https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17670 2026-06-13T10:51:06Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19359 A correction framework for improving the robustness of motor vehicle registration data Apelbaum, John An important key to reducing the environmental impact of motor vehicles is to identify those in-services vehicles which are likely to excessively contribute to air pollution. Such an assessment is dependent on quantifying vehicle scrappage which, in turn, relies upon the provision of temporally consistent motor vehicle registration data. There exist a number of issues that adversely impact on the temporal accuracy of motor vehicle registration data. This paper identifies these issues and proposes a cost effective correction framework for motor vehicle registration time series data. An application to Australian data demonstrated the efficacy of the framework, identifying the need to introduce an additional vehicle category into the data, adjusting annual vehicle counts and removing the erroneous incidence of the number of vehicles of a particular vintage increasing substantially beyond two years after the year of manufacture. 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19361 Analysing speeding behaviour: A multilevel modelling approach Familar, Russell; Greaves, Stephen; Ellison, Adrian This paper examines the variability in speeding for 147 motorists over a five-week period using data collected from Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. A multilevel modelling approach is employed to decompose speeding behaviour into four major levels of variation, namely: inter-individual variation, temporal variation, trip-level variation, and segment level variation. Initially, we estimate a null model (i.e., excludes the explanatory variables) to assess the variations at each level. Results suggest that the driver is more of a factor in speeding as the speed limit increases but that the majority of variation in speeding goes unexplained. This is followed by progressively including explanatory variables (e.g., age, gender, vehicle type, trips purpose etc) at each of the four levels to assess how much more of the variation in speeding can be explained. Results suggest that the reduction in unexplained variance in speeding varies markedly by speed zone, indicating the disproportionately different impacts of explanatory factors. 2011-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19243 The logistics implications of emerging business models Walters, David The network structure has expanded the nature of organisational economics from a limited perspective, based upon economies of scale (within which the firm became volume oriented striving to achieve its minimum cost/volume position on its long-run average cost curve (Chandler: 1962), to a ‘collective’ perspective based upon a notion of dispersed operations (i e, the complete range of value creation, production, delivery and service provision). It is no longer sufficient to be the lowest cost provider in a market but rather it is now essential to be the most effective and efficient solution provider: end-user markets are product-service dominated. These may be PRODUCT-service markets, however in the New Economy many industrial markets are product-SERVICE markets: the customers are aware of product application performance but are often more influenced by service-maintenance availability rather low prices, hence the approach by major manufacturers of such products as aero-engines which are priced by the hour of serviceable use. To be effective it is essential that suppliers and customers understand each other’s expectations (value drivers) and costs (value driver response costs). The complexities of markets encourage a network approach, one in which “solutions” to customers’ “problems” may take on a PRODUCT-service format or (increasingly) a product-SERVICE offer and the solutions will cross a number of international borders as well as a number of intra and inter-organisational boundaries during the process. 2011-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19229 A proposal for accessibility planning in NSW: Research and policy issues Daniels, Rhonda; Mulley, Corinne Accessibility planning is a framework and process to use accessibility indicators as a basis for transport planning. The structured approach assesses actual accessibility at different spatial levels against indicators to identify accessibility inequities, and then develops and implements plans to improve accessibility. In this context, accessibility refers to spatial access rather than physical access. Accessibility planning has been introduced in the UK as a mechanism for achieving social inclusion by addressing inequities in access to goods and services using indicators of access to jobs, education, health facilities and retail facilities by public transport. The paper outlines a proposal for implementing accessibility planning in NSW. The paper explains the concept and significance of accessibility planning and the current context for accessibility planning in NSW. It identifies research and policy issues which would need to be resolved to implement accessibility planning in NSW including relationship with existing targets, determining accessibility indicators and standards, community engagement, governance and institutional frameworks, and funding and implementation. 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19371 Travel time competitiveness of cycling in Sydney Ellison, Richard B; Greaves, Stephen A key issue for both sustainable transport and public health is the viability of cycling as a genuine alternative to the car, particularly for short trips. This paper considers this issue by assessing hypothetically the travel time implications of substituting actual car trips with cycling. The car trips are captured over several weeks for 178 Sydney motorists using GPS technology, while the cycling trips are generated using reverse geocoding processes in GIS software, taking into account the impacts of terrain in particular on cycling travel times. Both individual trips and more importantly trip chains are considered. Assuming an ‘inexperienced adult’ cyclist, results suggest that over 90 percent of car trips up to five kilometres in length (which comprise 58 percent of trips), could be cycled within 10 minutes of the time taken by car, a similar finding to results reported elsewhere. As the level of cycling experience increases, the ‘bikeable’ distance increases with the majority of ‘commuter adults’ being able to cycle the median commuting distance in Sydney of 11 kilometres with little additional travel time compared to a car. When considering trip chains, while the competitiveness of cycling goes down as more legs are included, the total distance of the chain emerges as a more crucial issue with cycling being equally competitive for trip chains shorter than 10 kilometres as for individual trips shorter than 10 kilometres. Finally, when considered in the context of daily travel time budgets, the analysis suggests around 20 percent of people could switch totally from cars to bicycles without incurring more than a 20 minute additional increase in travel time on average per day. 2011-03-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19239 Does the choice model method and/or the data matter? Hensher, David A; Rose, John M; Li, Zheng The opportunity to have seven data sets associated with a stated choice experiment that are very similar in content and design is rare, and provides an opportunity to look in detail at the empirical evidence within and between each data set in the context of a range of discrete choice estimation methods, from multinomial logit to latent class to scale multinomial logit to mixed logit, and the most general model, generalized mixed multinomial logit that accounts for preference and scale heterogeneity. Given the problems associated with data from different countries and time periods, we estimate separate models for each data set, obtaining values of travel time savings that are then updated post estimation to a common dollar for comparative purposes. We also pooled all data sets for a scaled MNL model, treating each data set as a set of three separate utility expressions, but linked to the other data sets through scale heterogeneity. This is not behaviourally appropriate with MNL, latent class or mixed logit. The main question investigated is whether there exists greater synergy in the willingness to pay evidence within model form across data sets compared to across model forms within data sets. The evidence suggests that there is a relatively greater convergence of evidence across the choice models, with the exception of generalized mixed logit, after controlling for data set differences; and there is strong evidence to suggest that differences between data sets do matter. 2011-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19363 Evaluation of GPS device properties for a possible use in future household travel surveys Stopher, Peter; Speisser, Nicolas This paper describes a series of tests undertaken to determine the potential usefulness of a specific passive, portable GPS device for use in household travel surveys. The tests were undertaken to provide a more complete understanding of the properties of the GPS device and to assess its suitability for replacing more conventional self-report diaries in a household travel survey. The tests were conducted first to ascertain the actual battery life of the devices, and then to test out the sensitivity and accuracy of the devices under a number of different conditions. This included tests by train, bus, and ferry in the Sydney area, and also by car and bicycle. The devices were also tested in various positions on the respondent’s body and were also tested in urban canyon and tunnel situations. Two versions of the GPS-PPAL were tested, as a result of an updated version that became available during the testing work. The results show that the GPSPPAL, especially in the latest modification, is well able to record travel very accurately in almost any situation. 2011-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19264 Understanding mode choice decisions: A study of Australian freight shippers Brooks, Mary R.; Puckett, Sean M.; Hensher, David A.; Sammons, Adrian This research paper examines the Australian domestic freight transport market, focusing on the decision-making process by which cargo interests and their agents make mode choice allocation decisions between land-based transport and sea. It evaluates the willingness to pay for various attributes of modal options on specific transport corridors. Such understanding lays the groundwork for being able to assess the likely impact of changes to transport prices arising from the introduction of carbon pricing or other regulatory factors. Reporting the results of a stated choice experiment, this paper identifies and quantifies freight shippers’ preferences for components of services offered by freight transport providers across modes with distinct characteristics (i.e., mixes of speed (transit time), frequency of departure, reliability (two measures) and cost) in three corridors. There are seven variables examined: frequency, transit time, freight distance, direction (headhaul/backhaul), reliability as measured by delivery window, reliability as measured by delay, and price offered by the operator. The paper concludes by providing guidance on what trade-offs are relevant in shippers’ choice of mode on the specific corridors under investigation in a more complex mode choice model than explored in previous research. It also examines what will likely happen if price rises as a result of carbon pricing regulation. 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19312 The spatial distribution of parking policy and usage: A case study of Melbourne, Australia Young, William; Miles, Clare Ferres Few cities have a Metropolitan wide parking policy. More often than not the planning of parking is undertaken by decentralised urban local governments with broad central guideline on parking supply rates. The provision of parking is thus generally opportunistic, aimed at facilitating and encouraging the decentralisation of travel and urban development. This paper documents the spatial distribution of policy and demand for parking in Melbourne, Australia, in order to obtain an indication of the spatial variations in parking policy and usage. It briefly reviews parking policy literature. It then reviews the spatial pattern of existing parking policy in Melbourne showing the increase in quality with distance from the central city. Parking usage is then studied, again showing a tendency towards greater parking activity as one moves away from the city centre and the relationship to activity levels in suburban areas. The paper reinforces the view that the focus on central city parking policy and the lack of a co-ordinated parking policy for outer suburbs encourages travel and urban development in outer suburbs. The paper calls for further research in other cities to confirm these trends. 2011-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19321 Systems Economics: Essay 1 - Definition of the economic product Stone, Alastair This essay is the first in a series labelled Systems Economics, that re-examines some fundamental economic concepts using a systems approach with an objective to help guide advice on institutional arrangements for economic exchange in the real world of continuing dynamic change in values and motivations of the entities in a democratic society. These concepts incorporate past insights and evidence from forensic analysis of current human action that shows a gap between theory and practice. The objective is to help explore alternatives to the current institutional arrangements dominated dimensionally by the simplistic binary options of economic exchange between entities being characterized as market or firm (including government bureaucracy) and product characterization as public or private. In this essay to put economic action in context I first take a look at the general nature of entities and the resources they control. Then the nature of the rights to resources is explored together with actions that can be applied to such rights, all of which can be characterised as exchange. The motivation of each entity and the role of causality in economic action are explored. This brings us to the definition and role of products, including their dimensions. Finally, the ramifications of focussing on the exchange of accurately defined economic products are briefly contrasted with the current focus on consumption of physical products. 2011-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19358 No car lanes or bus lanes: which gives public transport the better priority? An evaluation of priority lanes in Tyne and Wear Mulley, Corinne Bus priority covers a wide range of measures intended to speed up the progress of buses and avoid congestion, especially in urban areas. The implementation of No Car Lanes as a method of allocating space on the highway differs from conventional bus priority measures since No Car Lanes give priority not just to buses but to other vehicles, facilitating the movement of goods as well as people in congested urban areas. This paper compares the impact of the different eligibility requirements of ‘warrants’ on the different classes of traffic using the road network in the single location of Tyne and Wear in the north-east of England, UK and reports quantification of benefits and disadvantages to give an improved understanding of the contribution of No Car Lanes within the more general context of bus priority measures. The motivation for the study was to give an evidence based approach to the development of conurbation-wide policy. The paper concludes that the balance of evidence suggests No Car Lanes are preferable for all motorised modes (car, HGV, taxi and bus). From a practical point of view having many short lengths of priority lane (of whatever form) lowers the benefit arising from priority as well as having an adverse effect on user and non-user attitudes towards priority lanes. The modelling suggests that the impact on the environment is less negative from No Car Lanes. Against this is the less positive evidence for No Car Lanes in terms of road safety and enforcement. 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19245 Towards a simplified payment formula as a reference point for bus contract negotiation or assessment Hensher, David A.; Mulley, Corinne; Smith, Neil The burgeoning commitment to contracting the delivery of bus services through competitive tendering or negotiated performance-based contracts has been accompanied by as many contract payments schemes as there are contracts. With the accumulation of experiences throughout the world, we are now in a position to identify a few key features of the diverse suite of payment formulae, in order to propose a simplified payment formula that has the potential to capture the majority of ‘desirable’ characteristics from a social and a commercial perspective. This formula may then be the basis for a reference point in contract negotiation or assessment. Setting aside the myriad of caveats and variations of existing contracts, this paper reasonably assumes that there are substantive common elements which capture the majority of variations in total cost per bus kilometre and cost per passenger, and can be used to establish a starting position to implement a simplified contract. We illustrate how a simplified reference payment formula might be calibrated and applied to calculate gross cost per passenger which incorporates gross cost per bus km, per hour and per peak bus, as well as passengers per bus kilometre. The paper overall offers a way forward to move towards an objective way of assessing the costs of delivering bus services with a simplified payment formula in the contract. 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19298 Improved information for better land transport in our cities Stanley, John COAG’s Capital Cities Strategic Planning Process work is nearing completion. The COAG National Objective for this work is To ensure Australian cities are globally competitive, productive, sustainable, liveable and socially inclusive and are well placed to meet future challenges and growth. The Planning work is primarily being driven by process criteria. To maximise chances of achieving the National Objective, outcome criteria closely aligned with that Objective are required, to complement the process criteria. This paper highlights some national problems confronting land transport in Australia’s major cities, which will adversely impact on achievement of the National Objective. It then identifies policy directions to tackle these national issues and proposes a small number of outcome criteria that can be used to indicate progress towards the National Objective, as this is affected by land transport. 2011-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19314 The impact of discontinuity in governance: How transport planning went off the rails in Sydney Daniels, Rhonda The impacts on transport planning of discontinuity in governance within the same political administration are illustrated through a case study of NSW, Australia. The Labor government in power in NSW for 16 years from 1995 to 2011 was committed to public transport in its strategic plans. But from 2003, unprecedented changes in the premier, ministers, and departments responsible for transport planning, disrupted public transport planning and delivery. The impacts of discontinuity included delays to public transport projects, waste of scarce funds, and loss of trust and confidence amongst stakeholders including the community, planning professionals, and the federal government. The impact is best seen with the North West Rail Link project for a major growth area: originally identified in 1998 for delivery in 2010, it was in 2010 proposed for completion in 2024. Conflict over funding of transport contributed to the changes in premiers and ministers and the subsequent impacts on transport planning with compounding effects over time. The NSW experience shows that a strategic commitment to public transport must be accompanied by longterm funding sources to ensure the public transport goals articulated in strategic plans are delivered. Given the long-term nature of transport planning and infrastructure delivery, the impacts of transport planning going off the rails in Sydney will take years to overcome. 2011-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19362 Consistently inconsistent: The role of certainty, acceptability and scale in automobile choice Beck, Matthew J; Rose, John M; Hensher, David A. The way in which respondents behave in stated preference experiments is of interest to many practitioners in the field of choice modelling. This paper draws together three increasingly prevalent concepts in the literature; the role of scale; choice certainty calibration as a method for reducing hypothetical bias; and the acceptability of alternatives as a method for better representing respondent choice behaviour. Using a scaled multinomial logit model to focus on the role of scale, it is found that the amount of idiosyncratic error in the context of automobile is significant. Choice task certainty is found to be a function of several respondent characteristics and can be used to decompose scale. In doing so, it is found that for choice tasks where there is less certainty about the choices made, the scale parameter is lower and hence these choices are more stochastic, particularly in the case of reduced alternatives. In comparing different approaches to incorporating certainty, it is found that parameter estimates differ substantially depending on what method is employed. The implications of a lack of a theoretical framework with respect to choice certainty are discussed, as are the implications of removing unacceptable alternatives from the modelling process. 2011-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19337 A maritime security framework for fighting piracy Ng, Ada Suk Fung The number of piracy attacks in the Strait of Malacca is significantly reduced from 112 in 2000 to 2 in 2009. While people are celebrating the success of anti-piracy operations applied in the Strait, the number of piracy attacks in the Somalia region increased to its peak. According to the IMO, there were a total of 406 piracy attacks reported worldwide in 2009 and Somali pirates accounted for 217 attacks. There is a total of 1052 crew taken hostage with 68 injured and eight were killed. Since the attacks were well organized and sophisticated weapons such as RPGs were used, it caught the eyes of the world in the news headlines. This paper studies the successful factors as well as the deficiencies in the anti-piracy operations as applied in the two cases and provides an anti-piracy framework for combating piracy to improve maritime security in the high sea. 2011-11-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19360 Travel time expenditures and travel time budgets - Preliminary findings Stopher, Peter; Zhang, Yun There has been discussion now for four decades on the issue of whether or not people around the world have a constant traveltime budget. Most of the research into travel-time budgets has used large aggregate data sets and has shown that average amounts of time spent travelling are on the order of 1 to 1½ hours. There have also been a number of studies that have failed to find evidence of constancy in travel-time budgets. In this paper, the authors report on some preliminary research that uses data from a panel of 50 households that provided GPS data for a period of up to 28 days. In the research to date, the analysis deals only with evidence from one wave of the panel, to determine whether there is evidence over a period of one week of stability in travel-time expenditures. The data set provides very precise times of travel for each person for up to28 consecutive days of travel. The analysis looks at travel time expenditure on a daily basis per person and then aggregates this to a week. The issue of regression to the mean is also considered and reviewed and conclusions are drawn that it is not an issue in this analysis. Evidence is found of some stability in travel time expenditures, especially when data are averaged over a two-week period. 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19234 Analysis of a financial incentive to encourage safer driving practices Greaves, Stephen; Fifer, Simon This paper reports on the behavioural response of motorists to a variable rate charging scheme designed to encourage safer driving practices and reduce exposure to crash-risk – specifically kilometres driven, night-time driving and speeding. The study involved a five-week ‘before’ period of GPS monitoring to establish how motorists drove normally, followed by a five-week ‘after’ period of GPS monitoring in which charges were levied and changes assessed. Incentives were paid to motorists for the difference in the charges between the two five-week periods. Vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) were reduced by ten percent, although the sample was evenly split by those increasing VKT compared to those decreasing VKT. The proportion of distance speeding fell by 4.7 percent, which when coupled with decreases in VKT, implied a net reduction of kilometres spent speeding of over 40 percent. Three-quarters of the sample reduced their speeding. Exit interviews with a cross-section of participants highlighted the practical difficulties of reducing kilometres, but (more encouragingly) reinforced the potential to reduce speeding. 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19310 Networks alliances as strategy: A case study of an SME in an emerging economy Lok, Peter; Rhodes, Jo; Walters, David This study adopts a qualitative approach to examine key factors to build successful network alliances in emerging economies. A market leader firm in the retail optical industry in China was used in this study. Data from interviews was collected from senior management of the firm, suppliers and customers in relation to effective strategies and factors for successful network alliances. The result in this study showed that relationship management and knowledge sharing management had the highest impact on effective network alliances. That is, trust, relationship and knowledge sharing play a dominant role. 2011-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19240 A comparison of algorithms for generating efficient choice experiments Quan, Wu; Rose, John M.; Collins, Andrew T.; Bliemer, Michiel C.J. Stated choice (SC) studies typically rely on the use of an underlying experimental design to construct the hypothetical choice situations shown to respondents. These designs are constructed by the analyst, with several different ways of constructing these designs having been proposed in the past. Recently, there has been a move from so-called orthogonal designs to more efficient designs. Efficient designs optimize the design such that the data will lead to more reliable parameter estimates for the model under consideration. The literature dealing with the generation of efficient designs has examined and largely solved the issue of a requirement for a prior knowledge of the parameter estimates that will be obtained post data collection. However, unlike orthogonal designs, the efficient design methodology requires the evaluation of a number of designs, and hence is computationally expensive to undertake. As such, the literature has suggested and implemented a number of algorithms to locate efficient designs for SC experiments. In this paper, we compare and contrast the performance of these algorithms as well as introduce two new algorithms. 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19307 Random regret minimization or random utility maximization: An exploratory analysis in the context of automobile fuel choice Hensher, David A.; Greene, William H.; Chorus, Caspar G. Interest in alternative behavioural paradigms to random utility maximisation (RUM) has existed ever since the dominance of the RUM formulation. One alternative is known as random regret minimisation (RRM), which suggests that when choosing between alternatives, decision-makers aim to minimise anticipated regret. Although the idea of regret is not new, its incorporation into the same discrete choice framework of RUM is very recent. This paper is the first to apply the RRM-model framework to model choice among durable goods. Specifically, we estimate and compare RRM- and RUM-models in a stated choice context of choosing amongst petrol, diesel and hybrid fuelled vehicles (associated with specific levels of fuel efficiency and engine capacity). The RRM-model is found to achieve a marginally better fit (using a non-nested test of differences) than its equally parsimonious RUM-counterpart. As a second contribution, we derive a formulation for regret-based elasticities, and compare utility- and regret-based elasticities in the context of stated vehicle-type choices. We find that in the context of our choice-data, mean estimates of elasticities are different for many of the attributes and alternatives. 2011-12-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19237 Environmental and social taxes: Reforming road pricing in Australia Stanley, John; Hensher, David Pricing of road use, both in Australia and elsewhere, has long been recognised as an area where current arrangements are economically inefficient but also politically very difficult to change. The 2011 Australian Tax Forum provides an opportunity to revisit this question and lay out a pathway for change. This paper summarises some past analyses of the costs of road use in Australia, to demonstrate the broad extent of under-recovery of costs. The external costs, such as congestion, accidents and greenhouse gas emissions, which are the reason for the cost recovery gap are outlined. International experience with congestion charging, a key component (but not the whole) of road pricing reform is summarised, showing how sustained reductions in congestion levels and associated costs are achievable. That experience also shows the importance of political leadership to achieve implementation, often in the face of minority support pre-implementation. Some illustrative calculations of how Australian road use charges may need to increase, on average, under a reformed road pricing regime are presented. The paper concludes by arguing that an independently run two year community conversation around reforming road pricing, reporting to COAG, is the critical starting point if there is to be a successful implementation program. 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19230 The impact of environmental attitudes on responses to emissions charging and vehicle choice Beck, Matthew J; Rose, John M; Hensher, David A While there has been extensive literature on the concept of congestion there have been very few studies that explore road pricing as a function of vehicle emissions. A growing global focus on environmental concerns, in particular the role of carbon emissions in global warming, has created a social atmosphere where attitudes towards the environment are a pre-eminent focus of news media. In stated choice experiments, such attitudes play a key role in determining willingness to pay measures. This paper employs a stated preference survey to examine motor vehicle purchasing in the presence of hypothetical annual and variable emissions surcharges. Using latent class modelling, it is shown that four classes of individuals exist, whose sensitivities to annual and variable emissions surcharging differs. Importantly it is also shown that these differences can be explained by environmental attitudes. The policy implications of this result are discussed, highlighting the usefulness of the modelling technique in the management of environmental policy. 2011-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19232 The importance of completeness and clarity in air transport contracts in remote regions in Europe and Australia Merkert, Rico; Hensher, David A. As a result of the recent financial crisis and in times of government austerity, clear contracts are of immense importance to transport authorities in order to achieve value for money when procuring air transport services. Good contracts can support them in stretching budgets as far as possible whilst ensuring that good quality, and at least minimum service level requirements, are delivered. Moreover, incomplete and unclear contracts can also have very detrimental impacts on the financial performance of regional airlines. If a contract is unclear it is likely to create uncertainty, and in the worst case, result in a lack of interest from any airline when tendered out. Weakly drafted contracts can also result in disputes and high transaction costs. This paper compares the current experience of PSO carriers in Europe and Australia. We use an internet survey to reveal what features of the contract airlines experienced ex ante with regard to contract clarity and then ex post regarding the completeness of their transport contracts. Our results show differences across carriers that go beyond differences associated with geographic region. We also find common themes for contracting PSO services, for example the importance of trust and good relationships between transport authorities and operators. 2011-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19357 Embedding risk attitudes in a scheduling model: Application to the study of commuting departure time Li, Zheng; Tirachini, Alejandro; Hensher, David A. Traditionally, the value of travel time savings (VTTS) and the value of reliability (or reduced variability) are estimated within a linear utility functional form, which assumes risk-neutral attitudes for decision makers. In this paper, we develop non-linear scheduling models to address both risk attitude and preference in the context of a stated choice experiment of car commuters facing risky choices where the risk is associated with the trip time. We also investigate unobserved between-individual heterogeneity in time-related parameters and risk attitudes using a mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) model. More importantly, we calculate the willingness to pay values for reducing the mean travel time and variability (earlier/later than the preferred arrival time) within the non-linear scheduling framework. This model is then used to estimate preferred departure times for commuters, assuming that random link capacities are the source of travel time variability. Results show that the more variable travel times are, the earlier commuters depart, and that the non-linear scheduling model predicts earlier optimal departure times than the traditional linear scheduling model. Some important issues related to modelling non-linearity are also discussed. 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z