usership” is thriving along collaborative consumption. “Mobility-as-a-Service” (“MaaS”) emerges as a potential mobility disruption, in this new mobility ecosystem. Inspired in Finland’s “MaaS” ecosystem, this paper aims to propose a “Mobility as a Service Public Policy Framework” with a two-stage approach. First structuring the “MaaS” concept, looking for the core features, its relations, that leads to its reconceptualization and a topology proposal. Secondly, a public policy framework is proposed, considering the policy instruments, indicative group of stakeholders responsible and the different urban mobility management decision levels. The authors argue that is fundamental to understand the nature of decisions which are intimately connected with the Urban Mobility system, to design and implement a coherent and effective policy framework, where the policy tools chosen to materialize policy decisions regarding “MaaS” should first consider the identification of the founding pillars of the “MaaS” concept, guiding the process of policy design accordingly. If “MaaS” is considered a Mobility Management tool, it can constitute an opportunity to redefine public transport and its financing. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27154 Public Bus Service Contracting: A Critical Review and Future Research Opportunities Sheng, Dian; Meng, Qiang This paper reviews the studies on public bus service contracting over the past three decades. With a bibliometric approach, the impactful clusters of studies and research focus are identified and visualized separately. Key papers on measuring bus service quality, assessing the efficiency impacts of contract features, comparing competitive tendering with negotiation are discussed. Studies on incentive issues and alternative contract awarding mechanisms are reviewed separately in a structured manner, allowing us to extract the representative modeling frameworks and summarize the major policy implications. The survey paper would be a quick and self-contained reference to both scholars and policymakers who are interested in either modeling or evaluating bus service contracting. It is found that (i) the empirical results are mixed in terms of the impacts of incentives. Given the varying conditions of transit markets from different jurisdictions, policymakers should be cautious about the potential and the adverse impacts of incentive schemes; (ii) many research opportunities revolve around incentive contract design where the classical principal-agent framework and the optimization theory could play an important role from different perspectives; (iii) the competence and integrity of the transit authority matters in the choice of competitive tendering and negotiation. Irrespective of the awarding mechanisms, however, building trusting partnerships between the transit authority and operators is always beneficial; (iv) very few studies have investigated how contract features and managerial practices can affect bus service quality. A large variety of methods, including the discrete choice and the leader-follower framework, can be used to model the evolution of service quality perceived by riders. This can in turn promote the development of the scare but growing literature on assessing the impacts of contract awarding mechanisms on riders’ satisfaction. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27153 Penalties as incentives for punctuality and regularity in tendered Swedish public transport Pyddok, Roger This paper studies penalty design for cancellations and delays for bus contracts in two Swedish regions, Stockholm and Skåne. In these regions regional public transport authorities are responsible for the procurement. The paper reports findings on how the designs of the incentives are motivated, how the performance monitoring is managed, and the consistency in charging of penalties and how outcomes have evolved. Two design forms are found, either charges for individual deviations or deviations from an aggregate target level. Little motivation is found in form of narrated or documented intended effects, experience of penalty design or the outcomes of penalties. Outcomes are monitored regularly by contract managers, based on computerized data capture. There appears to be no detailed records of charging making it possible to compare to outcomes. There are indications of non-negligible exemptions from charging attributed to factors beyond the control of operators. The current level of delivered departures is high in both regions but shows no clear trend. The aggregate level punctuality appears to be decreasing at both the RPTAs, but only statistically significant for one. The picture is complicated by the fact that punctuality develops differently in different parts of the regions. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27152 On the role of frameworks and smart mobility in addressing the rural mobility problem Mounce, Richard; Beecroft, Mark; Nelson, John D Mobility is fundamentally important in enabling people to access services, which can deliver substantial benefits to people’s quality of life. This is particularly important in rural areas where the range and extent of public transport services are, in general, significantly lower than in urban areas, and, indeed, below the level required to provide a level of service that is sufficiently high to enable people in rural areas without private cars to access these services. This paper looks at the role of governments in institutional, organisational, regulatory and financial frameworks in supporting rural transport services at a level that enables this access. A cluster analysis is performed to identify distinct classes of framework types across Europe In addition, the paper gives examples of good practice and innovation in rural transport from across Europe incorporating a variety of themes: the use of Information and Communications Technology, intermodal service coordination, demand-responsive transport, shared mobility and good governance. Key success factors for introducing, sustaining and transferring these forms of good practice are then discussed. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27151 Measuring the Quality of the First/Last Mile Connection to Public Transport Venter, Christoffel J The first and last mile of the public transport trip is an important component of the overall quality experienced by a transit user. While individual modes used during the first/last mile (1LM) trip, such as walking and feeder buses, have been widely studied, the multimodal and diverse nature of the 1LM environment is rarely dealt with. The paper presents a methodology for assessing the quality of the 1LM environment that combines objective measures with user perceptions into a single index that can be applied at a route, station, or system level. Firstly a survey is undertaken to understand passengers’ requirements for the 1LM environment, from which importance weightings are derived for its different aspects. An environmental audit methodology is used for assessing 1LM quality, incorporating walkability, pedestrian level of service, and feeder bus metrics. The methodology is tested for the Gautrain rail service in Gauteng, South Africa. We find that passengers highly value security from crime on the 1LM trip, and that aspects of travel time and cost of the access trip are most in need of improvement. 1LM quality varies substantially between locations, especially between suburban and urban core areas, indicating areas that might be prioritised for attention. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27150 Market initiative and central planning: A study of the Moscow bus network Ryzhkov, Alexander; Sarzhan, Yuliya The dichotomy of the market initiative and central planning is considered to be one of the main issues in the governance of public transport provision. It relates to the rights of either the operators or authorities to design public transport services. The advantages and disadvantages of these models can motivate the reforms of public transport governance. Such reforms usually result in significant changes in the technical specifications of the public transport services. In this paper, we attempt to study the changes in the Moscow bus network introduced within the reform of public transport governance, the so-called ‘new model of partnership with private operators’ scheme. In 2016, all market-initiated minibus routes were replaced by those directly designed by the Moscow authorities. Since then, the private branch of the Moscow bus system came under a central planning regime with no room for market initiative. The large changes in the network in 2016 opened up a discussion on the impact of public transport governance on the network structure. This paper provides an analysis of the land passenger transport network of 2015 and 2016. It can be useful to describe the paths of network development under different regulatory regimes. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27149 Economic Assessment of a Dynamic Autonomous Road Transit System for Singapore Sun, Shanshan; Wong, Yiik Diew; Rau, Andreas Autonomous vehicle (AV) has been discussed as a promising solution to substantially improve transit system performance. However, the feasibility of AVs at a system level remains unclear. This paper offers an early glimpse of the efficiency performance of an AV-based transit system in Singapore, namely Dynamic Autonomous Road Transit (DART). Compared to the existing bus system, the improved operational strategy of DART service can garner higher efficiency with respective reductions of 44%, 66% and 47% in total cost of ownership (TCO), TCO/km/h and TCO/passenger. A stated-preference survey was conducted, and the data analysed via a mixed logit model. Travel time and travel cost remain critical for determining an individual’s travelling preferences. In addition, the current paper presents empirical evidence that travellers are more sensitive to travel time reduction, compared to travel cost reduction. It is also found that a traveller’s preferences towards walking, waiting and in-vehicle activities play an influential role of behavioural adjustment. Value of time (VOT) was calibrated with a value of S$ 31 and a reduction of 49% was observed for individuals who performed work-related activities while travelling. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27148 Distilling Actionable Insights from Big Travel Demand Datasets for City Planning Chua, Alvin; Ow, Serene; Hsu, Kevin; Yazhe, Wang; Chirico, Michael; Zhongwen, Huang Working towards a more data-informed land use, amenities and infrastructure planning process, the Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) harnesses big data and spatial analytics to deepen its understanding of urban activity and mobility patterns. Big travel demand datasets from public transport and ride-hailing services enable planners to observe mobility patterns at a high level of detail for large numbers of users, trips, and trip types. Since August 2018, the URA has been working with leading technology company and ride- hailing operator Grab to understand how daily commute patterns vary between existing and new transport modes, and how the volume of activities in each area evolves across different times of day. This paper describes the novel dataset and analytical techniques utilised to study the relationship between urban activity and mobility. It will also report how spatiotemporal characteristics of the urban environment, such as land use mix, location accessibility, and peak-hour travel demand, influence commutes by different modes in each area. By studying mobility over a range of travel modes, this method of analysis will provide city planners with richer insights to better assess infrastructure requirements for new developments. The findings are also useful for emerging transport providers, who can improve service delivery across short- and medium-term time scales. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27147 Competence distribution and policy implementation efficiency towards sustainable urban transport: a comparative study Shibayama, Takeru In this research, aiming at understanding relationships between competence distributions for public transport among various stakeholders such as public bodies and operators, and implementation efficiency of policy measures aiming at increasing modal shares of public transport, a comparative study is carried out. In the course of this exploratory research, a methodology combining analyses in three pillars is developed. The three pillars are manifestation of outcome goals in urban mobility plans, implementability analysis of measures, and trend in changes of modal share. The results from these three pillars are synthesized to draw a conclusion. Among the cities analyzed in this research, cities with more integrated competences for public transport at public bodies tend to make quantitative and time-bound policy goals towards modal shift to be successful in achieving desired modal share. In reverse, cities with more disperse competence distribution tend to show less clarity in its policy manifestation, and to be less successful in shifting the modal share towards optimal modal share in light of sustainable mobility. Among the successful cities, the cities internalizing the competence within the public body tend to attain desired modal share more successfully than cities controlling the service parameters through public ownership of operators. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27146 Factors of successful implementation and diffusion of services based on autonomous vehicles: users’ acceptance and operators’ profitability Berrada, Jaâfar; Mouhoubi, Ilyes; Christoforou, Zoi The use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is becoming more and more likely as they offer promising solutions to improve urban mobility. They have the potential to reduce energy consumption and traffic jams. As a result, they could replace a significant part of other modes of transport and provide more dynamic services to users. This paper examines the level of receptiveness of AVs while considering their adoption time, user attitudes, and their intention to share AV-trips. We explore the results of a stated-preferences survey, conducted among 600 people in Palaiseau, a city south of Paris. Collected data is analysed using a reduced dimensional space that is dedicated to the field of multifactorial analysis (MFA) in order to apply a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and to segment the surveyed population. Five classes were identified on the basis of (i) socio-demographic criteria of the respondents; (ii) their mobility habits; and (iii) how they use AV cars. The classes were entitled: Conservatives (22% of the sample), Sceptics (14%), Late adopters (21%), Early Adopters (25%) and Explorers (18%). The results of an economic analysis indicate the implications for operators and public policies designed to encourage optimal forms of adoption in terms of fare and level of service. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27145 Economic impacts of being close to subway networks: A case study of Korean metropolitan areas Ahn, Kwangwon; Jang, Hanwool; Song, Yena Subway networks are often developed in densely populated metropolitan areas that have enough potential passengers to merit their operation. Once a network has been constructed, it provides mobility to passengers and improves local accessibility to various destinations, thereby having economic, social, and public health impacts. This study aims to examine the economic impacts of subway networks in metropolitan areas among the various, wide-ranging effects of provision of transit networks. The association between actual transaction prices of condominiums and accessibility to subway networks in four metropolitan areas in South Korea is examined. Condominiums make up the dominant housing type in South Korea, so they provide a valid proxy for housing prices. In the modeling process, factors known to have a close relationship with housing prices are integrated along with the accessibility of subway networks, and spatially lagged models are utilized to effectively deal with the spatial patterns. The results of this research show that the expected positive effects of transit accessibility exist in the majority of cases in metropolitan areas, though one metropolis was an exception. These findings enhance our understanding of the economic effects of public transit systems in relatively small metropolitan areas with less complex subway systems. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27144 Can multi-modal integration provide enhanced public transport service provision to address the needs of vulnerable populations? Cottrill, Caitlin D; Brooke, Sarah; Mulley, Corinne; Nelson, John D; Wright, Steve This paper examines the challenges associated with provision of effective transport services to the ‘mobility poor’ and identifies potential methods to overcome these challenges. “Prioritised area” types representing a mix of geographies and population types, in addition to the multi-dimensional influences of mobility access, equity, and provision are identified, based upon the literature reviewed and information from transport providers, authorities and agencies. Supply side considerations are reviewed before turning to the potential ways for mitigating identified gaps in the requirements of prioritised areas, with particular reference to new models of transport service provision, technological solutions, and various modal and multi-modal solutions. The findings show that more flexible and integrated public transport solutions are being explored by cities, regions and service providers to address the constraints of more conventional models. Flexibility in such services is in the form of geographic, temporal, or vehicle flexibility. These are complemented by the opinion of experts as to the way forward for providing more tailored services for vulnerable users. Despite challenges, the paper identifies some promising service options for travellers in both rural and urban environments; however, any successful service must be underpinned by a robust, multi-modal transport network in order for that promise to be realised. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27143 Application of an incentive for bus drivers to achieve an improvement in the quality of service Chaparro, Alejandra; Galilea, Patricia; Muñoz, Juan Carlos; Poblete, Joaquín Concession contracts of operating companies of the public transport system of Santiago, consider important fines if companies fail to comply with the operating plan, regularity and other operational variables included in those contracts. On the other hand, drivers receive a fixed payment with no pecuniary incentive related with their performance. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the application of a monetary incentive for bus drivers focused on increasing the number of passengers transported to test the existence of multitasking, specifically checking the behavior of drivers regarding bus speed. We conducted a field experiment with an operator of Transantiago and we used a difference in differences analysis to show that with the pecuniary incentive tested, drivers raised their transported passengers in 9% when riding in long bus routes. We found some evidence of multitasking associated with a decrease in speed of 3%. Thus, our research provides suggestive evidence that inefficiencies may be occurring in the operation because of the lack of adequate incentives for drivers. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27142 Activity-end access/egress modal choices between stations and campuses located on a hillside Sanko, Nobuhiro This study investigates activity-end access/egress modal choices between railway stations and university campuses where topographical factors play an important role. Four campuses of Kobe University, Kobe, Japan are located close to three railway stations. The stations and campuses are 1.1–3.9 km apart, and the campuses are approximately 70–195 m higher in altitude than the stations. An online questionnaire survey was given to students to elicit their current modal choices and preferences for hypothetical direct bus services. An analysis compared the aggregate data and estimated the discrete choice models. The topographical factors of distance and altitude affected the mode choices when travelling uphill but not when travelling downhill. However, distance, not altitude, determined if walking was included in the choice set. One striking reason for occasional walking rather than taking a bus was to meet friends who walked to campuses. The reasons for using the same mode for the same direction differ when the respondents used different modes in the opposite direction. The value of time for uphill walkers is extremely small compared to that for uphill bus riders, suggesting that the direct bus services recently introduced by Kobe City’s Bureau of Transport are attractive to current bus riders. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27138 Workshop 2 report: Practical considerations in implementing different institutional regimes Velde, Didier van de; Alexandersson, Gunnar This workshop focussed on practical aspects of change across institutional regimes in the public transport sector, covering the experience from 11 countries in the rail, bus and coach sectors. Two key themes guided the workshop discussion: the introduction of competition (processes of implementation and shifting competition regimes) and the functioning of mature competitive tendering regimes (contract design, bid evaluation and results). The workshop outcomes are presented along the line of three main issues. The first one is regime shifts, looking at triggers that make regimes evolve, discussing whether change necessarily takes place for the better and whether a regulatory cycle can be observed. The second one is getting a closer look at what exactly is being subjected to competition, discussing contractual scope, unbundling options, the function of the authority, system management and risk allocation. The third one investigates the actual functioning of competitive tendering regimes, discussing the issue of contract standardisation, bidding procedures and the design of evaluation and awarding mechanisms. The main recommendation of the workshop is to increase the strength of the PTA and to choose for gross-cost contracts. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27137 The governance of attractive public transport: Informal institutions, institutional entrepreneurs, and problem-solving know-how in Oslo and Amsterdam Hirschhorn, Fabio; Velde, Didier an de; Veeneman, Wijnand; Heuvelhof, Ernst ten Public authorities are under mounting pressure to promote more sustainable urban mobility, including a modal shift from cars. With an empirical focus on Oslo and Amsterdam metropolitan areas, this paper analyses how the interplay between formal frameworks, informal institutions, and individuals’ agency can contribute to making public transport more attractive in relation to other modes. Findings indicate that formal frameworks, informal institutions, and key actors co-exist and interact in complementary, substitutive, and accommodating manner; they work alongside each other to facilitate collective decision-making on issues ranging from integration between land use and transport to dealing with budget constraints. By identifying these types of interaction, this study shows that, to advance transport sustainability, authorities not only need insight on what policies to design, but can also benefit from understanding how policy-making and implementation unfold. A broader insight offered by the paper is that financial performance goals appear as a main policy driver in public transport, eclipsing sustainability concerns. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27135 The effect of public transport quality on car ownership – a source of wider benefits? Holmgren, Johan This paper discusses the potential impact of public transport service levels on car ownership and it is discussed whether this connection can be seen as a source of wider economic benefits that would ensue from improving the public transport system. To study the interrelationship between public transport demand and car ownership, a model is estimated using data from 21 Swedish counties from 1986 to 2015. It is concluded that car ownership is affected by the service levels in the public transport system, and that this effect results in additional benefits from improving the public transport system. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27134 Regulatory governance in emerging technologies: the case of autonomous vehicles in Sweden and Norway Hansso, Lisa Vehicle producers, universities, and technology companies, among others, are today involved in the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Ongoing in several countries are experimental activities in actual traffic situations. The legal conditions for autonomous vehicles, however, vary by country. A number of countries have introduced, or are considering introducing, rules for such activities. Some countries see autonomous vehicles as prohibited unless otherwise stated in the regulations, while other countries take exactly the opposite view, i.e., anything not explicitly prohibited is allowed. This paper introduces a regulatory governance perspective on autonomous vehicles. It describes how new regulatory standards are being shaped for emerging technologies in the transport sector using the case of autonomous vehicles in Sweden and Norway. The findings show how regulations are shaped by external pressures and that international conventions are influencing regulatory design. It also concludes that the final regulations hold some degree of flexibility but also that specific restrictions may be hindering advanced experiments. By introducing a theoretical perspective on regulatory governance of AVs, the paper contributes to a further understanding of how to analyse the shape of new regulation in the transport sector generally. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27133 Integrated transport management: Lessons from a Chinese city Yang, Wei; Veeneman, Wijnand; Jong, Martin de; Song, Yun Sustainable transport typically requires a broad spectrum of policy measures, with responsibilities shared by different authorities and with various public values competed with each other, such as commuting, health, spatial quality, and economic development. Designing and implementing integrated policy packages, with consideration for the interdependencies between measures and actors is a promising approach and thus an interesting research topic. A large part of the literature on transport policy looks at separate measures and their effects. These measures in reality always work in constellation with other measures and understanding their dependencies in a way to create synergies through packaging has been the topic of theoretical discussions. However, empirical research on policy packaging is sorely lacking. In this paper, we examine the implementation process of packaging of TM measures from the perspective of actors and their distinct roles and interactions. The data is collected by document analysis and interviews with officers in a Chinese city. Several major problems threatening the implementation of policy packaging are detected, including overlooking implementation at district-level, resource competition between measures, and the absence of integrative supervision. It provides a first answer to the discrepancy occurring in the promise of real-world crafting of well- integrated policies for sustainable mobility. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27132 Impacts of replacing a fixed public transport line by a Demand Responsive Transport system: case study of a rural area in Amsterdam Coutinho, Felipe Mariz; Oort, Niels van; Christoforou, Zoi; Alonso-González, María J.; Cats, Oded; Hoogendoorn, Serge The diffusion of the smartphone and the urban sprawl is pushing both private and public actors to revisit the concept of demand-responsive transport (DRT). This paper provides a historical overview of DRT experiences, understanding their pros and cons. In addition, it presents the case study of Mokumflex, a 12-month DRT pilot program that replaced the regular bus service in low-density areas of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Based on a close collaboration with the private enterprise that operated the service and also with the local bus operator, we performed an empirical before and after comparison. These insights help to understand the impacts of DRT systems and support (future) design of DRT and public transport. A set of indicators was chosen for the intermodal comparison: travel distances, ridership, costs, Greenhouse Gases (GHG), emissions and population’s perception. Ridership dropped from 78.1 passengers/ day to 15.9 passengers/ day, however, for being “demand-tailored”, passenger-km reduced even more, going from 1252.8 km/ day to 136.6 km/ day, hence reducing the costs and GHG emissions per passenger. In regards to population’s perception, the system enjoyed a good evaluation. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27131 Hybrid markets in public transport – contract design, performance and conflicts Alexandersson, Gunnar; Hultén, Staffan; Jardón, Juan J Nearly all regional public bus services in Sweden have been competitively tendered for 30 years. The way to perform tenders has undergone significant changes since the first tenders were carried out in the late 1980s. The most important changes are: 1) pure gross cost contracts have been replaced with contracts that include bonus and malus clauses to safeguard the quality of the service or contracts with passenger incentives; 2) bundling of bus lines into larger networks; 3) requirements on operators to provide buses that use specific types of fuel, for example electricity or gas; and 4) bundling of bus and railway services into one contract. The case in Sweden for using incentives based on the number of passengers is to a high extent motivated by a national goal to double the market for regional public transportation and is partly motivated as a way to solve practical problems encountered by the PTAs. Building on previous research, the goal of this paper is to explore and compare how the contract design in tendered regional bus services in Sweden influences performance in terms of costs, passenger growth, and on the frequency of major conflicts between the contracting parties. The economic performance and other effects of the different contract types is measured using a database on all Sweden’s regional bus services, collected by the government agency Transport Analysis, and national data on public bus services published annually by the same agency. The conflict aspects are studied using the annual reports of the PTAs procuring the bus services. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24089 Review of bus rapid transit and branded bus service network performance in Australia Hensher, David; Wong, Yale; Ho, Loan Bus rapid transit on dedicated right-of-way and branded bus services with a distinct visual identity have been implemented in various forms around Australia over the past three decades. A major public policy debate has surrounded the relative success of these bus priority and branding measures as compared with generic route services in attracting patronage. In this paper, we devise a metric known as a (gross) patronage performance ratio to quantify the success for each of seven bus rapid transit systems and 20 branded bus services as compared with regular route buses across six Australian capitals. A regression analysis is conducted to determine the statistical significance of various bus priority and brand identity initiatives which are used as inputs into a normalisation procedure to determine the net patronage performance ratio of each service offering. This allows an informed comparison between systems and cities, controlling for operating environment and other service characteristics. The results reinforce the patronage merits of upgraded bus services in contrast to standard bus services. Measures like network legibility and brand identity all help upgrade the image of the bus. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23984 Performance Contributors of Bus Rapid Transit Systems within the ITDP BRT Standard: An Ordered Choice Approach Zheng, Li; Hensher, David Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a mode of public transportation with relatively fast, flexible, comfortable, affordable and environment-friendly services. In this paper, the potential contributors to BRT performance are investigated within an ordered choice modelling framework, in which the dependent variable is the BRT standard (Gold, Silver, Bronze or Basic), developed by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). The evaluation of an ordered logit model and an ordered probit model shows that the performance of the former is slightly better, which is chosen for the empirical application. The identified significant predictors are peak-hour speed, peak frequency, the average distance between stations, the length of dedicated busway, passing lanes at BRT station, covered station access, enhanced station environment, pre-board and automated fare collection and fare verification, and network integration. Based on a business-as-usual prediction and what-if analysis, this paper offers information for decision makers to plan a high-standard BRT system in line with the ITDP BRT standard. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23992 Delivering mobility as a service (MaaS) through a broker/aggregator business model Wong, Yale; Hensher, David; Mulley, Corinne Mobility as a service (MaaS) promises a bold new future where bundled public transport and shared mobility options (carsharing, ridesharing, bikesharing and microtransit) will provide consumers with seamless mobility on par with and exceeding that of private vehicle ownership. Whilst there is a growing body of work examining the market and end user demand for MaaS, there remains a limited understanding of the supply-side around new business models for delivering these integrated mobility services. Mobility broker/aggregator models have been proposed, but to date there exists no quantitative evidence to empirically test the conditions around which interested businesses might invest or supply in this new entrepreneurial model. In this paper, the idea of mode-agnostic mobility contracts (first proposed in Wong et al. (2018)) are tested as the interface for bringing together specialised businesses as part of a future transport ecosystem. Data is collected from 202 organisations across 28 countries and mixed logit models estimated to identify the importance of contract attributes like modal mix, government support, return on investment, branding and equity contribution on respondent interest to partake in a MaaS business. Willingness-to-pay estimates are then devised to identify the potential value proposition of a mobility broker/aggregator to the business community. 2020-05-07T00:00:00Z