https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17361 2026-06-15T21:17:55Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19576 Current trends and innovations affecting the potential for a widespread adoption of electric buses - A comparative case study of 22 cities in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and Europe Li, Xiangyi; Castellanos, Sebastian; Maassen, Anne Electric buses have environmental, economic, and health benefits, which many cities want to achieve by transitioning their fleets. However, the actual worldwide electric bus adoption is geographically uneven and limited in scale, and few studies analyzed what factors can potentially shape a wider adoption. The paper is based on real world experiences, and applies a comparative multi-case study to 22 cities in 14 countries. A common framework is used for analysis, which includes non-reimbursable funds, investment capital, and legal arrangements. Results show that four key factors are shaping the widespread adoption of electric buses. Firstly, public and private grants, which, when dedicated to cleaning the fleet, appears as a strong factor underpinning existing clean bus systems. Secondly, less costly sources of financing can reduce financial risks and enable more adoption, and it is where innovation can happen. Also, innovative ways of structuring contractual implementation effectively connect stakeholders and involve third-party players, which leads to shared and mitigated risks, increased efficiency and improved performance. In addition, some other elements outside of the business model framework also prove to be enabling the adoption of electric buses. Papers - Workshop 5 Bridging the benefit / funding gap 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17547 Measuring agglomeration in transport system planning: Effective density as a measure in Helsinki Region Ronikonmäki, Niko-Matti; Laakso, Seppo This paper aims to create estimates for effective densities in Helsinki Region. The context is the regional transport system, land use and housing planning process, which defines the strategic direction for the region’s transport and land use planning. Agglomeration economies is widely recognized in the literature, but correct measurements and tools for planning are yet to come. We create the estimates for effective density by combining transport cost data with job density data, which will work then as a measurement for agglomeration. We define accessibility by aggregated travel cost data, which is derived from the regional traffic forecast model. Statistics Finland’s regional data for different sectors is used for productivity measurements, which allow us to evaluate the usability and creditability of our effective density measures. The results show that our estimated effective densities have positive correlation with productivity, but we recognize the possible problems of identification and endogeneity. This is why further studies are needed, so that we can come up with more robust and reliable measurements for agglomeration and produce even more reliable information for the planning and policy processes. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17546 Accessibility and Social Welfare: A study of the City of Johannesburg Lionjanga, Nahungu; Venter, Christo Within the corpus of accessibility measures is the Net Wage After Commute which describes the potential wage earnable less the transport costs incurred to commute to work from a particular location. This paper explores the time-series developments of accessibility, using this poverty-relevant metric, in low-income residential areas of the City of Johannesburg, biennially from 2009 to 2013 when accessibility patterns were altered as a result of major investments in the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. Furthermore, a difference-in-differences approach was adopted to explore the effects of access to the BRT on the well-being of lower-income households, investigating the premise that transport related benefits brought about by such investments translate to social welfare improvements. The results suggest that significant time-series changes in accessibility patterns are driven by affordability against the backdrop of decentralisation, particularly for low-income areas in the peripheries of the city. The difference-in-differences model reveals that the BRT did not improve the well-being of residents, however, likely users of the service are better off in terms of well-being than non-users. This suggests that that BRT in Johannesburg is beneficial as a transport project, but not as a general urban intervention able to improve the overall amenity of served communities. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17551 Accessibility and Uncertainty: the Option Value of Public Transport Bondemark, Anders; Johansson, Erik Are there option values of public transport services? A few studies have tried to answer this question through various stated preference methods but the question is so far unanswered. In this paper we set out to present the empirical work that has been done with regard to public transport, and then discuss how option value is linked to accessibility. Accessibility can be seen as the end product of the transport system, and our argument is that option value is a component of accessibility. Therefore, estimations of option value should take into account the change in accessibility that an option mode gives rise to. We present a framework where we discuss the logsum as a potential measure. In addition, we argue that there is a risk premium component of the option value, given that individuals are risk averse, that people might be willing to pay to keep a service from removal. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17548 Public Transport Accessibility Needs Assessment Using Gaming Simulations Frank, Andreas; Meijer, Sebastiaan Accessibility is a complex measure, defined as the ability to perform activities that are necessary or desired by the users of the system. While being difficult to quantify, it is currently recognised as an important measure when assessing the benefits of transport networks. Accessibility is furthermore closely tied together with social inclusion, another aspect recognised in recent studies as an important variable for promoting sustainable societies. The two measures are difficult to integrate into transport models, partly due to being poorly understood and communicated between users and decision makers, as well as due to the qualitative nature of these two measurements. This article examines how gaming simulations can be used to communicate the measures of accessibility and social inclusion, to bridge the gap between the users of the transport infrastructure and the decision makers. Gaming simulations have a long track record in aiding policy making in complex issues and facilitating discussion between different stakeholders. Employing gaming simulations will provide a good aid to achieve a more comprehensive representation and understanding of the users in order to create more accessible and inclusive public transport infrastructure. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17545 Public Transport Authorities’ Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Practice Vigren, Andreas; Ljungberg, Anders Given the Swedish national goals for transport and infrastructure, economic efficiency is essential also in public transport operations. In 2003, Ljungberg (2007) sought to answer to which extent PTAs use Cost-Benefit analyses (CBA), a methodology to assess economic efficiency, in their planning of operations and infrastructure. It was found that CBA is seldom used. This paper tries to answer the same question, but for the year 2016. The aim of this paper is to see to what extent PTAs are using CBA today, and investigate whether there are any changes compared to the previous study. A survey was sent to all Swedish PTAs with questions regarding current, previous, and projected future use of CBA. Questions about knowledge of reference materials and why the organization use (or do not use) CBA was asked. The main results are that most PTAs are not using CBA as decision support. For those who does, the method is used mostly for investments in payment systems and major line or traffic changes. The PTAs seem not regard a lack of economic resources a reason for not using CBA. Rather, lack of knowledge and more reliance on other types of decision support are the reasons. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17497 Future bus transport contracts under a mobility as a service (MaaS) regime in the digital age: are they likely to change? Hensher, David A. The digital age has opened up new opportunities to improve the customer experience in using public transport. Specifically, we see the role of smart technology in the hands of customers as the new rubric to deliver services that are individualised to the needs and preferences of current and future public transport users. This frontline of service delivery has become known as mobility as a service (MaaS) whereby an individual can book a service delivered through a range of possible modes of transport. Variations are bus-based options that include smart bookable ‘point-via-point-to-point’ services that offer options on travel times and fares as well as the continuation of conventional bus services where the market for smart MaaS is difficult or inappropriate to provide (e.g., contracted (often free) school bus services). This paper presents a number of positions that could potentially represent future contexts in which bus services might be offered, recognising that a hybrid multi-modal state of affairs may be the most appealing new contract setting, enabling the design of contracts to be driven by the mode-neutral customer experience, and the growing opportunity to focus on MaaS. We suggest that the adrenal rush for mobility services, however, may not deliver the full solution that supporters are suggesting. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17521 Effects of road pricing – some suggestions based upon experience from urban areas like Stockholm Hauge, Olav In this paper, we list the experiences of road congestion regulation using a road price system in Stockholm, Sweden. We add findings of a quantitative regulation system in Oslo, Norway when the road authorities closed tunnels towards the center June 1, 2015. We add findings in Oslo and Stockholm where politicians designed a policy to improve road use organization. We add an analysis by a Danish economist Jens Warming in 1911. He designed a model to regulate exploitation of exhaustible fish resources and showed that regulation policy reduces exploitation and secures the available stock of these resources2. Warming introduced what he defined as a social revenue correction of private revenue that agents based their market behavior on. Unregulated market behavior with free accessible and exhaustible resources can drain such resources. We define an urban road transport networks that will have similar exhaustible characteristics. Introducing road price changes road users' behavior, thus such a regulation systems can optimize road use utilization, free urban area for different purposes and solve the problems of the commons. We present Braess' paradox and discuss a consumer choice dilemma in choosing transportation in morning rush hours. Papers - Workshop 5 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17508 How does the ride-hailing systems demand affect individual transport regulation? de Souza Silva, Laize Andréa; de Andrade, Maurício Oliveira; Alves Maia, Maria Leonor This paper analyses, on the light of the Brazilian legislation, the individual transport legal issues derived by the entrance of the ride-hailing companies into the market. The legal problem of ridesourcing services revolves around determining its nature as public or private. Regarding this, changes in the current legislation have being proposed to characterize the service as illegal or legal and to force the delimitations of its operation before the transport network of each municipality. In addition, this paper analyses socio demographic and travel characteristics of the Brazilian ridesourcing demand. Based on this demand point of view, a logistic regression model was generated to predict the probability of riderspliting system use. The results show that the majority of ridesourcing trips is replacing taxi and public transport trips. According to the logistic regression model, safety is the main reason that influences the decision of sharing trips via ridespliting. The other relevant factors are directly or indirectly related to service cost. The use of larger vehicles for sharing trips can become a competitive mode for public transport and generate a greater clash between public transport and ridesourcing companies than the one between the taxi industry and technology companies. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17513 Mobility as a Service: Implications for future mainstream public transport Smith, Göran; Sochor, Jana; Karlssona, MariAnne Bundled offerings that facilitate using multiple means for solving everyday travel needs are proposed to hold potential to facilitate a modal shift from private cars to servitized transport modes, including public transport (PT). However, this type of offering, often coined Mobility as a Service (MaaS), may require new forms of partnerships, in which private actors play a larger role in the creation of public value. Accordingly, based on input from 19 interviews with MaaS actors in West Sweden, this paper explores how MaaS could develop and how future mainstream PT might be affected. Three predictive scenarios are identified – market-driven, public-controlled and public-private – and the impact on PT, in terms of the scope, usage, access, business model, competence structure and brand value, are discussed in relation to these. The paper also illustrates that the development of MaaS in Sweden seems to take the public-private route. Lastly, the authors conclude that finding a regulatory ‘sweet spot’ that drives innovation and secures public benefits will be key for future development. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17528 Land Enhancement and Intensification Benefits of Investing in an Urban Rail Network Le, Henry; Liang, Lim Wee; Leong, Wai Yan Authorities around the world are looking for new approaches to justify the implementation of capital intensive transport infrastructure such as urban rail solutions. Traditionally, the benefits of an urban rail line include conventional user benefits such as savings in travel time, vehicle operating costs, accident costs and environmental costs, and more recently wider economic benefits. An alternative approach that is sometimes used is to consider the appreciation of property prices along a rail corridor, and the intensification of land development surrounding a rail station. Using the development of new rail lines in Singapore as a case study, this paper will first apply the hedonic regression method to obtain estimates of elasticity between property price and transport accessibility. Secondly, using historical land use masterplans, the paper will discuss how the density of land use adjacent to rail stations has intensified over the past 15 years, through a comparative analysis of the land use density with respect to the distance to a rail station. Finally, with the North East Line as an example, the alternative approach comprising the land value enhancement of existing properties and the land intensification due to proximity to the line will be compared against the conventional user benefits. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17532 Transit network expansion and accessibility implications A case study of Gwangju metropolitan area, South Korea Song, Yena; Kim, Hyun; Lee, Keumsook Densely populated metropolitan areas require a well-functioning transit system to serve the travel demands in the area. Because of this, transit networks have evolved with the growth of the metropolis and this has entailed changes in the network’s accessibility. This study aimed to explore the changes in accessibility following major transit network expansions in the Gwangju Metropolitan Area. The time distance based accessibility was calculated at three different transit provision stages. The global accessibility measure indicated that the construction of subway line 1 would improve the transit accessibility significantly, but the second line would not have as much impact as line 1. The spatial distribution of accessibility changes appeared to deliver a similar message. However, our findings contradicted with the criticism of the current subway line 1, whose modal share has stayed quite low since its operation, and the expectation of the planned subway line 2. This might be due to the limitations of our definition of accessibility, but it also could be understood that the under-use of subway line 1 hindered the realisation of accessibility impacts in reality. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17506 Measuring the Impact of Transportation in Quality of Life, Social Support, and Health. Aguiar, Bruno; Macário, Rosário Transportation has a great impact on the evolution of societies, such as the level of communication, exchanges of goods and a great social importance. Through transportation the connection and contact with friends, family, and goods, basically with the community itself, becomes easier. One of the social functions of the transport system is to ease integration of urban areas in economic, social and recreational activities, providing adequate answers to the needs of population. This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation concerning the impact of mobility and accessibility in the quality of life, social support, and health in general. The population studied consisted of 539 individuals. The research question was to understand whether there were differences in Health, Quality of Life and Social Support, and respective subscales, among the participants considering their Mobility and Accessibility choice and availability. The instrument used was a questionnaire based on self-assessment divided into 5 sections; Transportation Pattern, Quality of Life, Social Support, Health and Bio-Demographic characterization. The objective of this investigation is to demonstrate the impact of Transportation on Health, Quality of Life and Social Support. Papers - Workshop 5 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17511 Urban transport: eliminating blind spots and missing links in the era of the fourth industrial (r)evolution Gullberg, Anders The transport sector, especially in growing cities, faces challenges relating to the climate, local environment, congestion, funding and equality, and uncertainties over political leadership, self-driving vehicles, citizens‟ reactions, and how the system is understood. Despite ambitious goals and investments, problems escalate via motoring‟s self-supporting processes: more cars, more roads, longer journeys, urban sprawl, more cars ... . Neither technical streamlining nor investing in public transport and attractive urban environments can trump the process. This paper examines whether we can use the methods of the fourth industrial (r)evolution to transform the urban-transport system. Starting points are: the role of transport in creating accessibility; the sector‟s inherent logic and vast unused capacity, particularly in infrastructure; and the methods and business models of the rapidly expanding digital-platform monopolies. A feasible future is described, its basis a digital multimodal urban-transport platform for information and payment, founded on the sector‟s base services: room on the streets, roads, rails, car parks and public transport. The technology exists but institutional problems abound. Radical public-sector service innovations are required. The paper identifies opportunities and obstacles. It concludes by evaluating the potential to realize these ambitious goals, looking at public transport‟s role in a reorganized system of this kind. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17510 Implications of ridesourcing and self-driving vehicles on the need for regulation in unscheduled passenger transport Aarhaug, Jørgen; Olsen, Silvia One of the major recent developments in passenger transport is the arrival of large scale ridesourcing services, such as Uber and Lyft. These actors have challenged the definitions of what private and commercial transport is, by utilizing fleets of private cars and app-technology. Ridesourcing services pose several challenges to the existing transport framework. They exist in-between commercial and private activities, are partly outside the control of governments, and partly in direct contradiction with the current regulations. This paper also looks at how ridesourcing and autonomous vehicles may reshape the market for unscheduled passenger transport. This paper combines the use of literature on regulation and the economic properties of the markets for unscheduled passenger transport with scenario analyses to look into how ridesourcing and automated vehicles affect the markets in unscheduled passenger transport. The main findings are that as underlying economic mechanisms that points towards situations that calls for regulation are similar regardless of how the services are offered, the need for regulation will remain. However, as the market properties of the market segments are different, and a shift in the relative importance of the different market segments are likely, the possible and suitable points of regulation will change. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17529 Regulatory Structures and their Impact on the Sustainability Performance of Public Transport in World Cities Currie, Graham; Truong, Long; de Gruyter, Chris This paper describes a new measure of the sustainability performance of public transport in 88 world cities adopting 15 indicators including Environmental, Social, Economic and System Effectiveness sustainability. Sustainability performance is then explored for cities with only “Public” operations or others with some degree of commercial operation (“Non-Public”) Results show no significant difference in aggregate total sustainability indicator scores between world cities with “Public”/“Non-Public” operations. However Social Sustainability indicators are significantly different with “Public” operations having better Social Sustainability performance than “Non-Public”. For individual component indicators, three of the four Social Sustainability component indicators have average normalised scores suggesting statistically significant differences between “Public” and “Non-Public” city scores with “Public” cities performing better than “Non-Public”. The indicators and their relative advantage to “Public” cities being Trip distance (24%), Affordability (34%) and PT related deaths (29%). However results also show that operating costs per passenger km and cost recovery are higher in “Non-Public” cities suggesting higher elements of Economic Sustainability in “Non-Public” based Public Transport cities The paper concludes with a summary and discussion of the results including implications for regulatory practices and areas for future research. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17534 A New Approach to Accessibility – Perceived accessibility versus objectively measured accessibility in daily travel Lättman, Katrin; Olsson, Lars E; Friman, Margareta Accessibility has conventionally been measured and evaluated ignoring the user-perspective in favor for focus on travel time and distance to a number of pre-determined destinations. Acknowledging this gap, we recently developed a scale for perceived accessibility PAC (Lättman, Friman, & Olsson 2016) aimed at capturing the individual perspective of accessibility within a certain travel mode. In this paper, we 1) further develop the PAC measure of perceived accessibility in order to capture the perceived accessibility of the individuals’ actual daily travel 2) compare residents’ perceived accessibility to the objective accessibility level for the same residential area, and 3) compare levels of perceived accessibility between residential areas and main travel modes. Data from 2711 residents of Malmö, Sweden show that perceived accessibility is consistently higher than objective accessibility across 13 residential areas, with minor differences in levels of perceived accessibility between areas. Surprisingly, bicycle users rate their accessibility significantly higher than those who mainly use the car or public transport for daily travel, contrary to objective accessibility assumptions. These differences point at the importance of including perceived accessibility as a complementary tool when planning for and evaluating the transport systems. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17518 Social exclusion: the roles of mobility and bridging social capital in regional Australia Stanley, John; Stanley, Janet Mobility is a fundamental requirement for well-functioning regions and for the wellbeing of their residents (and visitors). The paper first examines the role of mobility in promoting social inclusion of regional residents. Discussing the groups of regional people most likely to be at risk of social exclusion, because of poor mobility opportunities, the paper highlights pre-school children as a new focus for policy and research attention. It then highlights the importance of building bridging social capital to reduce risks of social exclusion in a regional setting, showing that, while regional people at high risk of social exclusion may achieve relatively high trip making (mobility), they may still have problems taking trips that build their bridging social capital. Public transport services can play a supportive role here, with indicative service levels outlined. To better meet regional mobility needs and achieve more effective use of mobility-supporting resources (e.g. vehicles, people), the paper proposes a central integrating role for Regional Accessibility Committees. Papers - Workshop 5 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17512 Urban Demand Responsive Transport in the Mobility as a Service ecosystem: its role and potential market share Alonso-González, María J.; van Oort, Niels; Oded, Cats; Hoogendoorn, Serge Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is entering the transportation market. MaaS aims at the full integration of the existing transportation services and it offers tailored mobility packages to the user. In MaaS ecosystems, on-demand services play an important role as complement to public transport due to their flexibility. However, to date, most attention has been placed on individual on-demand services. This study focuses on Demand Responsive Transport (DRT): collective on-demand services. Using an on-line survey, we analysed the characteristics of the respondents who chose different modes of transport among their selected modes. Results find a distinctive pattern in the willingness of users to use different modes, with different levels in what could be considered as a multimodality ladder. The different rungs of it would be: 1st car (if available), 2nd public transport, 3rd DRT and 4th taxi-like services. This way, a person standing on the third rung would include car, public transport and DRT in their consideration set, but not taxi. This finding suggests that, if implemented in the right way, DRT services can attract a larger number of users than taxi-like services, especially in a MaaS ecosystem where initial barriers to try this service can be lessened. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17517 Getting off the greenhouse gas: Public transport’s potential contribution in Australian cities. Stanley, John; Ellison, Richard; Loader, Chris; Hensher, David A. Australians are one of the world’s highest per capita emitters of greenhouse gases, yet the country’s target for emissions reductions by 2030 remains modest. This paper looks at policy options for Australian cities to deliver faster transport emissions reductions than the national commitment level. The main focus is on an accelerated reduction in emissions from urban road transport, through technological improvements and behaviour changes. Targets are proposed for improved emissions intensities, to bring Australia much closer to US and EU performance expectations. A range of behaviour change measures is then tested on Melbourne and Sydney, the Sydney analysis using MetroScan-TI, an integrated evaluation framework, to explore how behaviour changes might enhance emissions outcomes. The potential contribution of public transport is a particular focus. The paper concludes that, with sufficient political will, Australia could reduce its 2030 road transport emissions to 40% below 2005 levels. This is a much larger reduction than the current 26-28% Australian emissions but is more consistent with longer-term pathways to acceptable carbon budgets. Papers - Workshop 5 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17504 A Broader Perspective on Social Outcomes in Transport Lowe, Christopher; Stanley, John; Stanley, Janet While the importance of including the interface between transport and the social environment has been acknowledged in the past few decades, application of this remains limited in transport policy and project evaluations. At present, consideration is largely given to impacts of the infrastructure construction and future operation on people living in the vicinity, without looking at social outcomes in terms of personal/societal wellbeing, nor the economic impact of the changes in these conditions. New research has added a further dimension to the social impact of transport, the value that may be added in rural communities. This relates to the leadership role adopted by some bus operators, and their willingness to support the good functioning and vibrancy of their local communities, with important social and economic outcomes that should be included in both CBA evaluations and taken into account in bus service contracts. The authors argue that it is important that these wider benefits are taken into account in transport evaluations, broadening the potential value to both encompass social and associated economic outcomes. Papers - Workshop 5 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17503 Emerging transport technologies and the modal efficiency framework: A case for mobility as a service (MaaS) Wong, Yale Z.; Hensher, David A.; Mulley, Corinne The land passenger transport sector lies on the cusp of a major transformation, guided by collaborative consumption, next generation vehicles, demographic change and digital technologies. Whilst there is widespread enthusiasm across the community for this nexus of disruptors, the wholescale implications on road capacity, traffic congestion, land use and the urban form remains unclear, and by extension, whether this emerging transport paradigm will bring a net benefit to the transport system and our communities. Some issues include the proliferation of point-to-point transportation, a continuation of universal vehicle ownership, and the demise of fixed route public transport—all envisaged by various industry leaders in technology and transportation. In this paper, we develop the modal efficiency framework, with axes representing spatial and temporal efficiency to illustrate why some of these developments may be geometrically incompatible with dense urban environments. We then investigate three potential scenarios likely to emerge and explain why they may be problematic with reference to this framework. Mobility as a service (MaaS) based on shared mobility and modal integration is then introduced as a sustainable alternative which accounts for the realities of spatial and temporal efficiency. Various models for implementing MaaS are evaluated including the distinction between commercially-motivated models (presently well advanced in research and development), and systems which incorporate an institutional overlay. The latter, government-led MaaS, is recommended for implementation given the opportunity for incorporating road pricing as an input into package price, defined by time of day, geography and modal efficiency. In amidst the hype of this emerging transport paradigm, a critical assessment of the realm of possibilities can better inform government policy and ensure that digital disruption occurs to our advantage. Papers - Workshop 7 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17533 The value of local railways: an approach using CVM Utsunomiya, Kiyohito In Japan, many local railway lines in regional areas are on the brink of closure due to accumulated deficits. Although railways are generally said to have their own option and non-use values compared with buses, conventional cost benefit analysis does not evaluate these values sufficiently because there have been few quantitative research studies into this issue. This paper, focusing on three different Japanese local railways, estimates railways’ additional value over buses using CVM. The CVM here is to estimate not an absolute total economic value of a specific railway but a relative value of railway to replacement buses. Therefore, our survey research has the advantage that data obtained from different railways can be compared and generalized to a certain extent. The results show that two of three cases have their own additional value over buses of around twenty percent, and the other one has additional value of around ten percent. There is no big difference in evaluation between direct users and non-users at present. Also, the survey shows that, if train frequency increases, a certain number of residents, including potential users, are willing to pay more than the current fares. Papers - Workshop 6 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17519 Managing Unprofitable Passenger Rail Operations in Japan - Lessons from the Experience in Sweden - Kurosaki, Fumio; Alexandersson, Gunnar Japan was the first country to implement a ground-breaking reform in the railway sector in 1987 when it broke up the Japanese National Railways (JNR) into six vertically integrated railway companies. Mainly because of the recent population decrease in local areas, many local rail lines face severe declines in passenger numbers. JR Hokkaido, where railway management has been particularly difficult, announced in November 2016 that about 1200 km of lines cannot be sustained only through the revenues from the businesses and the interest of the Management Stabilization Funds. When it comes to upholding unprofitable public transport, Sweden implemented a radical reform in 1988 by means of vertical separation and decentralisation and then gradually introduced competitive tendering to procure unprofitable passenger rail services. In order to tackle current challenges in the Japanese railway sector, it could be beneficial to draw lessons from the experience in Sweden. As the railways provide several different benefits to the society, it seems rational that those beneficiaries provide certain finances accordingly to sustain the unprofitable railway operations. Also, in order to introduce a system to provide the subsidy, it seems necessary to make each account of the railway company transparent. Papers - Workshop 5 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17483 Stakeholder Value Network: modelling key relationships for advancing towards high quality bus transit systems Pereira, Brenda Medeiros; dos Santos Senna, Luiz Afonso; Lindau, Luis Antonio Most urban transport projects are complex as they involve different areas of knowledge and have to accommodate conflicting interests of many stakeholders. Despite existing good practices in public transportation, many cities in Brazil and around the world are not able to hold these improvements due to strong direct and indirect pressures from key stakeholders. The lack of trust among stakeholders has been stronger than the trust between them. Understanding the relationships between stakeholder and evaluating the critical paths is key to facilitating the implementation of improvements. This paper develops a qualitative and quantitative model that represents the stakeholders network involved in the planning, operation and monitoring of bus transit as well as determine key stakeholders and critical paths for decision making. To demonstrate the application of the model, we performed a case study in Porto Alegre. We have identified 13 key stakeholders directly and indirectly involved in the process. Through Stakeholder Value Network methodology, it was possible to qualify and quantify 59 value flows between stakeholders who can influence the implementation of improvements in public transport system. The main search results provide useful information to facilitate the implementation of improvements and thus qualifies the services provided to the population. Papers - Workshop 4 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17432 Urban transport: eliminating blind spots and missing links in the era of the fourth industrial (r)evolution A digital platform and new business model Gullberg, Anders 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17441 Introducing renewable fuels in public bus transport – challenges and opportunities Aldenius, Malin 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17435 Do direct awards lead to better public transport? Schaaffkamp, Christoph 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17437 Managing unprofitable passenger rail operations in Japan: Lessons from the experiences in Sweden Kurosaki, Fumio; Alexandersson, Gunnar 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17480 The Role of Bus Partnerships Godfrey, John; Taylor, John Great Britain (outside London) is unusual among Western European economies in leaving the planning of its bus networks to the private sector, albeit working from a long-established historic basis. It took several years following deregulation in 1986, compounded by wholesale changes in the ownership of bus operators, for new, stable and mature relationships to develop between operators and local transport authorities. The building of partnership working, founded on their common interests of encouraging greater accessibility by bus, increased patronage, and modal shift from cars – with the consequent social, economic and environmental benefits – has underpinned some impressive achievements over the last 25 years. This paper examines the role of partnerships in enabling and sustaining improvements in service quality and supply, and securing additional investment in network resources and facilities. It is based on many years direct experience of developing the partnership concept with authorities and operators and working through a variety of challenges that have arisen. In addition to this experience, we draw on 2015 data obtained from across Britain while revising government guidance on the issues. We consider the differences between models of service delivery with and without partnership, the components of successful partnerships, and the lessons to be learned from less successful implementations. Finally, we look at more recent changes in the partnership landscape, and the tensions with advocates of closer regulation, leading up to the provisions of the Bus Services Act 2017. Papers - Workshop 3 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17431 Local public transport in Russia: regulation, ownership and competion Ryzhkov, Alexander 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17444 Prospects in Britain in the light of the Bus Services Act 2017 White, Peter 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17488 Bikes on Buses: A Melbourne Case Study Lowe, Christopher; Wright, Robert This paper study presents a case study exemplar of how voluntary professional association's (VPA's) can contribute towards the achievement of societal goals like improving public health, reducing the rate of growth of congestion, reducing transport emissions by developing and implementing multi-stakeholder, industry-wide initiatives that aim to improve the extent of inter-modality for users of bicycles and buses in Victoria, over the long term, not just as an agent of bus operators, but of Government as well. This paper details the historical and current state of the carrying of bicycles on buses in some local and international jurisdictions and suggests two theories that underpin the initiative, being agency theory and the stakeholder perspective. It is expected the results will aid in the decision making associated with the greater proliferation of bicycle racks on buses. This paper extends the hypothesis of agency theory with two agents and presents a case study exemplar for other VPA's (or industry representative bodies) looking at developing industry-wide responses to societal issues. Papers - Workshop 4 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17447 Emerging transport technologies and the modal efficiency framework: A case for mobility as a service (MaaS) Wong, Yale Z.; Hensher, David A.; Mulley, Corinne 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17460 When competitive tendering seems to risky. Evidence from regional railways in Poland Krol, Marcin This paper analyses the emergence of region-owned local operators to counteract opportunistic behaviour of the incumbent on the market of regional rail services after competitive tendering failed in Poland. Six local operators have been set up so far, their combined market share is significant (54% in passengers, 44.5% in passenger-km) and growing. The prior flawed liberalisation of regional rail market in Poland resulted in substantial barriers to entry for external competitors and strong incentives for incumbent’s opportunistic behaviour toward regional authorities. Main reasons for regional authorities to vertically integrate are lowering transaction costs of providing rail public services and eliminating incumbent’s market power. Papers - Workshop 2b 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17453 “The Frankfurt Way” – Innovative Institutional Arrangements for Public Transport Planning and Management Schmitz, Winfried Local public transport is not simply a mere matter of actual travel operations, but organisational issues are increasingly playing a significant role in an ever more difficult environment. What tasks must and can the public authorities still perform and what tasks can others do better? And how does one ensure that the interests of the public are preserved during all this privatisation? In this sense, local public transport is also and in particular a question of the right form of organisation. In Frankfurt, a strong and large organisation has been developed, which, on the one hand, ensures that the competencies of the private sector are incorporated and, at the same time, represents and implements the interests of the public (= citizens and government). An exciting field of work – perhaps also for others? Papers - Workshop 2b 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17473 Commercial Services in German local public transport Karl, Astrid Since 1996 German local public transport by road has been organised as a hybrid regime which allows for prioritised market-initiated services as well as contracted public services initiated by competent authorities. In 2012 the legal framework was amended, but the general setting of a hybrid regime was kept as well as the priority of commercial market initiatives. The new law came into force in 2013. It was expected that conflicting initiatives would possibly concern regional services, but not city networks due to the typically high level of subsidies. Surprisingly, in 2015 a market initiative competed successfully against the authority’s intention to tender the contract for the urban bus network in Pforzheim. As of December 2016 a daughter company of Deutsche Bahn operates these services without any contractual compensation (‘commercially’). The company formerly operating the services in Pforzheim had to be shut down. The paper gives an overview of the regulation of the German local public transport by road and describes the procedure through which commercial operators may gain access to the market. It provides a closer look at the Pforzheim case and concludes with an outlook on the (political) consequences of the case. Papers - Workshop 3 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17442 Competition and substitution between public transport modes Fearnley, Nils; Currie, Graham; Flügel, Stefan; Gregersen, Fredrik A; Killi, Marit; Toner, Jeremy; Wardman, Mark 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17459 The Wheels Keep on Turning: Is the end of rail franchising in Britain in sight? Preston, John The regime of passenger rail franchising in Britain, in actual fact a form of competitive tendering, has been in place for over 20 years. The developments have been reported at past Thredbo Conferences, including by the author in 2007 and 2015. The franchising regime has been remarkably resilient and has been through at least five phases. Using the concept of regulatory cycles, this paper reviews the prospects for a sixth and possibly final phase. Rail statistics are reviewed and a welfare analysis of rail franchising is undertaken, building on and updating work presented at the Thredbo Conference in 2011. This suggests that franchising has been modestly welfare enhancing over the substantive phases of franchising to date, even though the transaction costs associated with the competition are substantial and apparently increasing. However, there remain concerns. Train operating costs remain high and there is strong Union resistance to technologies such as Driver Only Operation. This is currently manifesting itself in terms of industrial disputes and poor service delivery on the Southern franchise. There are also concerns about the costs that vertical separation of operations and infrastructure impose on the system and there are plans for experiments with forms of integration, not least for the proposed East-West railway, despite the apparent failure of the Wessex virtual alliance. The commissioning of High Speed 2 may well change the franchising model for many mainline railways, whilst the Competition and Markets Authority continues to push for more open access. Given this back drop, this paper will consider the pros and cons of alternative regimes, including public and/or private concessions. Papers - Workshop 2b 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17482 Partnerships in the Australian Bus Operating Environment Lowe, Christopher; Huefner, Lauran Industry and government partnering to achieve mutual outcomes is not a new phenomenon, even if it is a relatively underappreciated concept. A focus by governments on value for money underpinned by the tendering of bus service contracts as the default and most common method of awarding operating rights for bus services has led to an operating environment where the focus is often only on efficiency and price, rather than also including social and community benefits and other measures as part of the value parameter. With a focus on marketing and promotion activities that seek to enhance both quantity and quality of public transport ridership, this paper provides a discussion of successful and proposed industry “partnering with government” projects that achieve strategic level objectives and exemplifies the ways government and industry can generate increased value for all stakeholders. It also presents a theoretical lens through which to view the partnership approach along with a literature review of partnerships in a public transport context to see what has gone before. The paper clearly identifies that an open trusting partnering approach to achieve policy outcomes, including negotiated contracts and a focus on community outcomes, can create strong and positive community value. Papers - Workshop 4 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17466 Prospects in Britain in the light of the Bus Services Act 2017 White, Peter The Bus Services Act 2017 gained Royal Assent on 27 April, shortly before Parliament was dissolved prior to the general election of 8 June. It provides a range of powers, mostly permissive rather than mandatory. The general emphasis of the Act displays marked shift from the previous focus on competition as a major policy aim, to one in which partnerships between operators and local transport authorities are encouraged. Procedures for franchising are simplified, in contrast to those under the 2000 and 2008 Acts, which did not result in any franchising scheme outside London being introduced. The changes relate to a number of themes examined in previous Thredbo conferences, from the first in 1989 when British deregulation was analysed by several contributors, including aspects of competition law, service tendering, data disclosure and network planning. This paper begins by examining the historical background to the Act, then discusses its main provisions, and possible outcomes in practice. This paper is based on observation of the bus industry over many years, and the development of the Act. All views are those of the author personally, and do not represent those of the British government or any other organisation. Papers - Workshop 3 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17470 Impacts of the German interurban bus market deregulation on regional railway services Gremm, Cornelia Since 1 January 2013, the German interurban bus market is deregulated. As a consequence of deregulation, the number of interurban bus passengers has increased from 2.5 million in 2012 to 24 million in 2016. Today there is a dense interurban bus network covering the whole German territory. In parallel to the interurban bus network, which is operated mostly by private companies, there is a network of regional railway services that is subsidized by public funds. In order to prevent cannibalization of regional railway services, interurban bus companies are allowed to offer their services only where the distance between two cities is at least 50 kilometres and the regional train takes at least one hour. Despite these restrictions, there is still competition between the two modes of transportation. The present paper gives some insight into the intermodal competition between interurban buses and regional railways as well as into the financial impact of the new interurban bus market on the regional railway market. For this purpose, we have combined regional railway, geographical and interurban bus data. Our estimation shows that the financial impact of interurban bus competition on the entire regional railway system is relatively low. Papers - Workshop 3 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17439 The wheels keep on turning. Is the end of rail franchising in Britain in sight? Preston, John 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17445 Outcomes from bus contracts with strong incentives in Stockholm Pyddoke, Roger; Lindgren, Hanna 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17489 A Terminology of Interorganisational Coordination in Public Transport: The Case of Timetable Planning in Denmark. Sorensen, Claus Hedegaard State, regional and municipal authorities, public transport authorities and traffic operators at many different levels are essential players in public transport. Inter-organisational coordination between those players are required to achieve optimised timetables that take the needs of customers into account. This paper presents a terminology in the form of four coordination mechanisms of relevance when the many public transport players are to coordinate to make customer-focused timetables. The four mechanisms are ownership and instruction, contracts, partnerships and mutual understanding. They are all based upon basic coordination mechanisms of marked, hierarchy, and network. The paper gives examples of problems relating to insufficient coordination mechanisms resulting in timetables that are not optimised and customer-focused. The results presented stem from a Danish study focusing on institutional constraints for optimisation of timetables in inter-organisational relations. The empirical focus is the Eastern part of Denmark, including the Greater Copenhagen Area. Papers - Workshop 4 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17446 Transit network expansion and accessibility implications: a case study of Gwangju metropolitan area, South Korea Song, Yena; Kim, Hyun; Lee, Keumsook 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17452 Franchising Regional Rail Passenger Services in Germany – New Evidence on the Efficiency in Using Subsidies Link, Heike This paper examines the outcomes of franchising regional rail passenger services in Germany at the global level and analyses the regional differences in the efficiency of using subsidies for franchised regional rail services. It provides evidence on the positive outcomes of the franchising approach at the global scale regarding service supply, patronage, subsidies paid and quality of service. The regional differences in the use of funds are studied by means of a two-stage efficiency analysis which includes quality of service variables and financial indicators. It is based on a panel dataset for the period 2003-2014 for a subsample of 22 public transport authorities. The analysis shows that a higher share of tendering, a higher share of gross contracts and longer and smaller contracts were efficiency-enhancing factors in the period of analysis. These impacts are found both in a model without inclusion of quality of service variables and models which includes them. Papers - Workshop 2b 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17490 Coopetition between commercial and subsidized railway services – the case of the greater Stockholm region Alexandersson, Gunnar; Bondemark, Anders; Henriksson, Lars; Hultén, Staffan An important ingredient of the deregulation of the Swedish railway system is the increased involvement of public actors on the local and regional level in the provision of railway services. The subsidized local and regional railway services show the strongest growth of all market segments in the Swedish passenger railway market. The strong growth is due both to changes in travel patterns and improved subsidized railway services. One important factor in the success of the regional public transport authorities’ (PTA) railway services is the redefinition of the scope of these railway services by expanding existing regional networks into neighbouring counties and by interconnecting regional railway networks into bigger entities. In 2016 nearly all local and regional railway services in Sweden’s most populated region, Mälardalen, became part of a network of railway services subsidized by the PTAs in the greater region. In this paper we will analyse the cooperative and competitive interactions between the stakeholders in the greater region using the key concepts in the theory of hybrid organizations. We find that despite moving towards a unified public transport market covering many counties the hybrid organizations use different governance structures and have different goal structures and principles for sharing value creation. Papers - Workshop 4 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17436 Digital public transport in an era of sharing and collaborative mobility Hensher, David A. 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17448 Thredbo at Thirty: Review of Past Papers and Reflections Bray, David; Hensher, David A.; Wong, Yale Z. Plenary 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z