https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17667 2026-06-15T15:16:24Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19483 Determining trip information using GPS data Clifford, Eoin; Zhang, Jun; Stopher, Peter With the development of lightweight, high sensitivity Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, there has been increasing interest in their use as a means to measure people’s travel for travel surveys. Data-logging enables a person’s position, speed, and heading to be recorded on a second by second basis. GPS devices cannot, however, collect data on the mode or the purpose of travel, both of which are frequently required for transport planning purposes. This paper describes a set of heuristic rules developed by the authors for determining both the mode of travel and the purpose of trips recorded on GPS devices. This processing utilises comprehensive GIS databases for the areas where the GPS surveys have been conducted. These include information on all public transport routes in the region of interest. The rules developed consider the average, maximum and minimum speeds when determining mode of transport. They also use information about the transport network and the availability of bicycles and cars to the survey participants. Data-cleaning procedures are incorporated to eliminate erroneous information obtained from the devices themselves. To determine the purpose of a trip, it is necessary to have full land use records for all locations in the survey area. The addresses of all workplaces, schools, and most frequently used grocery stores visited by household members are also collected. Our procedure checks trip origins and destinations against these locations, and also the amount of time spent at the destination. We have applied our procedure to data obtained from a survey in Adelaide. The procedure gives results which are comparable to those obtained using a more burdensome travel diary. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19485 Managing congestion – Are we willing to pay the price? Stopher, Peter; FitzGerald, Camden A number of authors have written on the topic of congestion, both pointing out that it is not necessarily wholly undesirable, and also that it may not be susceptible to being reduced, let alone eliminated. Nevertheless, concerns continue to be raised about the costs of congestion, both to freight and passenger movements, and solutions tend to be put forward mainly in terms of capacity increases at particular congestion locations. This paper explores the extent of the problem of congestion and current trends in Australia. It looks at current policy directions and their impacts on congestion. It concludes that the most politically popular strategies are unlikely to make any impression on congestion, and may even exacerbate it. It then considers some possible changes in policy directions and investment and examines the likely impact that these would have on future congestion. The paper concludes that congestion is unlikely to be reduced significantly and that there will be major challenges to maintain congestion at current levels, as opposed to having it get considerably worse. A comprehensive program of strategies is required to even maintain current congestion levels, and the paper also concludes that a central policy that must be considered is that of time-distance-place user charges. 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19560 Should reference alternatives in pivot design SC surveys be treated differently? Hess, Stephane; Rose, John M. Analysts are increasingly making use of pivot style Stated Choice (SC) data in the estimation of choice models. These datasets often contain a reference alternative whose attributes remain invariant across replications for the same respondent. This paper presents some evidence to suggest that the standard specification used for such data may not be appropriate. As such, our analysis shows differences not only in the specification of the observed part of utility between the reference alternative and hypothetical SC alternatives, but also suggests differences in the error terms. 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19462 Revealing the extent of process heterogeneity in choice analysis: An empirical assessment Puckett, Sean; Hensher, David A. Choice analysts increasingly use a mix of revealed preference and stated choice data paradigms to identify preferences of samples of individuals that are used to infer behavioural response and willingness to pay for specific attributes. These data are in a sense artificial constructs that are developed to approximate real choice settings of the way that individuals process relevant information in making choices. As such all data designs formalized through a survey instrument seek information through questions that become descriptions of events and as such the probabilities of choice that are of interest are strictly probabilities attached to event descriptions and not choice probabilities of events per se. The recognition of this distinction, initially noted by Kahneman et al. (1982), can be captured, at least in part, through the idea of process heterogeneity as a way of recognizing and accounting for the many ways in which individuals process information, and in part is influenced by the way the analyst describes the context in which preference data is sought. Building on previous contributions on attribute processing, this paper draws on recent empirical evidence to further reinforce the importance of joint modelling of process and outcome in choice analysis. This study adds to the evidence of a trend emerging on the upward bias of mean estimates of marginal willingness to pay when ignoring process heterogeneity. 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19548 Bus rapid transit systems: A comparative assessment Hensher, David A.; Golob, Thomas F There is renewed interest in many developing and developed countries in finding ways of providing efficient and effective public transport that does not come with a high price tag. An increasing number of nations are asking the question – what type of public transport system can deliver value for money? Although light rail has often been promoted as a popular ‘solution’, there has been progressively emerging an attractive alternative in the form of bus rapid transit (BRT). BRT is a system operating on its own right-of-way either as a full BRT with high quality interchanges, integrated smart card fare payment and efficient throughput of passengers alighting and boarding at bus stations; or as a system with some amount of dedicated right-of-way (light BRT) and lesser integration of service and fares. The notion that buses essentially operate in a constrained service environment under a mixed traffic regime and that trains have privileged dedicated right-of-way, is no longer the only sustainable and valid proposition. This paper evaluates the status of 44 BRT systems in operation throughout the world as a way of identifying the capability of moving substantial numbers of passengers, using infrastructure whose costs overall and per kilometre are extremely attractive. When ongoing lifecycle costs (operations and maintenance) are taken into account, the costs of providing high capacity integrated BRT systems are an attractive option in many contexts. 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19556 The value chain approach imposes increased expectations on logistics management Walters, David As business organisations move toward network structures, and virtual models replace vertical organisations (or begin to become part of them), it is time to consider the role of logistics management in light of these developments. The value chain / value creation system (VCS) has introduced a radical view concerning the ownership and use of assets, processes and capabilities; ownership has been replaced by access and collaboration. This working paper considers the challenges confronting logistics management and explores the ways in which logistics management may become involved in these developments. 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19484 Assessing systematic sources of variation in public transport elasticities: Some comparative warnings Hensher, David A. There is an extensive and continually growing body of empirical evidence on the sensitivity of potential and actual users of public transport to fare and service levels. The sources of the evidence are disparate in terms of methods, data collection strategy, data paradigms, trip purpose, location, time period, and attribute definition. In this paper we draw on a data set we have been compiling since 2003 that contains over 1,100 elasticity items associated with prices and services of public transport and car modes. The focus herein is on direct elasticities associated with public transport choice and demand, and the systematic sources of influence on the variations in the mean estimates for fares, in-vehicle time, and headway obtained from 319 studies. The major influences on variations in mean estimates of public transport elasticities are the time of day (peak, all day vs. off-peak), the data paradigm (especially combined SP/RP vs. revealed preference (RP)), whether an average fare or class of tickets is included, the unit of analysis (trips vs. vkm), specific trip purposes, country, and specific-mode (i.e., bus, train) in contrast to the generic class of public transport. 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19554 Emerging business models Walters, David Magretta (2002) suggests, using the example of American Express in the nineteenth century, that: " a successful business model represents a better way than the existing alternatives. It may offer more value to a discrete group of customers. Or it may completely replace the old way of doing things and become the standard for the next generation of entrepreneurs to beat". Adding substance with: "… all new business models are variations on the generic value chain underlying all businesses. Broadly speaking, this chain has two parts. Part one includes all the activities associated with making something: designing it purchasing raw materials, manufacturing and so on. Part two includes all the activities associated with selling something: finding and reaching customers, transacting a sale, distributing the product or delivering the service. A new business model's plot may turn on designing a new product for an unmet need … Or it may turn on a process innovation, a better way of making or selling or distributing an already.” 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19565 Public private partnerships: A procurement device to manage public sector debt Chung, Demi Australian governments are amongst the leading advocates of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) as a public procurement policy. After two decades of experience, it is timely to evaluate the effectiveness of the policy. At the aggregate level, PPPs were launched to induce private participation in public infrastructures to covertly contrive the removal of visible public debt. Drawing from the social dynamic framework of interests (Broadbent & Laughlin, 2002), this paper shows that PPPs are a powerful procurement device to legitimise the social existence of the state. This article explores the experience of the first hospital (the Port Macquarie Base Hospital) and a recent toll road (the Cross City Tunnel) delivered under the Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) model in the State of New South Wales, Australia. The study shows that the policy has effectively established the market of PPPs in a variety of sectors. Lessons to be learnt from this paper include the need for policy makers to be wary of the interest that dictates the policy. Failing to take into account the interests of the community would impeach the democratic legitimacy of the state. 2008-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19520 Efficient stated choice experiments for estimating nested logit models Bliemer, Michiel C.J.; Rose, John M.; Hensher, David A. The allocation of combinations of attribute levels to choice situations in stated choice (SC) experiments can have a significant influence upon the resulting study outputs once data is collected. Recently, a small but growing stream of research has looked at using what have become known as efficient SC experimental designs to allocate the attribute levels to choice situations in a manner designed to produce better model outcomes. This research stream has shown that the use of efficient SC designs can lead to improvements in the reliability of parameter estimates derived from discrete choice models estimated on SC data for a given sample size. Unlike orthogonal designs, however, efficient SC experiments are generated in such a manner that their efficiency is related to the econometric model that is most likely to be estimated once the choice data is collected. To date, most of the research on efficient SC designs has assumed an MNL model format. In this paper, we generate efficient SC experiments for nested logit models and compare and contrast these with designs specifically generated assuming an MNL model form. We find that the overall efficiency of the design is maximized only when the model assumed in generating the design is the model that is fitted during estimation. 2008-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19571 Regional airports and opportunities for low cost carriers in Australia Collins, Andrew; Hensher, David A.; Li, Zheng Australia is vitally dependent on aviation services for delivering passenger accessibility to many rural and remote locations. The majority of airports in Australia are regional airports. There are real opportunities for a number of regional airports to improve their services for the region through the introduction of low cost carriers (LCCs). The aim of this paper is to investigate this potential, through a formal model system of the entire aviation network in Australia, focusing on identifying influences on passenger demand and flights offered, and the role of air fares and number of competitors on each route. 2008-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19574 Cash flow management and strategic responses that create corporate value: Some observations Walters, David The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which cash flow management, the value of the organisation, and strategic decision making are correlated. A cash flow model is proposed based upon four levels of strategy decisions. The business press has been monitored for a period of twelve months to find evidence of linkages between cash flow management and strategy decisions. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that a number of organisations do consider cash flow management and strategy decisions as related and that both have an impact on the value of the organisation. This project was designed to validate the notion of an awareness of the links between these important aspects of corporate decision making. The scope of the findings has been limited by the number and content of the material; however further research using case studies as a primary method of approach is justified. The evidence presented suggests a logical approach among a number of companies when seeking to increase their value. It suggests an increasing awareness of the importance of cash flow by senior management. As the concept of network based business structures expands the role of the NPV of future cash flows generated from strategic and structural decisions is likely to become the preferred measure of potential performance criteria. 2008-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19569 Construction of experimental designs for mixed logit models allowing for correlation across choice observations Bliemer, Michiel C.J.; Rose, John M. In each stated choice (SC) survey, there is an underlying experimental design from which the hypothetical choice situations are determined. These designs are constructed by the analyst, with several different ways of constructing these designs having been proposed in the past. Recently, there has been a move from so-called orthogonal designs to more efficient designs. Efficient designs optimize the design such that the data will lead to more reliable parameter estimates for the model under consideration. The main focus has been on the multinomial logit model, however this model is unable to take the dependency between choice situations into account, while in a stated choice survey usually multiple choice situations are presented to a single respondent. In this paper, we extend the literature by focusing on the panel mixed logit (ML) model with random parameters, which can take the above mentioned dependency into account. In deriving the analytical asymptotic variance-covariance matrix for the panel ML model, used to determine the efficiency of a design, we show that it is far more complex than the crosssectional ML model (assuming independent choice observations). Case studies illustrate that it matters for which model the design is optimized, and that it seems that a panel ML model SC experiment needs less respondents than a cross-sectional ML experiment for the same level of reliability of the parameter estimates. 2008-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19563 An annual time use model for vacation travel LaMondia, Jeffrey; Bhat, Chandra R.; Hensher, David A. Vacation travel constitutes about 25% of all long-distance travel, and about 80% of this vacation travel is undertaken using the automobile. This paper contributes to the vacation travel literature by examining how households decide what vacation travel activities to participate in on an annual basis, and to what extent, given the total annual vacation travel time that is available at their disposal. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive modelling exercise in the literature to undertake such a vacation travel time-use analysis to examine purpose-specific time investments. A mixed multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model structure that is consistent with the notion of “optimal arousal” in vacation type time-use decisions is used in the analysis. The data used is drawn from the 1995 American Travel Survey (ATS). The empirical results show that most households participate in different types of vacation travel over the course of a year, and they spend significantly different amounts of time on each type of vacation travel. The model developed here can be used to predict the changes in vacation travel timeuse patterns due to the changes in demographic, economic, and residence characteristics over time. Such predictions, in turn, can be used to examine the changing vacation travel needs of households, so that appropriate service and transportation facilities may be planned. 2008-06-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19552 Deducing mode and purpose from GPS data Stopher, Peter; Clifford, Eoin; Zhang, Jun; FitzGerald, Camden Over the past several years, there has been increasing interest in the use of Global Position System (GPS) devices as a means to measure people’s travel. These devices have been used quite widely to check the validity of self-reports of travel through travel diaries and similar conventional travel survey procedures. With the development of lightweight, high sensitivity GPS devices, there has been increasing interest in their use. GPS devices can collect and record data on points during a person’s travel, providing the latitude, longitude, (and altitude, if desired), the time, the speed of motion, and the heading at each such point, along with data quality measures. Data can be collected as frequently as every second, thereby providing a clear documentation of the path travelled. GPS devices cannot, however, collect data on the mode or the purpose of travel, both of which are essential components of the data record required for transport planning purposes. In this paper, we describe work that we have recently undertaken in which we have developed a set of heuristic rules for determining each of the mode of travel and the purpose of the trip, albeit with the use of comprehensive GIS data bases for the areas where the GPS surveys have been conducted. In the case of mode of travel, it is necessary to have a GIS that includes not only the street system, but also the bus routes and any rail lines or other modes of travel (such as ferry in the case of Sydney), where those modes do not travel along the street system. The rules we have developed consider the average speeds, the maximum and minimum speeds, and also use certain procedures to eliminate potentially spurious spot speed information. They also use information about the transport network and the availability of bicycles and cars to the survey participants. In the case of trip purpose, it is necessary to have a GIS of the land use of all parcels of land in the urban area for the survey, and we also ask people to tell us the addresses of all workplaces of members of the household, the school addresses for schools attended by household members, and the two most frequently used grocery stores or supermarkets. The rules then use the length of stay at the location and whether or not the location is one of the workplaces, schools, or stores identified. Frequency of visits during one or more weeks of data recording is also used to help identify the purpose of the trip. For trips that have one or both ends at a location other than home or one of the given addresses, the purpose is deduced from the land use information and the duration and frequency of the visit. 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19575 Commercial vehicle tour data collection using passive GPS technology: Issues and potential applications Greaves, Stephen P; Figliozzi, Miguel A In mid-2006 a GPS survey of commercial vehicles was piloted in Melbourne, Australia to support a major update of freight data and modelling capabilities in the metropolitan region. This survey marked the first of its kind in Australia, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, one of the first world-wide. This paper presents the issues surrounding the collection and use of GPS data as a method to provide information on commercial vehicle tours within an urban setting. The paper focuses on passive GPS methods where the truck driver’s involvement in the data collection effort is minimal. We address (a) implementation issues with the data collection, (b) the algorithms used to process the raw GPS data into meaningful trip tour information, (c) pilot survey data tour results, and (d) potential uses and limitations of passive GPS technology in urban freight modelling and planning. Despite processing challenges, GPS provides an appealing method to enrich commercial vehicle data collection and enhance our understanding of on-road behaviour. As increasing numbers of commercial vehicles become equipped with GPS receivers, we argue only privacy concerns remain as a major barrier to gathering and using such data on a wide-spread basis in the future. 2008-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19219 The six sigma approach in performance management to reduce injury rate at work Jo Rhodes; Peter Lok; Abe Diamond; Nitin Bhatia This case study uses the Six Sigma process framework in performance management to explore and improve the injury rate of an international waste disposal firm. The results indicate that an employee-management consensus approach to continuous improvement in safety management in the workplace is essential. The evidence from this case suggested that the DMAIC Six Sigma process and analysis tool such as the fishbone diagram can be easily adopted as measurements in the workplace. Furthermore the case shows that management commitment and employee ownership of the Six Sigma program is the key to continuous improvement, and the development of a safety culture and a learning organisation. 2008-10-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19223 What if petrol increased to $10 per litre? Implications on travel behaviour and public transport demand Hensher, David A.; Stanley, John K. Petrol prices are increasing at a formidable rate. In July 2007 unleaded regular petrol in the typical Australian capital city was about $A1.20/litre and 12 months later the price was over $A1.60/litre. Pundits predict that the price will be $A2/litre by the end of 2008, and long-term forecasts by the CSIRO† suggest a price as high as $A8/litre in 2020. Given these recent hikes in petrol prices, we are seeing almost daily commentary on what this will mean for the future of mobility and accessibility. Commentary ranges from fear mongering using analogues from theology, such as ‘the war on mobility has finally arrived’ and ‘the end of western life styles as we know them’, through to views that we must not allow this to happen and government must act by reducing fuel excise. Others express elation that finally we have pricing signals that might encourage earlier investment in substitutes that include public transport, more fuel efficient cars as well as lower polluting vehicles. This paper uses TRESIS, an integrated transport, land use and environmental strategy impact simulation program, to assess the influence of higher fuel prices on short run and long run passenger travel activity in Melbourne. We evaluate petrol prices in the range $A2 to $A10 over the period 2009-2017, to establish likely impacts on car use, modal share, greenhouse gas emissions, public transport revenue and consumer surplus. 2008-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19222 The demand chain and response management: New directions for operations management? Walters, David; Rainbird, Mark Supply chain management would appear to be at the end of its lifecycle. Customers of all types are expressing preferences based upon some degree of product-service differentiation and not simply on cost. The growing interest in mass customisation and product platforms is evidence of these developments. Supply chain devotees argue that it (the supply chain) is capable of adequate response to these changes while others suggest the demand chain better serves the current market place. This article suggests that while the supply chain is by no means obsolete it can be argued that it is obsolescent and should be replaced by a more proactive response system. We explore demand chain analysis and demand chain management and show how “response management” is a worthy successor to the supply chain and a possible way to integrate the facilitating technology now available with a dynamic marketplace. 2008-07-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19225 Aggregation of common-metric attributes in preference revelation in choice experiments and implications for willingness to pay Layton, David; Hensher, David A. There is a growing literature that promotes the notion of process heterogeneity in the way that individuals evaluate packages of attributes in real or hypothetical markets and make choices. Empirical evidence suggests that individuals use a number of processing strategies such as cancellation, referencing, and attribute aggregation, the latter occurring where there is a common metric. In this paper we consider the threshold relationship between attributes that are defined on a common metric (e.g., minutes or dollars), in order to gain evidence on the extent to which such attributes might be added up or not in preference revelation. The model specification does not require supplementary information on whether specific individuals claimed to have added up attributes; rather we structure a nonlinear utility function that permits a probabilistic preservation or aggregation of each attribute. We translate this new evidence into a willingness to pay (WTP) for travel time savings, and contrast it with the results from the traditional linear additive model, as well as establishing the extent to which self-stated attribute addition systematically varies with WTP and component inputs into WTP. The implications for environmental assessment are highlighted. 2008-09-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19218 Response management: Strategic and operational considerations Walters, David The 21st century is well underway and already the future is becoming clear. The opportunities confronting business organisations include; new high added-value product-services, new business models, new approaches to manufacturing and operations, and emerging technologies and applications. The threats are quite clear: increasing competition from emerging economies, shortening product life cycles and therefore life spans for innovation, complex environmental and sustainability issues, a changing international socio-economic environment, an increasing regulatory climate and, changing business and values. For many organisations the issues are clear and understood and steps are being undertaken to minimise the threats and to maximise the opportunities; these are relatively straight forward for companies in the fmcg industries where they are close to the final consumer. However many do not have that “luxury” and need to think through how the dynamics of the demand chain can be captured and understood and, further, whether the supply chain that has served many over recent years needs to be re-examined. This paper addresses these issues. It describes the relationships between the demand chain, the supply chain, and the value chain and Identifies companies that have been successful by embracing the notion that there is a need to be customer-centric – wherever you may be in the value chain. 2008-08-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19224 Ordered choices and heterogeneity in attribute processing Greene, William H; Hensher, David A A growing number of empirical studies involve the assessment of influences on a choice amongst ordered discrete alternatives. Ordered logit and probit models are well known, including extensions to accommodate random parameters and heteroscedasticity in unobserved variance. This paper extends the ordered choice random parameter model to permit random parameterization of thresholds and decomposition to establish observed sources of systematic variation in the threshold parameter distribution. We illustrate the empirical gains of this model in the context of an individual’s choice amongst unlabelled attribute packages of alternative tolled and non-tolled routes for the commuting trip, and the role that each attribute plays, in the sense of being ignored or not. The ordering represents the number of attributes attended to from the full fixed set. The evidence suggests that there is significant heterogeneity associated with the thresholds that can be connected to systematic sources associated with the respondent (i.e., gender) and the choice experiment (i.e., aggregation treatment of components of travel time). 2008-07-01T00:00:00Z