Sydney School of Veterinary Science

Efficacy, Dosing, And Duration Of Antiviral Therapy In Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Systematic Review Protocol To Support Iscaid Fip Treatment Guidelines

2026-03-06T03:40:36Z

Efficacy, Dosing, And Duration Of Antiviral Therapy In Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Systematic Review Protocol To Support Iscaid Fip Treatment Guidelines Scahill, Karolina; Alexandre, Daniel; Lowen, Petra; Motaghi, Shahrzad; Weese, Scott; Coggins, Sally Rationale Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive, systemic disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) and characterised by pyogranulomatous inflammation, vasculitis, and variable clinical manifestations. Historically, FIP was considered uniformly fatal, but the emergence of antiviral therapies in recent years has transformed the therapeutic landscape and created an urgent need for rigorous, evidence‑based evaluation of available treatment strategies. Despite increasing research interest, published studies remain highly variable in diagnostic criteria, case definitions, treatment protocols, outcome measures, and methodological quality, making interpretation and comparison challenging. To ensure that the forthcoming treatment guideline addresses the most relevant and clinically meaningful questions, a panel of 16 stakeholders from 10 countries across six continents was formed. Panel members represent a deliberately broad range of perspectives, including general practitioners, specialist clinicians, virologists, cat owners, and breeders. This diverse group collaboratively drafted, refined, and prioritised the key clinical questions using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) framework. This systematic review will support the ISCAID (International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases) guideline and will apply the GRADE framework to rate the certainty of evidence and support trustworthy, actionable recommendations. Objectives • To compare the efficacy of antiviral therapies for FIP on patient-important outcomes, using GS-441524 as the standard-of-care comparator where applicable. • To evaluate how dose category (very low to very high, in mg/kg/day) and treatment duration (short vs long) affect efficacy and safety. • To explore effect modifiers (e.g., FIP form, diagnostic certainty, route and frequency of administration, baseline severity) on response to treatment, as data allow.

Raw data for: Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio Outperforms Other Acute Phase Proteins in Predicting Treatment Response in Feline Infectious Peritonitis

2026-03-10T02:31:06Z

Raw data for: Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio Outperforms Other Acute Phase Proteins in Predicting Treatment Response in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Coggins, Sally; Norris, Jacqueline; Courtman, Natalie; Hall, Evelyn Objectives This study aimed to: (1) characterize the behaviour of α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin at diagnosis, during treatment and post-recovery; (2) evaluate predictive utility of AGP, SAA, haptoglobin, albumin, globulin and albumin-to-globulin ratio (A:G) for distinguishing simple versus challenging remission; and (3) determine reference intervals for AGP, SAA and haptoglobin in recovered cats. Methods Twenty-eight client-owned cats with confirmed FIP received antiviral therapy using remdesivir or GS-441524-based protocols. Serum was collected during treatment and retrospectively analysed for AGP, SAA, and haptoglobin, with albumin, globulin and albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio concentrations included as comparator biomarkers. Linear models assessed the effects of time (Week) and remission type (Simple vs Challenging) on each analyte. Logistic regression assessed associations between biomarker thresholds and remission type. Relapses and APP trends were summarised descriptively. Results A:G ratio was the strongest prognostic marker: >0.4 at week 1 (Odds Ratio [OR] 6.7) and >0.5 at week 4 (OR 20.25) predicted simple remission. APPs showed inconsistent predictive value for remission type and relapse. Persistent APP elevation did not reliably indicate viral activity or justify extended therapy. Within 2-13 days of treatment cessation, three cats relapsed despite normal or equivocal APP and A:G values. Conclusions and relevance The A:G ratio is a simple biomarker with potential to guide treatment duration and predict outcomes in this cohort of cats. Individual APPs may reflect non-viral inflammation and should be interpreted cautiously. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate A:G thresholds, clarify APP kinetics, and establish standardised reference intervals.

The Effect of Variable-Pitch Headless Compression Screws and Cortical Screws on Interfragmentary Compression: An In-Vitro Polyurethane Foam Block Model

2026-04-07T07:08:00Z

The Effect of Variable-Pitch Headless Compression Screws and Cortical Screws on Interfragmentary Compression: An In-Vitro Polyurethane Foam Block Model Castellino, Brendan; Wills, Daniel; Tan, Christopher; lloyd, Max; Walsh, William Articular fractures require precise anatomical reduction and rigid fixation to heal appropriately. In veterinary cases that involve fracturing of the lateral humeral condyle, cortical bone screws inserted in lag fashion with Kirschner wire are the preferred method for surgical fixation. However, relatively high complication rates associated with cortical lag screws (CLSs) highlights the need to investigate alternate screw designs. Variable-pitch headless compression screws (VPHCSs) are unique as they advance beneath the cortical surface. Although the use of VPHCSs are widely utilised in human orthopaedics, the current use in veterinary orthopaedics is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the peak interfragmentary force (PIF) and area of compression (AOC) generated by a 3.5 mm self-tapping cortical screw placed in lag fashion and a 3.5 mm VPHCS inserted to four depths. PIF and AOC were measured using a pressure-sensitive film placed between two blocks of polyurethane foam (0.24 g/cm3), simulating a transverse fracture. CLS were inserted by hand into predrilled 2.5 mm pilot holes. PIF and AOC were measured at full insertion. VPHCSs were placed into predrilled 2.5 mm pilot holes, followed by a 3.5 mm tapered countersink. The screw was inserted until the head was level with the surface. PIF and AOC were measured between the two blocks. The screw was continued until the head was at a depth of 2, 5, and 9 mm below the surface, and the PIF and AOC were measured again at each stage. There was no detectable difference in PIF and AOC between CLSs and VPHCSs countersunk to −2 mm (PIF–CLS: Mean= 12.886, SD= 2.370; 2 mm: Mean= 17.301, SD= 8.858, p = 0.319; AOC–CLS: Mean= 0.936, SD= 0.291; 2 mm: Mean= 0.925, SD= 0.447, p = 0.872). VPHCSs countersunk to −5 mm and −9 mm produced significantly greater PIF compared to CLSs (5 mm: Mean= 16.086, SD= 6.799, p = 0.002; 9 mm: Mean= 34.987, SD= 4.015, p < 0.001). VPHCSs countersunk to −5 and −9 mm produced significantly greater PIF and AOC compared to CLSs in this model. Further investigation is required to produce recommendations for clinical use.

Biogeography and host family taxonomy drive virus-host codivergence in bats

2026-01-15T22:19:09Z

Biogeography and host family taxonomy drive virus-host codivergence in bats Sanyal, Avirup Codes and metadata for the paper titled, 'Biogeography and host specificity drive the coevolution of bat–virus interactions'.

Data from: Asynchronous seasonal dynamics of nycteribiid bat flies and Bartonella spp. in Australian flying foxes (Pteropus spp.)

2026-01-08T05:53:00Z

Data from: Asynchronous seasonal dynamics of nycteribiid bat flies and Bartonella spp. in Australian flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) Jones, Brent D; Falvo, Caylee A; Burwell, Chris; Lunn, Tamika J; Jones-Slobodian, Devin N; Dale, Adrienne; Kessler, Maureen; Crowley, Dan; Benson, Evelyn; McKee, Clifton D; Rynda-Apple, Agnieszka; Plowright, Raina K; Becker, Daniel J; Clark, Kerry L; McCallum, Hamish; Clark, Nicholas J; Peel, Alison J Background Bat flies are ubiquitous ectoparasites of bats, recognised as potential vectors for viral and bacterial transmission between individual bats within a roost. Despite this, little is known about the seasonal dynamics of bat flies. Here, we present the results of a longitudinal study that compares seasonal prevalence and host risk factors for bat fly (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) parasitism with that of Bartonella and Borrelia spp. detected in Pteropus alecto and P. poliocephalus in eastern Australia. Methods Flying foxes were sampled at nine different roosts in southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales between February 2018 and September 2022 using mist nets. Host and ectoparasite data were recorded, and bat fly specimens were collected for identification. Blood samples collected from the flying foxes were screened for the presence of Bartonella and Borrelia DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Ectoparasite data were recorded from 2,235 flying foxes and 840 had blood samples screened for Bartonella and Borrelia DNA. Cyclopodia albertisii was the predominate nycteribiid species identified, with few detections of C. australis. Nycteribiid prevalence had a consistent annual cycle (ranging from 8.6% to 100%) that depended on local climatic factors, increasing with increased temperature and humidity during summer and decreasing in winter. Bartonella spp. prevalence exhibited less variation seasonally (ranging from 50% to 100%) with a peak in winter that was driven by host age with juvenile bats having a reduced probability of infection compared to subadults and adults. Borrelia spp. were rare and showed no clear seasonality. Conclusions This study reports the longitudinal occurrence of the blood-borne bacteria Bartonella spp. and their likely ectoparasite vectors in Australian flying foxes. The findings contribute to knowledge of nycteribiid ecology critical for understanding their vector potential within flying fox roosts and provide direction for future research into nycteribiid-mediated transmission dynamics.

Evaluation of parameters of health in Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups during early and mid-lactation

2025-07-08T05:58:52Z

Evaluation of parameters of health in Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups during early and mid-lactation Taylor, Jessalyn J.; McIntosh, Rebecca R.; Charrier, Isabelle; Gray, Rachael B. Seal Rocks, Victoria, is the largest Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) breeding colony, but has one of the highest rates of decline in live pup abundance for the species. Establishing the current health status in the population is important as a point of comparison for future monitoring. This study aimed to develop haematological reference intervals and assess body condition in pups at Seal Rocks in early and mid-lactation. Pups from the 2021 and 2022 breeding seasons were sampled at 3–6 weeks of age (early lactation, n = 180) and 5–6 months of age (mid-lactation, n = 172). Haematological and morphometric parameters differed significantly (P < 0.05) between early and mid-lactation, but body condition did not. The differences in health parameters between early and mid-lactation relate to normal growth and ontogeny but highlight the increased vulnerability of pups in early lactation. These results provide an important reference point for future evaluations of health parameters in Australian fur seal pups.

Sydney School of Veterinary Science Annual Research Report 2025

2025-07-02T01:40:12Z

Sydney School of Veterinary Science Annual Research Report 2025 Sydney School of Veterinary Science Our 2025 annual research report highlights the achievements of our school's researchers over the past year.

Evaluation of a test-and-cull strategy to control bovine paratuberculosis based on the detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis DNA using the high-throughput Johne’s fecal polymerase chain reaction test

2025-05-30T04:04:05Z

Evaluation of a test-and-cull strategy to control bovine paratuberculosis based on the detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis DNA using the high-throughput Johne’s fecal polymerase chain reaction test Garcia Gonzalez, Anabel A.; Plain, Karren M.; Toribio, Jenny-Ann L.M.L.; Whittington, Richard J. Bovine Johne’s disease (BJD) is a chronic, debilitating enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), with both animal welfare and economic consequences. The detection of MAP in feces is an important measure of transmission from infectious animals through environmental contamination. Therefore, control programs focused on early removal of infectious animals from a herd, combined with management approaches to reduce exposure of susceptible young animals, have a high likelihood of reducing the disease burden. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) tests to detect MAP in feces enable rapid and sensitive detection of infectious animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the high-throughput Johne’s direct fecal qPCR in a test-and-cull approach to control BJD. Testing was performed annually from 2015 to 2023 on a dairy farm in Victoria, Australia. A total of 7,153 fecal tests were conducted on 1,955 individual Jersey cows. A pooled screening approach was used (5 or 10 animals/pool) with follow-up testing of individual cows. Significant reductions in both the prevalence of fecal shedders (from 9.6% in 2015 to 1.2% in 2023) and mycobacterial shedding levels were achieved, together with elimination of clinical cases. Factors that may improve outcomes using this approach were also identified. This was the first application of this test in a BJD control program in a dairy herd in Australia and demonstrated the potential of the approach to effectively control BJD.

Purpose-driven approaches to age estimation in Australian flying-foxes (Pteropus)

2025-03-10T06:35:54Z

Purpose-driven approaches to age estimation in Australian flying-foxes (Pteropus) Pietromonaco, Cinthia; Kerlin, Douglas; Eby, Peggy; McCallum, Hamish; Mclean, Jennefer; Collins, Linda; Peel, Alison J. Aging is a ubiquitous component of the life history and biological function of all species. In wildlife studies, estimates of age are critical in order to understand how a species’ ecology, biology and behaviour vary in parallel with its life-history events. Longitudinal studies that track individuals as they age are limited in fruit bats, as recapture is difficult for vagile species with nomadic lifestyles. Most studies estimate age by the broad categorisation of individuals with similar biological characteristics or morphometrics into age classes (e.g. sub-adult and adult). In this review, we systematically compile and compare the age classifications used across a range of studies on Australian flying-foxes (Pteropus). We discuss the associated challenges of those classifications and identify current knowledge gaps. The terminology, methodology and explanations behind age classifications were inconsistent across reviewed studies, demonstrating that age classifications are highly subjective – particularly when identifying reproductively immature individuals. Downstream analyses and cross-disciplinary data use are likely to be compromised as a result. Further known-aged studies of flying-foxes would assist in clarifying variations of key parameters among non-adult individuals. We also encourage greater consistency in age classification and reporting, ensuring that classifications are well defined and biologically sound.

On the nose: validating a novel, non-invasive method to identify individual koalas using unique nose patterns

2024-10-21T23:33:28Z

On the nose: validating a novel, non-invasive method to identify individual koalas using unique nose patterns Duffy, Janine; Stragliotto, Tori; Mella, Valentina S. A. Context. Non-invasive identification of individual animals in wild populations can occur in species with unique coat patterns (e.g. zebras, giraffes, jaguars). However, identification in other species often relies on capture-mark–recapture techniques, involving physical handling of animals. Identification of individual koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) is difficult and has so far relied mostly on invasive methods such as ear tagging, microchipping and/or collaring, which require capture. The validation of a non-invasive method to identify koalas could improve monitoring of individuals in the wild, allowing targeting of specific koalas in disease and survival studies, reducing the need to capture individuals. Aims. This study describes a novel effective method to identify koalas from their nose markings, specifically using the unpigmented pattern of the nose to determine unique features of individuals. Methods. Photographs of koalas from different populations in Victoria and New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were examined in the study. Nose patterns were traced from photographs and matched through visual assessment if they were thought to belong to the same individual. Differences in identification success between datasets from different populations and the effect of sex on match success were evaluated statistically. For the NSW koalas, the effect of lighting conditions and photographic angle were also assessed. Key results. Overall identification success was 89.7% (range 87.1–91.8%) and was not affected by any of the variables tested, demonstrating that nose patterns can be used reliably to identify individual koalas. Conclusions. The proposed non-invasive method is simple, yet accurate and stable over time, hence it offers a vital tool for monitoring endangered koalas whilst minimising human interference. Implications. Pattern-based recognition of koalas is cost-effective, reduces stress on the animals, has the potential to improve data collection and allows involvement of citizen scientists in monitoring of populations or individuals.

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) seminal plasma: establishing the proteome and effect on spermatozoa when added to cryomedium

2024-08-30T06:43:50Z

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) seminal plasma: establishing the proteome and effect on spermatozoa when added to cryomedium Negus, Cameron; Pinyopummin, Anuchai; Mahasawangkul, Sittidet; Hobbs, Rebecca; Bathgate, Roslyn Context. The removal or supplementation of ejaculates with seminal plasma (SP) can affect cryotolerance and post-thaw survival of spermatozoa in many species. In the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), elucidation of the SP proteome and investigation of how it affects spermatozoa may enable improvement of cryopreservation protocols. Aims. Herein, we characterise the Asian elephant SP proteome and investigate the impacts of SP on sperm cryotolerance in the presence of conspecific or heterospecific SP. Methods. Proteomic analysis of Asian elephant SP was performed using mass spectrometry on nine samples from three individuals. In a separate study, SP was removed from six ejaculates and spermatozoa were resuspended in Tris extender supplemented with: no seminal plasma (NOSP), conspecific SP from ejaculates exhibiting ‘good’ (GSP, >60%) or mixed sperm total motility (MSP), or horse SP (HSP). Samples underwent cryopreservation, and sperm parameters were compared prior to cryopreservation and after thawing (0 and 2 h). Key results. Mass spectrometry identified 155 proteins from an array of families. Significant differences were observed in post-thaw sperm quality between SP treatments: high concentrations of MSP (25%, v/v) displayed greater average path and straight-line velocity immediately after thawing (P < 0.05) and greater sperm motility index and beat cross frequency than NOSP after 2 h post-thaw incubation (P < 0.05). The addition of HSP improved sperm kinematic parameters compared to NOSP and GSP treatments (P < 0.05). Conclusions and implications. These preliminary findings suggest the potential of SP to enhance the cryosurvival of Asian elephant spermatozoa, with HSP showing particularly promising results compared to conspecific SP (GSP). Further research into the specific effects of Asian elephant SP proteins is warranted.

Advances in smallholder large ruminant production and profitability in Southeast Asia over the past decade – lessons from the Mekong region: a review

2024-08-29T06:32:52Z

Advances in smallholder large ruminant production and profitability in Southeast Asia over the past decade – lessons from the Mekong region: a review Bush, Russell D. The global demand for protein in the form of red meat is growing, especially in Southeast Asia, with income and population growth driving an increase in global beef consumption projected to continue from 2023 to 2032. This provides incentive for smallholder large-ruminant producers to build on production improvements obtained over the past decade to ensure long-term profitability and sustainability. This review aims to provide an update on advances in smallholder large-ruminant production and profitability in Southeast Asia over the past decade, as well as highlight ongoing challenges that require further investment from governments and the private sector to meet the growing regional and global demand for protein that is safe for human consumption. Improvements are discussed in detail across the areas of health, production and welfare, using outputs from research for development projects across Southeast Asia, specifically Cambodia and Laos which have high proportions of population living below the national poverty line. Areas covered include nutrition, disease control, diversification and farmer engagement. Ongoing challenges and opportunities are also considered. Key improvements in smallholder large-ruminant production, health and welfare in Southeast Asia over the past decade include the introduction of strategies to improve nutrition through forage utilisation and disease control through vaccination and biosecurity as well as farmer engagement and diversification. However, major challenges continue in the areas of disease control and eradication, training, climate variability, gender empowerment and policy. Increasing global demand for red meat places smallholder large-ruminant producers throughout Cambodia and Laos in an ideal position to capitalise. To do this and gain improved regional food security requires ongoing investment in stakeholder training and adoption of appropriate strategies to ensure greater productivity from existing numbers and resisting increasing numbers in an environment with limited resources. Although the challenges for large-ruminant smallholders are substantial, the rewards for continual investment to improve health and production include increased household incomes and profitability as well as greater regional food security.

Perspectives on progression of transboundary disease, one health and ecosystem health management in the Greater Mekong Subregion and beyond

2024-08-29T06:34:06Z

Perspectives on progression of transboundary disease, one health and ecosystem health management in the Greater Mekong Subregion and beyond Windsor, Peter Andrew Livestock production in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) reflects the inefficient smallholder ‘keeper’ system that has been slow to adapt to the rapidly expanding demand for animal proteinsourced foods in the region as urban economies have flourished and food preferences altered. The prolonged surge in demand, with only modest increases in local production, has increased the movement of animals and products into and from the GMS, accompanied by surging risks of transboundary animal disease (TAD) incursions, including the one health (OH) threats of zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance. As a consequence, the region has been subjected to epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), new strains of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus, with recent incursions of African swine fever (ASF), lumpy skin disease (LSD), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and risks of peste petits ruminants (OPR) occurring in Southeast Asia (SEA) and beyond. These incidents reflect inadequate biosecurity, a sustainability issue that was clearly of relevance in the covid-19 pandemic, reflecting ecosystem health (EH) deficits, including land-use issues and unregulated trading in wildlife-sourced and poorly processed foods through the predominant ‘wet markets’. These challenges are increasingly confounded by slow adaption to the impacts of the climate crisis, including flooding, drought, crop failures and hypothermia episodes. The increase in animal and product movements enhances disease transmission risk, yet coincides with emerging concerns of greenhouse-gas emissions (GHGe) from livestock production, especially from large ruminants, as the world attempts to find pathways in managing the climate crisis. Despite the prolonged collaborative efforts of the SEA China FMD program from 1997 to 2023, a recent review confirmed persistent deficits in biosecurity, vaccine resourcing, disease surveillance, engagement of farmers, and national emergency disease-response capacities. A major project is about to fund major improvements in livestock value chains in Cambodia, including more effective biosecurity, surveillance and emergency disease-response capacities for TADs, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and zoonoses. Similarly, a private-sector investment in Laos has developed a more climate-resilient livestock-feeding system that decreases GHGe impacts from ruminant production. These developments are likely to extend beyond both countries and be potentially transformational for the livelihoods of many of the poorest citizens in the region.

Use of Artificial Intelligence Models for Veterinary Triage

2024-08-06T23:33:28Z

Use of Artificial Intelligence Models for Veterinary Triage Wong, Arlene; Slapeta, Jan; Livingstone, Samantha OBJECTIVE To assess the capability of ChatGPT and nurses in accurately triaging emergency patients compared to veterinarians. METHODS Retrospective observational study using cases of canine patients presenting at a private veterinary specialist and emergency hospital between November 2018 and October 2019. Given clinical signs and history, each patient was assigned to one of five triage categories (“0 minutes”, “15 minutes”, “30-60 minutes”, “120 minutes”, and “240 minutes” waiting times). Triages were performed by three veterinarians, two nurses, ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0. Statistical analysis was used to assess how often triage by ChatGPT and nurses agreed with veterinarian triages. RESULTS There was moderate-to-substantial agreement in triages between veterinarians (kappa-statistics between 0.49 and 0.66). Relative to the median veterinarian triage, ChatGPT has high sensitivity in identifying severe emergencies, correctly prioritizing around 80-90% of critical cases. However, ChatGPT also over-triaged, categorizing around 60% of non-urgent cases as needing to be seen immediately. ChatGPT’s triage performance was comparable to the performance of nurses, with the latter correctly identifying 87% of critical cases. When we complemented nurses’ triage with ChatGPT by using ChatGPT as a tool to flag severe cases (“0 minutes”), nurses’ triage sensitivity rose to 95%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that artificial intelligence models have the potential to be an effective tool for flagging severe cases for immediate attention and complementing triage by nurses. However, the tendency to over-triage non-urgent cases may lead to increased pressure on emergency clinic resources.

Evaluation of Accumast, Biplate, Check Up, Mastatest, Petrifilm for identification of mastitis pathogens in pasture- and confinement-managed cows

2024-07-31T22:43:30Z

Evaluation of Accumast, Biplate, Check Up, Mastatest, Petrifilm for identification of mastitis pathogens in pasture- and confinement-managed cows Rowe, Sam Supplementary materials for: Evaluation of Point-of-Care Tests for Identification of Pathogens to Inform Clinical Mastitis Treatment Decisions in Pasture- and Confinement-Managed Dairy Cows in Australia by Rowe et al. Published in J. Dairy Science.

Sydney School of Veterinary Science Annual Research Report 2024

2024-06-11T01:09:28Z

Sydney School of Veterinary Science Annual Research Report 2024 Sydney School of Veterinary Science Our 2024 annual research report highlights the achievements of our school's researchers over the past year.

Hot climate, hot koalas: the role of weather, behaviour and disease on thermoregulation

2025-10-14T03:20:23Z

Hot climate, hot koalas: the role of weather, behaviour and disease on thermoregulation Mella, Valentina Datafiles related to the publication: "Hot climate, hot koalas: the role of weather, behaviour and disease on thermoregulation", including cosinor data, core body temperature and amplitude data and behavioral data

Australian Cereal Rust Control Program - Wheat and barley breeding support

2023-07-18T02:56:05Z

Australian Cereal Rust Control Program - Wheat and barley breeding support Park, Robert; Singh, Davinder; Ding, Yi; Bariana, Harvans; Roake, Jeremy This collection includes results of rust screening of advanced breeding lines of bread wheat, barley, and oats with identified rust pathotypes in the greenhouse and in field between 2018 and 2022. Greenhouse rust testing was conducted at the USYD plant breeding institute in Camden, while in field rust testing took place in three sites; two in Camden, NSW (“Lansdowne” and “Horse Unit”) and one in Karalee, QLD. Cereal breeders submitted material to be screened for disease response, rust pathotypes used in both greenhouse and field testing were chosen with the objective of identifying industry-wide resistant cultivars. A Fee for Service (FFS) program was subsidised by GRDC for barley and oat testing. These datasets with raw scores are stored on the USYD-RDS at \\shared.sydney.edu.au\research-data\PRJ-ACRCP_prebreeding. All wheat rust data including raw and interpreted scores can be found on the NVT website https://nvt.grdc.com.au/. Please contact Prof. Robert Park (robert.park@sydney.edu.au) or Dr. Laura Ziems (laura.ziems@sydney.edu.au) if you require access to any of the following: a) Contingency tables with the frequencies of tests per crop per year, b) Summary table showing the presence/absence of pathotypes in seven main pathogens per year, c) Datasets with the raw rust scores for oats and barley Cereal breeders submitted material to be screened with the most important rust pathotypes; those used in both greenhouse and field testing were chosen for relevance in reaching the objective of industry-wide resistant cultivars.

Australian Cereal Rust Control Program - Continued monitoring of cereal rust pathogens in Australia

2023-07-18T02:48:48Z

Australian Cereal Rust Control Program - Continued monitoring of cereal rust pathogens in Australia Park, Robert F.; Ding, Yi; Chhetri, Mumta; Singh, Davinder; Cuddy, Will The GRDC funded survey project monitored national rust pathotype incidence and distribution (changes) through samples received and regular crop inspections for wheat, barley and oats in seven agroecological zones in Australia; NNNSW, SNNSW, Qld, Vic, WA, SA, Tasmania between 2017 – 2022 . Pathotypes were determined using virulence testing of host differential seedlings in greenhouse tests. Disease assessments followed the “0”-“4” infection type scoring system (Stakman scale). Fungicide insensitivity test was conducted by testing isolates received from surveys plus control isolates collected prior to the advent of fungicides against different concentrations of tebuconazole. The sensitivity of five pathotypes (pts) was tested with 7 treatments (amounts of orius [ml] / [m2]). Information of the rust samples sent to PBI is stored in the Rust DB that is hosted on a FM 19 server at the University of Sydney (fmsapa0f274.shared.sydney.edu.au). Summaries of the frequencies of pathotypes isolated for wheat leaf rust, wheat stem rust, wheat stripe rust, barley leaf rust, barley stem rust, oat crown rust and oat stem rust are stored in the RDS folder of the project \\shared.sydney.edu.au\research-data\PRJ-ACRCP_Survey.

Sydney School of Veterinary Science Annual Research Report 2023

2023-06-13T02:23:13Z

Sydney School of Veterinary Science Annual Research Report 2023 Sydney School of Veterinary Science Our 2023 annual research report highlights the achievements of our school's researchers over the past year.

The challenge to reduce crude protein contents of wheat-based broiler diets

2023-02-06T22:45:21Z

The challenge to reduce crude protein contents of wheat-based broiler diets Selle, Peter H.; Macelline, Shemil P.; Chrystal, Peter V.; Liu, Sonia Yun The challenge to reduce crude protein (CP) contents of wheat-based broiler diets is both justified and formidable because the performance of broiler chickens offered reduced-CP, wheat-based diets is usually compromised. Moreover, broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets do not accommodate CP reductions as well as do those offered maize-based diets; this appears to stem from the higher protein concentrations and more rapid starch digestion rates of wheat. The higher protein concentrations of wheat than maize result in elevated inclusion levels of non-bound (synthetic, crystalline) amino acids (NBAA). This may be an impediment, because non-bound and protein-bound amino acids are not bioequivalent and intestinal uptakes of NBAA are more rapid than their protein-bound counterparts. This leads to post-enteral amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids, which generates ammonia (NH3). Because NH3 is inherently detrimental, it must be detoxified and eliminated as uric acid, which attracts metabolic costs. Moreover, inadequate NH3 detoxification may seriously compromise broiler growth performance. Also, consideration is given to some intrinsic wheat factors, including soluble non-starch polysaccharides, amylase–trypsin inhibitors and gluten, that may hold relevance. Several strategies are proposed that may enhance the performance of birds offered reduced-CP, wheat-based diets, including capping dietary starch:protein ratios, blending wheat with sorghum, whole-grain feeding in association with phytase, dietary inclusions of L-carnitine and the use of protected or slow-release amino acids. In future research, it should prove instructive to compare different wheats with a wide range of protein contents that, importantly, have been fully characterised for relevant parameters, to ascertain the most appropriate properties. The successful development and adoption of reduced-CP, wheat-based diets would be an enormous advantage for the Australian chicken-meat industry as it would diminish the huge dependence on imported, expensive soybean meal.

Effect of Spirulina platensis supplementation on growth, performance and body conformation of two Omani goat breeds

2022-10-23T23:48:20Z

Effect of Spirulina platensis supplementation on growth, performance and body conformation of two Omani goat breeds Al-Yahyaey, F.; Shaat, I.; Hall, E.; Bush, R. D. Context: Spirulina platensis (SP) has been found to be an important dietary supplement for boosting animal growth performance, having a high protein content (60–70% on a dry-matter basis) with minimal toxicity. Aims: The effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) supplementation on the growth and performance of two Omani goat breeds (Jabbali and Sahrawi) was investigated. Methods: Thirty-six 11-month-old bucks from two Omani goat breeds were studied for 70 days at the Livestock Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Water Resources, Oman. Each breed was divided into three groups (n = 6) and fed one of the following three rations: (1) control (CON): concentrate with 14% crude protein and 11.9% energy (MJ/kg DM); (2) Treatment 1 (T1): the same concentrate with 2 g/head.day SP; and (3) Treatment 2 (T2): the same concentrate with 4 g/head.day SP. Weekly growth, performance and body conformation data collected included live bodyweight (BWT), body condition score (BCS), average daily gain (ADG), chest girth (CG), wither height (WH) and body length (BL). Key results: The Jabbali breed had a higher feed conversion ratio for T1 and T2 than did the Sahrawi breed. During the trial, no differences in total DM intake were found between treatments for either breed. T1 and T2 SP supplementation levels significantly (P < 0.05) improved the BWT and ADG of the Sahrawi breed compared with the CON group. Analysis of all traits indicated a significant (P < 0.05) effect of feeding spirulina on all the studied traits except WH and BL. ANOVAs for fixed effects in this study (dam age and kid birth type, i.e. single, twin or triple) were not significant (P > 0.05) for any of the studied traits. However, the breed effect was highly significant (P < 0.001) on BWT, ADG, BCS and treatment effect was significant (P < 0.05) on CG traits. Conclusions: Spirulina platensis could be used as a supplement feed to improve growth, performance and morphological traits in Omani goat production. Feeding spirulina to kids led to increased growth, herd performance and buck selection facilitation at an earlier age. Implications: These findings will benefit Omani goat producers in managing productivity and product quality.

Variability in practices for drinking water vaccination of meat chickens against infectious laryngotracheitis

2022-09-27T04:03:11Z

Variability in practices for drinking water vaccination of meat chickens against infectious laryngotracheitis Groves, Peter J.; Assen, Awol M.; Etherington, Ashley; Stillman, Mark; Alfirevich, Sheridan; Gerber, Priscilla F.; Langfield, Alex-Kate; Walkden-Brown, Stephen W. Context: Drinking water vaccination of young meat chickens with Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine is problematic. Vaccine failure and adverse vaccine reactions are frequently reported. Variations in the technique of applying ILT vaccines by this mass vaccination method need to be understood to contribute to improving the success of vaccination. Aims: This study aimed to examine variations in the techniques of application of Infectious Laryngotracheitis vaccines via drinking water for young meat chickens. Methods: Drinking water vaccination techniques were observed and recorded across 52 broiler flocks during ILT outbreaks in three geographic areas of Australia. Descriptive statistics for all variables were computed and variations between integrator company procedures were statistically compared. Key results: Despite rigorous standard operating procedures, wide variations were observed in time of water deprivation prior to vaccination (3–15 min), time drinking water was stabilised prior to addition of vaccine and the type of stabiliser product used, time to activate the flock following filling of the water lines with vaccine (10–127 min), time for the vaccine to be consumed (36–226 min) and the volume of drinking water per bird used to provide the vaccine (11–48 mL/bird). Conclusions: Variation in vaccination technique can affect the success of drinking water vaccination against ILT in young meat chickens. Implications: Understanding the importance of the variable factors in vaccine application method can improve the success of water vaccination against ILT.

Communication challenges experienced by veterinary professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

Communication challenges experienced by veterinary professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic Quain, A.; Mullan, S.; Ward, M.P. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions have caused major changes in veterinary practice. Utilising a subset of qualitative data from a global survey of 540 veterinarians, veterinary nurses and animal health technicians, we highlight the impact of these changes on communication in veterinary clinical practice. Communication challenges experienced by veterinary team members included lack of face-to-face contact with clients; increased difficulty in communicating in general; inability to demonstrate physical examination, diagnostic findings or treatment information to clients; difficulty in communicating while wearing personal protective equipment; increased 'miscommunication' and challenges in convincing clients of the importance of pandemic-associated protocols. These findings suggest a need for veterinary teams to modify and adapt their communication strategies to facilitate effective communication where social distancing and noncontact consultations are required.

The enteric virome of cats with feline panleukopenia differs in abundance and diversity from healthy cats

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

The enteric virome of cats with feline panleukopenia differs in abundance and diversity from healthy cats Barrs, Vanessa; Brussel, Kate Van; Wang, Xiuwan; Shi, Mang; Carrai, Maura; Feng, Shuo; Li, Jun; Holmes, Edward; Beatty, Julia Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a severe, often fatal disease caused by feline parvovirus (FPV). How infection with FPV might impact the composition of the entire eukaryotic enteric virome in cats has not been characterized. We used metatranscriptomic and viral particle enrichment metagenomic approaches to characterize the enteric viromes of 23 cats naturally infected with FPV (FPV-cases) and 36 age-matched healthy shelter cats (healthy controls). Sequencing reads were detected from 11 mammalian infecting viral families mostly belonging to Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae and Astroviridae . Among the healthy control cats the most abundant viruses were Feline coronavirus, Mamastrovirus 2 and Carnivore bocaparvovirus 3 (Feline bocavirus 1) with frequent co-infections of all three. Feline chaphamaparvovirus was only detected in healthy controls (6/36, 16.7%). Among the FPV-cases, in addition to FPV, the most abundant viruses were Mamastrovirus 2 , Feline coronavirus and Carnivore bocaparvovirus 4 (Feline bocaparvovirus 2). The latter and Feline bocaparvovirus 3 were detected significantly more frequently in FPV-cases than in healthy controls. Feline calicivirus was present in a high proportion of FPV-cases (11/23, 47.8%) compared to healthy controls (5/36, 13.9%, p=0.0067). Feline kobuvirus infections were also common among FPV-cases (9/23, 39.1%) and were not detected in any healthy control cats (p<0.0001). While abundant in both groups, astroviruses were more frequently present in FPV-cases (19/23, 82.6%) than in healthy controls (18/36, p=0.0142). The differences in eukaryotic virome composition found in this study indicate that further investigations to determine associations between enteric viral co-infections on clinical disease severity in cats with FPL are warranted.

Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Small Animal Trauma Patterns in Australia: A Multicentre Study

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Small Animal Trauma Patterns in Australia: A Multicentre Study Hickey, Mara C.; Napier, Elizabeth; Ong, Hui Mei To determine whether patterns of trauma changed following the start of local lockdowns due to COVID-19. Multi-institutional retrospective study assessing patients presenting within 2 years prior to local lockdown due to COVID-19 and 1 year following lockdown inclusive. Two university teaching hospitals and one private referral center in Australia. Dogs and cats with a presenting complaint of known or suspected trauma. Patient signalment, date of presentation, trauma type, treatment interventions and patient outcome (survival to discharge, cardiopulmonary arrest, or euthanasia) were recorded in a web-based data capture system (REDCap). Three thousand one hundred eighty-nine patients (682 cats and 2,507 dogs) were included in the study. Overall trauma prevalence was 2.9% with pre-lockdown prevalence of 2.8% and post-lockdown prevalence of 3.1% (p < 0.001). Cats had higher rates of blunt trauma while penetrating trauma was more prevalent in dogs (p < 0.001). Juvenile patients were also more likely to have blunt trauma when compared to adult patients (p < 0.001). Patient age and sex characteristics did not differ when comparing the 2 time periods. Compared to pre-lockdown, blunt and penetrating trauma patterns changed post-lockdown in dogs and cats (p < 0.001 for both). Interventions were performed more frequently (p = 0.039) in the post-lockdown with surgical procedures having a significant increase (p = 0.015). Survival rates increased post-lockdown for both species (p < 0.001) with financially driven euthanasia being less common than in pre-lockdown for dogs (p = 0.02). Trauma patterns changed for cats and dogs in the post-lockdown period. Compared to pre-lockdown, trauma prevalence was higher with a decrease in mortality rate. No increase in juvenile patients was identified post-lockdown. A decrease in financially driven euthanasia and an increase in interventions suggest no negative financial effect from COVID-19 lockdown on trauma patient care in Australia.

Impact of seawater temperature on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) microbiome and susceptibility to disease associated with Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1)

2022-06-03T07:50:23Z

Impact of seawater temperature on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) microbiome and susceptibility to disease associated with Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) Pathirana, Erandi; Whittington, Richard J.; Hick, Paul M. Context: Intertidal estuarine environments expose oysters to wide temperature variations. This can shift their microbiome composition towards pathogen-dominated communities. Understanding the impact of temperature on the microbiome will facilitate oyster health management. Aims: The present study was conducted to (1) assess the Pacific oyster microbiome at different temperatures (21°C, 22°C, 26°C and diurnal fluctuation between 22°C and 26°C) and (2) investigate microbiome changes in response to exposure to the pathogen Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) at different temperatures. Methods: Pacific oysters (15 months of age; n = 480) were acclimated to different temperatures in laboratory aquaria. Samples were obtained before and after acclimation and after OsHV-1 exposure for quantification of OsHV-1, total bacteria and Vibrio, by quantitative PCR. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V1–V3) sequences were used to characterise the gill bacterial community. Key results: The alpha diversity (number of observed amplicon sequence variants) and total number of bacteria associated with the gills of oysters did not change with acclimation to different water temperature profiles, but there was variation in beta diversity. The highest mortality after OsHV-1 exposure occurred at 26°C and these, together with oysters at 22/26°C, had a higher concentration of OsHV-1 DNA compared with to the ones at the lower constant temperatures (P < 0.05). The total bacterial quantity increased after the OsHV-1 challenge in oysters at 22/26°C. The alpha diversity of microbiota increased after the OsHV-1 challenge in oysters at 21°C and 22/26°C. The beta diversity changed both after acclimation and OsHV-1 challenge. The highest abundance of Vibrio and higher OsHV-1 loads were seen in OsHV-1-challenged oysters at 26°C (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The gill microbiome altered with seawater temperature and OsHV-1 challenge. Higher mortality following OsHV-1 exposure was associated with a higher water temperature and greater abundance of Vibrio spp. arising from the microbiome. Implications: Higher seawater temperature can be considered a key risk factor influencing oyster health by altering the microbiome, increasing susceptibility to OsHV-1 and increasing the Vibrio fraction in the oyster microbiome.

Mucosal TLR2-activating protein-based vaccination induces potent pulmonary immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice

2026-04-22T03:37:01Z

Mucosal TLR2-activating protein-based vaccination induces potent pulmonary immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in mice Ashhurst, Anneliese; Johansen, Matt; Maxwell, Joshua; Ashley, Caroline; Aggarwal, Anupriya; Siddiquee, Rezwan; Miemczyk, Stefan; Nguyen, Duc; Mackay, Joel; Counoupas, Claudio; Byrne, Scott; Turville, Stuart; Steain, Megan; Triccas, James; Hansbro, Philip; Payne, Richard; Britton, Warwick Current vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 substantially reduce mortality, but protection against infection is less effective. Enhancing immunity in the respiratory tract, via mucosal vaccination, may provide protection against infection and minimise viral spread. We tested a novel subunit vaccine in mice, consisting of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with a TLR2-stimulating adjuvant, delivered to mice parenterally or mucosally. Both routes of vaccination induced substantial neutralising antibody (nAb) titres, however, mucosal vaccination uniquely generated anti-Spike IgA, increased nAb in the serum and airways, and increased lung CD4+ T-cell responses. TLR2 is expressed by respiratory epithelia and immune cells. Using TLR2 deficient chimeric mice, we determined that TLR2 expression in either compartment facilitated early innate responses to mucosal vaccination. By contrast, TLR2 on hematopoietic cells was essential for optimal lung-localised, antigen-specific responses. In a K18-hACE2 mice, vaccination provided complete protection against disease and sterilising lung immunity against SARS-CoV-2. These data support mucosal vaccination as a strategy to improve protection in the respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses.

Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 interventions on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China

2026-04-30T01:25:17Z

Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 interventions on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China Zhao, Zheng; Zheng, Canjun; Qi, Hongchao; Chen, Yue; Ward, Michael P; Liu, Fengfeng; Hong, Jie; Su, Qing; Huang, Jiaqi; Chen, Xi; Le, Jiaxu; Liu, Xiuliang; Ren, Minrui; Ba, Jianbo; Zhang, Zhijie; Chang, Zhaorui; Li, Zhongjie Background: In early 2020, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented in China to reduce and contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. These NPIs might have also reduced the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods: The weekly numbers of HFMD cases and meteorological factors in 31 provincial capital cities and municipalities in mainland China were obtained from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) and National Meteorological Information Center of China from 2016 to 2020. The NPI data were collected from local CDCs. The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for the entire year of 2020, and for January-July 2020 and August-December 2020. The expected case numbers were estimated using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models. The relationships between kindergarten closures and incidence of HFMD were quantified using a generalized additive model. The estimated associations from all cities were pooled using a multivariate meta-regression model. Findings: Stringent NPIs were widely implemented for COVID-19 control from January to July 2020, and the IRRs for HFMD were less than 1 in all 31 cities, and less than 0.1 for 23 cities. Overall, the proportion of HFMD cases reduced by 52.9% (95% CI: 49.3-55.5%) after the implementation of kindergarten closures in 2020, and this effect was generally consistent across subgroups. Interpretation: The decrease in HFMD incidence was strongly associated with the NPIs for COVID-19. HFMD epidemic peaks were either absent or delayed, and the final epidemic size was reduced. Kindergarten closure is an intervention to prevent HFMD outbreaks. Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81973102 & 81773487), Public Health Talents Training Program of Shanghai Municipality (GWV-10.2-XD21), the Shanghai New Three-year Action Plan for Public Health (GWV-10.1-XK16), the Major Project of Scientific and Technical Winter Olympics from National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF0306000), 13th Five-Year National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Diseases (2018ZX10725-509) and Key projects of the PLA logistics Scientific research Program (BHJ17J013).

Low and No-Contact Euthanasia: Associated Ethical Challenges Experienced by Veterinary Team Members during the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

Low and No-Contact Euthanasia: Associated Ethical Challenges Experienced by Veterinary Team Members during the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic Quain, Anne; Mullan, Siobhan; Ward, Michael P. BACKGROUND: During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many veterinary practices around the world have shifted to a low or no-contact consultation model to ensure the safety of their team members and clients, and comply with public health orders, while continuing to provide veterinary care. METHODS: We performed reflexive thematic analysis on a subset of data collected using a mixed-methods survey of veterinary team members globally. RESULTS: There were 540 valid responses available for analysis. Low and no-contact euthanasia we raised as a common and/or stressful ethical challenge for 22.8% of respondents. We identified five key themes: no-contact euthanasia as a unique ethical challenge; balancing veterinary team safety with the emotional needs of clients; low and no-contact protocols may cause or exacerbate fear, anxiety and distress in veterinary patients; physical distancing was more challenging during euthanasia consultations; and biosecurity measures complicated communication around euthanasia and end-of-life decision making. RECOMMENDATIONS: In light of concerns highlighted by respondents, we recommend the development of a toolkit of protocols that will assist veterinary team members in performing low-contact euthanasia in a range of circumstances, in alignment with their values and professional ethical codes. Professional bodies may be involved in developing, updating and disseminating this information, and ensuring a continuous supply chain of PPE.

Sickness presenteeism associated with influenza_like illness in veterinarians working in New South Wales: Results of a state_wide survey

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

Sickness presenteeism associated with influenza_like illness in veterinarians working in New South Wales: Results of a state_wide survey Pasfield, K; Gottlieb, T; Tartari, E; Ward, MP; Quain, A BACKGROUND: Sickness presenteeism in the veterinary profession potentially jeopardises the wellbeing of veterinary team members and endangers quality of patient care. In veterinary team members with influenza-like illness (ILI), sickness presenteeism poses a risk to the health and wellbeing of colleagues and clients, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with sickness presenteeism in NSW registered veterinarians suffering from ILI, both before and since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Veterinarians registered in NSW were invited to complete an anonymous online mixed-methods survey between 31 March 2021 and 31 June 2021, regarding sickness presenteeism and absenteeism associated with ILI. The questionnaire was distributed through online and print newsletters of the Australian Veterinary Association NSW Branch and the NSW Veterinary Practitioners Board. RESULTS: From a total of 122 participants, 81 veterinarians (66.4%) reported that they would attend work despite displaying symptoms of ILI. Most veterinarians would stay at home with a fever alone (n=108, 88.5%), however, many would still attend work with a sore throat (n=121, 99.2%) or a dry cough (n=91, 74.6%). Sickness presenteeism was significantly associated with lack of staff to cover workers. Although sickness presenteeism remained common, participants reported that they were less likely to attend work with symptoms of ILI since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. DISCUSSION: The data are discussed in relation to sickness presenteeism in healthcare workers. These findings underscore an urgent need for relief staff to decrease sickness presenteeism.

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to the direct health impact of COVID-19 in India, 2020

2026-04-30T01:25:19Z

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to the direct health impact of COVID-19 in India, 2020 Singh, Balbir B.; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Khatkar, Mehar S.; Lowerison, Mark; Singh, Baljit; Dhand, Navneet K.; Barkema, Herman W. COVID-19 has affected all countries. Its containment represents a unique challenge for India due to a large population (>_1.38 billion) across a wide range of population densities. Assessment of the COVID-19 disease burden is required to put the disease impact into context and support future pandemic policy development. Here, we present the national-level burden of COVID-19 in India in 2020 that accounts for differences across urban and rural regions and across age groups. Input data were collected from official records or published literature. The proportion of excess COVID-19 deaths was estimated using the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Washington data. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to COVID-19 were estimated in the Indian population in 2020, comprised of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). YLL was estimated by multiplying the number of deaths due to COVID-19 by the residual standard life expectancy at the age of death due to the disease. YLD was calculated as a product of the number of incident cases of COVID-19, disease duration and disability weight. Scenario analyses were conducted to account for excess deaths not recorded in the official data and for reported COVID-19 deaths. The direct impact of COVID-19 in 2020 in India was responsible for 14,100,422 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 14,030,129-14,213,231) DALYs, consisting of 99.2% (95% UI 98.47-99.64%) YLLs and 0.80% (95% UI 0.36-1.53) YLDs. DALYs were higher in urban (56%; 95% UI 56-57%) than rural areas (44%; 95% UI 43.4-43.6) and in men (64%) than women (36%). In absolute terms, the highest DALYs occurred in the 51-60-year-old age group (28%) but the highest DALYs per 100,000 persons were estimated for the 71-80 years old age group (5481; 95% UI 5464-5500 years). There were 4,815,908 (95% UI 4,760,908-4,924,307) DALYs after considering reported COVID-19 deaths only. The DALY estimations have direct and immediate implications not only for public policy in India, but also internationally given that India represents one sixth of the world's population.

Effect of light and stocking density on performance, breast muscle yield and potential damage caused by feather pecking in two strains of commercial Pekin ducks

2022-03-21T02:58:54Z

Effect of light and stocking density on performance, breast muscle yield and potential damage caused by feather pecking in two strains of commercial Pekin ducks Downing, J.A. Context. Minimal information is available as to the optimal stocking density and light intensity for best performance of commercial ducks. Aims. To investigate the effects of stocking density and light intensity on commercial Pekin duck production. Methods. Cherry Valley and Grimaud Freres Pekin ducks were housed at stocking densities of 4.4 (low), 5.2 (medium) and 6 (high) birds/m2 and from 8 to 41 days of age at 6 lux (low) and 45 lux (moderate) light intensities. On Days 14, 28, and 41 of age all ducks were individually weighed, and pen feed and water intakes recorded. On Day 41, one male and female from each pen was euthanised and breast muscle weight determined. At Weeks 3 and 4 all birds were individually examined, for extent of feather and skin damage. Key results. In all weeks, the Grimaud Freres birds had higher liveweight than Cherry Valley birds. Only at Week 4, birds under low light had higher liveweight than those at moderate light intensity. At Week 4, birds at low densities had higher liveweight, while at Week 6 birds at low and medium stocking densities had higher liveweight than those at high stocking densities. At Week 4, the feed to gain ratio was poorer when birds were housed in moderate light intensity. The stocking density had no effect on the feed to gain ratio. Light and stocking density had no effect on any of the breast muscle measures. In Week 4, the birds housed at medium density had a higher feather and skin damage. At Week 3, more damage was directed to the wings than the thigh regions. There was a higher incidence of damage in some pens irrespective of treatments. Conclusions. The medium stocking density supported performance equivalent to that at low density and better than at the high density. Ideally the density recommendation should be based on ‘weight density’ (kg/m2) and the current results indicate this was between 16.49 and 19.0 kg/m2. The birds performed similarly under both light intensities. Implications. The suitable stocking density for efficient production is 16.5–19.0 kg/m2 and housing at 6 or 45 lux had no influence on performance. Best performance and breast muscle yield was from the Grimaud Freres strain.

Nutritional strategies to support performance of commercial Pekin ducks exposed to a high-temperature thermal challenge over 29–41 days of age

2026-05-07T01:54:05Z

Nutritional strategies to support performance of commercial Pekin ducks exposed to a high-temperature thermal challenge over 29–41 days of age Downing, Jeff Context: Commercial ducks often experience high temperature in summer and nutritional strategies could help them cope under these conditions. Aims: To assess the effects of water and feed supplements on the growth performance of Pekin ducks exposed to high ambient temperature. Methods: Commercial Pekin ducks were supplemented with betaine in feed, betaine or vitamin C in water or had feed withdrawn for 9 h/day or provided with water alone, during Weeks 5 and 6 of age. Water was supplemented with an ‘in house’ electrolyte formulation and betaine in Week 6, only. The treatments were applied to two strains, the Cherry Valley (CV) and a commercial line selected from the CV strain for higher breast muscle yield identified as CVP2. On Days 29–41 of age, shed temperature was increased to 30.5°C for 9 h (08:30–17:30) and then returned to 22.7°C for the remainder of the day. Individual liveweights of ducks were measured on Day 28, Day 35 and Day 41 of age. Feed intake and water consumption were measured over Days 14–28, Days 29–35, and Days 36–41. On Day 41, one male and one female from each pen, were weighed, euthanised and the total breast muscle was removed and weighed. Key results: In Week 5, all supplements supported a higher LWG, although this was limited to 4.3–6.3%, with no effects on feed intake or feed to gain ratio. In Week 6, these same supplements provided no benefit and, in fact, vitamin C had a negative effect (−4.7%) on LWG. In Week 6, the electrolyte + betaine improved LWG by 17.1%, with no effects on feed intake or feed to gain ratio. The supplements had no effects on breast muscle weight or yields. The CVP2 selected line had a substantially higher LWG, with nearly all this being due to the 15.8% higher gain seen in males, as LWG of females was similar for both strains. Conclusions: Using electrolytes as a nutritional intervention can help Pekin ducks cope with adverse high temperature and should be evaluated under more extreme high-temperature challenges. Implications: Water electrolyte supplementation can support Pekin duck performance under high-temperature challenge.

Risk Factors Associated With Increased Ethically Challenging Situations Encountered by Veterinary Team Members During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2026-04-30T01:25:17Z

Risk Factors Associated With Increased Ethically Challenging Situations Encountered by Veterinary Team Members During the COVID-19 Pandemic Quain, Anne; Mullan, Siobhan; Ward, Michael P. Ethically challenging situations (ECS) are commonly encountered in veterinary settings. The number of ECS encountered by some veterinary team members may increase during a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for experiencing an increase in the frequency of ECS in the months following the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing data from a global survey of veterinarians, veterinary nurses and animal health technicians collected from May to July 2020. In this study, descriptive analyses were performed to characterize veterinary team members who responded to the survey (n = 540). Binomial logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with an increase in ECS encountered since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Being a veterinary nurse or animal health technician, working with companion animals, working in the USA or Canada, and being not confident or underconfident in dealing with ECS in the workplace were factors associated with an increase in ECS encountered since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results suggest a need to explore the ECS encountered by veterinary team members, particularly veterinary nurses and animal health technicians working in companion animal practice, in depth. Identification of risk factors may facilitate better preparation of veterinary team members for managing ECS, and minimizing the negative impact of ECS on the well-being of those who care for animals.

African Swine Fever, the forgotten pandemic

2026-04-30T01:25:17Z

African Swine Fever, the forgotten pandemic Ward, Michael P.; Tian, Kegong; Nowotny, Norbert

Global health security must embrace a One Health approach: Contributions and experiences of veterinarians during the COVID-19 response in Australia

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

Global health security must embrace a One Health approach: Contributions and experiences of veterinarians during the COVID-19 response in Australia Steele, Sandra G.; Toribio, Jenny-Ann L.M.L.; Mor, Siobhan M. SARS-CoV-2, a betacoronavirus of likely zoonotic origin, was first reported in December 2019. Its rapid worldwide spread precipitated a range of interventions, including by veterinarians, due to impacts on human health and well-being as well as animal health and welfare. We conducted 36 key informant interviews to explore the responses of Australian veterinarians, their engagement in One Health collaboration and cooperation, and their existing and developed insights to the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses were analysed using thematic analysis. Australian veterinarians provided valuable contributions to the national COVID-19 response by protecting animal welfare, maintaining local food security, providing essential veterinary services while mitigating human health risks in clinical settings and providing both key skills and surge capacity to the human health response. This was all guided by skills in scientific literacy and evidence-based communication. Informants identified a clear and urgent need for greater One Health coordination during pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, even in the case of a disease which largely only affects humans.

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to the direct health impact of COVID-19 in India, 2020

2026-04-30T01:25:18Z

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to the direct health impact of COVID-19 in India, 2020 Singh, Balbir B; Devleesschauwer, Brecht; Khatkar, Mehar S; Lowerison, Mark; Singh, Baljit; Dhand, Navneet K; Barkema, Herman W COVID-19 has affected all countries. Its containment represents a unique challenge for India due to a large population (>1.38 billion) across a wide range of population densities. Assessment of the COVID-19 disease burden is required to put the disease impact into context and support future pandemic policy development. Here, we present the national-level burden of COVID-19 in India in 2020 that accounts for differences across urban and rural regions and across age groups. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) due to COVID-19 were estimated in the Indian population in 2020, comprised of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). Scenario analyses were conducted to account for excess deaths not recorded in the official data and for reported COVID-19 deaths. The direct impact of COVID-19 in 2020 in India was responsible for 14,106,060 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 14,030,129–14,213,231) DALYs, consisting of 99.2% (95% UI 98.47–99.64%) YLLs and 0.80% (95% UI 0.36–1.53) YLDs. DALYs were higher in urban (56%; 95% UI 56–57%) than rural areas (44%; 95% UI 43.4–43.6) and in males (64%) than females (36%). In absolute terms, the highest DALYs occurred in the 51–60-year-old age group (28%) but the highest DALYs per 100,000 persons were estimated for the 71-80 year old age group (5,481; 95% UI 5,464–5,500 years). There were 4,823,791 (95% UI 4,760,908–4,924,307) DALYs after considering reported COVID-19 deaths only. The DALY estimations have direct and immediate implications not only for public policy in India, but also internationally given that India represents one sixth of the world’s population.

Neural tube defects in four Shetland sheepdog puppies: clinical characterisation and computed tomography investigation

2021-07-25T23:53:02Z

Neural tube defects in four Shetland sheepdog puppies: clinical characterisation and computed tomography investigation Thomas, Zoe M; Podadera, Juan M; Donahoe, Shannon L; Foo, Timothy SY; Weerakoon, Lakmini; Mazrier, Hamutal Case report Here we report on the occurrence of neural tube defects in four related Shetland sheepdog puppies. Neural tube defects present as a range of congenital malformations affecting the spine, skull and associated structures. Despite the severity of these malformations and their relatively high prevalence in humans, the aetiology is not well understood. It is even less well characterised in veterinary medicine. Affected puppies were investigated using computed tomography and then post-mortem examination. Computed tomography identified a range of brain and spine abnormalities in the affected animals, including caudal anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida and malformed vertebrae. Other observed abnormalities in these puppies, including cranioschisis, atresia ani and hydrocephalus, may be secondary to, or associated with, the primary neural tube defects identified. Conclusion This case report describes multiple related cases of neural tube defects in an Australian cohort of dogs. This study also highlights the potential of advanced imaging techniques in identifying congenital anomalies in stillborn and neonatal puppies. Further research is required to investigate the aetiology of neural tube defects in this group of affected Shetland sheepdogs.

Identification of Microchip Implantation Events for Dogs and Cats in the VetCompass Australia Database

2021-01-06T23:32:19Z

Identification of Microchip Implantation Events for Dogs and Cats in the VetCompass Australia Database McGreevy, Paul; Masters, Sophie; Richards, Leonie; Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo J.; Peaston, Anne; Combs, Martin; Irwin, Peter J.; Lloyd, Janice; Croton, Catriona; Wylie, Claire; Wilson, Bethany In Australia, compulsory microchipping legislation requires that animals are microchipped before sale or prior to 84 days of age (i.e., 12 weeks or 3 months) in the ACT, NSW, QLD and VIC, and by 6 months in WA and TAS. Describing the implementation of microchipping in animals allows the data guardians to identify individual animals presenting to differing veterinary practices over their lifetimes and evaluate compliance with legislation. VetCompass Australia (VCA) collates electronic patient records from primary-care veterinary practices into a database for epidemiological studies. VetCompass is the largest companion animal clinical data repository of its kind in Australia and thereby ideal resource to analyse the microchip data as a permanent unique identifier of an animal. The current study examined the free-text ‘Examination record’ field in the electronic patient records of 1,000 randomly selected dogs and cats in the VCA database. This field may allow identification of the date of microchip implantation, enabling comparison with other date fields in the database, such as date of birth. The study revealed that the median age at implantation for dogs presented as individual patients, rather than among litters, was 74.4 days; significantly lower than for cats (127.0 days, p=0.003). Further exploration into reasons for later microchipping in cats may be useful in aligning common practice with legislative requirements.

VetCompass Australia: A National Big Data Collection System for Veterinary Science

2021-01-06T23:21:57Z

VetCompass Australia: A National Big Data Collection System for Veterinary Science McGreevy, Paul; Thomson, Peter; Dhand, Navneet K.; Raubenheimer, David; Masters, Sophie; Mansfield, Caroline; Baldwin, Timothy; Soares Magalhaes, Ricardo J.; Rand, Jacquie; Hill, Peter; Peaston, Anne; Gilkerson, James; Combs, Martin; Raidal, Shane; Irwin, Peter; Irons, Peter; Squires, Richard; Brodbelt, David; Hammond, Jeremy VetCompass Australia is veterinary medical records-based research coordinated with the global VetCompass endeavor to maximize its quality and effectiveness for Australian companion animals (cats, dogs, and horses). Bringing together all seven Australian veterinary schools, it is the first nationwide surveillance system collating clinical records on companion-animal diseases and treatments. VetCompass data service collects and aggregates real-time, clinical records for researchers to interrogate, delivering sustainable and cost-effective access to data from hundreds of veterinary practitioners nationwide. Analysis of these clinical records will reveal geographical and temporal trends in the prevalence of inherited and acquired diseases, identify frequently prescribed treatments, revolutionize clinical auditing, help the veterinary profession to rank research priorities, and assure evidence-based companion-animal curricula in veterinary schools. VetCompass Australia will progress in three phases: (1) roll-out of the VetCompass platform to harvest Australian veterinary clinical record data; (2) development and enrichment of the coding (data-presentation) platform; and (3) creation of a world-first, real-time surveillance interface with natural language processing (NLP) technology. The first of these three phases is described in the current article. Advances in the collection and sharing of records from numerous practices will enable veterinary professionals to deliver a vastly improved level of care for companion animals that will improve their quality of life.

Australian Veterinary History Record No. 75 (Supplement)

2026-06-01T23:15:58Z

Australian Veterinary History Record No. 75 (Supplement) Editor: Mylrea, P.J. Australasian Veterinary Journal [1882] Title: Australasian Veterinary Journal [1882] Pages: 2 ||Australasian Veterinary Journal [1901] Pages: 3|| The Australasian Veterinary and Livestock Journal (1890-91) Journal, Pages: 3-4 ||Australian Veterinary Journal, Pages: 4-10 || AVA News, Pages: 10-18 || New South Wales Veterinary Proceedings, Page: 20 ||Queensland Veterinary Proceedings, Page: 20-22 || Victorian Veterinary Proceedings, Australian Veterinary History Record, Pages 22-43

Australian Veterinary History Record No.74

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Australian Veterinary History Record No.74 Editor || Dr. A.J. Turner || CONTENTS || NOTICE OF MEETING: Australian Veterinary History SIG 23 May 2016 || p.1 ||HISTORICAL ARTICLES|| p.7||The history of quarantine on Torrens Island, South Australia, 1850s to the present || p.20

Australian Veterinary History Record No.73

2026-06-01T23:15:57Z

Australian Veterinary History Record No.73 Editor || Dr. A.J. Turner || CONTENTS || NOTICE OF MEETING: Australian Veterinary History SIG AGM, 26 May 2016 || p.1 || SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM: AVA Annual Conference, Adelaide 26 May 2014 || p.2 || HISTORICAL ARTICLES || The history of quarantine on Torrens Island, South Australia, 1850s to the present || p.4 || Robert Nairn Johnstone 1884–1935 || p.15

Australian Veterinary History Record No.72

2026-06-01T23:15:58Z

Australian Veterinary History Record No.72 Editor || Dr. A.J. Turner || CONTENTS || NOTICE OF MEETING: Australian Veterinary History SIG AGM, 25 May 2015 || p.1 || HISTORICAL ARTICLES || RE Weir, first State Chief Veterinary Officer of Western Australia || p.1 || Frederick Murray-Jones, second Chief Veterinary Officer of Western Australia || p.8 || Additional Information: Australian Veterinary Contributions to FMD Eradication in SE Asia || p.25 || An interesting and informative read || p.27

Australian Veterinary History Record No.71

2026-06-01T23:15:59Z

Australian Veterinary History Record No.71 Editor || Dr. A.J. Turner || CONTENTS || NOTICE OF MEETING: Australian Veterinary History SIG AGM, 25 May 2015 || p.1 || HISTORICAL ARTICLES || Contributions by Australian Veterinarians to FMD eradication and control in SE Asia || p.7

Australian Veterinary History Record No.70

2026-06-01T23:15:57Z

Australian Veterinary History Record No.70 Editor || Dr. A.J. Turner || CONTENTS || NOTICE OF MEETING: Australian Veterinary History SIG AGM, 26 May 2014 || p.1 || SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM: AVA Annual Conference, Brisbane 26 May 2014 || p.2 || HISTORICAL ARTICLES || Major Harry Worthington by Alan Henderson || p.3 || Raleigh Clarke by Ian RE Clarke || p.19 ||

Australian Veterinary History Record No.69

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Australian Veterinary History Record No.69 EDITOR || Dr. A.J. Turner || CONTENTS || Tribute to First World War Veterinarians by Ivan Caple || p.1 || Professor John Gamgee; engagement with Victoria 1863-1864 by AJ Turner || p.4 || Sheep Scab in the Colony of Victoria by AJ Turner || p.13

Australian Veterinary History Record No.67

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Australian Veterinary History Record No.67 History and observations of Brunette Downs NT by J. Armstrong Australia’s bid for the 1983 World Veterinary Congress by E. Malcolm

Australian Veterinary History Record No.68

2026-06-01T23:15:59Z

Australian Veterinary History Record No.68 Harold William Bennetts – A remarkable veterinary pathologist by Malcolm Nairn p.7 || Centenary of the First World War; war service records of Veterinarians by Ivan Caple p.16 || Professor John Gamgee offering his services to eradicate pleuropneumonia by Andrew Turner p.21