https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22955 2026-06-15T16:58:06Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22960 Linguistic Nationalism and Its Discontents: Chinese Latinisation and Its Practice of Equality Wong, Lorraine The perceived inherent tie between an individual, a nation and a language is central to linguistic nationalism, which began to appear in Europe during the 19th century and came to define the norm of political life in the 20th century and beyond. Critics of linguistic nationalism (Hugh Seton-Watson, Eric Hobsbawm and Benedict Anderson) examine the emergence of “national language” as a top-down diffusion of elite cultural influence, or as an imagination of a unitary community. This chapter picks up where these critiques leave off by exploring the simultaneous rise of linguistic nationalism and communism in modern China. During the interwar years, Chinese Communists brought in the Soviet Union’s campaign of anti-illiteracy and sought to replace Chinese characters with the Latin alphabet. This Latinizing campaign quickly won the support of left-wing intellectuals, within and outside the Chinese Communist Party, who agitated for the right to literacy of the uneducated commoners, as well as for their right to access the national language and literature. This chapter discusses the political agenda and linguistic features of Latinized Chinese, examining how the Latinizing campaign questions linguistic nationalism by negotiating ‘national language’ in the contested ground of history. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22961 Tribute and Trade: China and Global Modernity, 1784–1935 [front matter] Christie, William; Dunstan, Angela; Tong, Q. S. In the 18th and 19th centuries, relations between China and the West were defined by the Qing dynasty’s strict restrictions on foreign access and by the West’s imperial ambitions. Cultural, political and economic interactions were often fraught, with suspicion and misunderstanding on both sides. Yet trade flourished and there were instances of cultural exchange and friendship, running counter to the official narrative. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22959 Tribute and Trade: China and Global Modernity, 1784–1935 [front matter] Christie, William; Dunstan, Angela; Tong, Q. S. In the 18th and 19th centuries, relations between China and the West were defined by the Qing dynasty’s strict restrictions on foreign access and by the West’s imperial ambitions. Cultural, political and economic interactions were often fraught, with suspicion and misunderstanding on both sides. Yet trade flourished and there were instances of cultural exchange and friendship, running counter to the official narrative. <i>Tribute and Trade: China and Global Modernity</i> explores encounters between China and the West during this period and beyond, into the early 20th century, through examples drawn from art, literature, science, politics, music, cooking, clothing and more. How did China and the West see each other, how did they influence each other, and what were the lasting legacies of this contact? 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z