https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17758 2026-06-13T12:52:26Z 2026-06-13T12:52:26Z Battellino, Helen C. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19345 2026-06-12T06:47:05Z 1994-11-01T00:00:00Z

Options for provision of services for the transport disadvantaged. Battellino, Helen C. The provision of transport for the “transport disadvantaged” has become an increasingly important policy area. The ageing of the Australian population and the need to ensure equal opportunity for all members of the community to accessible public transport services, places demands on both welfare and policy departments. To date transport for the transport disadvantaged has been dealt with as being separate from the mainstream public transport system. The policy debate is how best can improved transport services for the transport disadvantaged be delivered either as part of, or separate from, the mainstream services. A number of different models have been adopted overseas. This paper discusses the implications of these models in the Australian context particularly in relation to the implementation of the 1990 NSW Passenger Transport Act and the Federal Disability Discrimination Act (1992). Evidence is cited from a number of major studies undertaken by the author and colleagues into the costs of providing transport through the current community transport system as well as a cost benefit study of a trial demand responsive bus system in NSW.

1994-11-01T00:00:00Z Wigan, Marcus https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19331 2026-06-12T06:47:06Z 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z

Digital Spatial data: Problems of Property, Access, Pricing and Quality Wigan, Marcus Spatial information data has become widely available in a variety of digital forms, and is of great interest to users and potential of Geographical Information Systems. Most of the data has come from the work in the cartographic and land information organisations, and the majority of these have been from the public sector. As a wider community of interested parties seek to apply the combination of spatial data and GIS, a series of practical problems arise which reduce the opportunities for the community to realise the potential productivity gains. These concern several different areas: • Access to multiple sets of spatial data • The terms and price of its usage • The ownership of the information obtained and subsequently created • The quality of the information obtained Each of these are explored from the point of view of a secondary data user wishing to take advantage of the possibilities inherent in integrating multiple types of data with the spatial information now available. These include the legal aspects of databases, the issues of usage licensing and the mechanisms needed to ensure that the cumulative results can be effectively realised in spite of the often conflicting interests of the many parties involved.

1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19318 2026-06-12T06:47:04Z 1994-02-01T00:00:00Z

Aviation and Tourism in Nepal: Liberalising Airline Competition in a Less Developed Country Hooper, Paul Nepal is one of the world's poorest countries, but it has natural and cultural assets that have enabled it to generate a sizeable tourism industry. As part of a strategy to increase the nation's income from tourism, His Majesty's Government of Nepal is encouraging visitors to venture out of the Kathmandu Valley but it has been recognised that the domestic transport system requires improvement, especially the commercial aviation industry. Until recently, the Government's own airline has enjoyed a monopoly, but a new liberalisation policy has permitted private sector airlines to compete. Capacity and services have been upgraded as a result, but challenges remain to be addressed. Airport infrastructure is inadequate and administration of civil aviation needs to be improved. Also, the Government's airline needs strengthening if it is to play an important role in the future of the domestic aviation industry. More critical, perhaps, are the inherent flaws in the regulatory framework. The pressures on the aviation industry in Nepal are being experienced in other less developed countries. This paper draws out general implications of the move to more liberal competition policies.

1994-02-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19322 2026-06-12T06:47:05Z 1994-03-01T00:00:00Z

Park-and-Shop Discounts and Price Bundling Hooper, Paul Price bundling is the term used to describe the practice of selling two or more goods or services for a single price, often involving a form of discount. Most interest in this practice has focused on its use by monopolies to pursue a form of price discrimination, though there is increasing attention being devoted to bundling in competitive service industries. In a recent article, Lan and Kanafani have demonstrated how bundling arguments can be applied to derive optimal parking prices for shoppers. The present paper is a comment on the Lan and Kanafani article. The arguments are taken further and it is argued that prescriptions for park-and-shop pricing policy need to be based on a more realistic account of competition and the role of complementarity in demand.

1994-03-01T00:00:00Z Wigan, Marcus https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19352 2026-06-12T06:47:07Z 1994-10-01T00:00:00Z

Measurement and evaluation of non-motorised transport Wigan, Marcus Walking and cycling are travel modes where the operating cost is close to zero, and little or direct revenues flow from their usage. This makes the evaluation of their contribution to transport more difficult than for the motorised modes of transport (both public and private). The renewed focus on the performance of transport enterprises (generally referred to as micro-economic reform) has largely passed non-motorised transport by. The influence on nonmotorised transport of this greater emphasis on transport enterprise performance is considered, and appropriate adjustment proposed. Both performance measures and a wider range of evaluation measures are required. Non motorised transport movements are fundamentally different to motorised transport modes in a number of ways, and the lack of appropriate pricing signals makes it all the more important to recognise this. The near-universal accessibility to non motorised movement means that a more systematic assessment of the value of actual and potential access and travel time is required, and that the full externalities of motorised transport are brought out when assessments are made that include NMT modes. The information flows on NMT trends are sparse and only crash data is the only consistent measure of overall cycle and pedestrian activity available in most States. The need to assess all aspects of transport accessibility and usage under environmental and social pressures requires a systematic reassessment of NMT movements. This is now beginning to occur in Australia.

1994-10-01T00:00:00Z Daniels, Rhonda https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19344 2026-06-12T06:47:04Z 1994-10-01T00:00:00Z

Including the Environmental Impacts of Roads in Project Evaluation and Decision-Making Daniels, Rhonda The environmental impacts of roads are of increasing community concern. There is growing recognition that the environmental impacts of road projects should be better included in project decision-making and project evaluation. As well as measuring environmental impacts, there is a need to better incorporate them into decision-making. Continued improvements in the technical methods of measuring and quantifying environmental impacts will be invaluable. However measurement is only part of the issue: impacts must also be compared with other project costs and benefits. Assessment of impacts is discussed including non-monetary assessment of impacts and monetary valuation. It is argued that monetary valuation of environmental impacts would improve decision-making, as it would allow for more impacts to be quantified in a common unit, improve consistency and make trade-offs more explicit. There are a number of techniques available for monetary valuation. Methods which rely on hypothetical markets (contingent valuation and stated preference methods) offer great promise and have yet to be fully utilised in this context. As an indication of the costs of environmental impacts, some

1994-10-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul Hutcheson*, Simon Nyathi, Michael https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19350 2026-06-12T06:47:06Z 1994-10-01T00:00:00Z

The challenge of liberalising airline competition in a less developed country: The case of Nepal Hooper, Paul; Hutcheson*, Simon; Nyathi, Michael A new wave of liberalisation of airline markets is taking place in less devel oped nations, although the initial motivation in most cases is to supplement the capacity of the government’s own airline. Liberalisation tends to begin with free market entry and a strong interest in privatisation whilst other regulatory controls are maintained. This position is untenable and policy makers in the less developed countries are having to learn quickly without the benefit of the detailed analyses that preceded liberalisation in the developed countries. This set of circumstances is illustrated with an examination of the situation in Nepal where, until recently, the Government's own airline enjoyed a monopoly. Though the entry of private sector airlines in Nepal has added capacity and improved services, challenges remain to be addressed. This paper explores these problems and focuses on the lessons that policy makers in the less developed countries can draw from experiences elsewhere.

1994-10-01T00:00:00Z Wigan, Marcus https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19329 2026-06-12T06:47:06Z 1994-04-01T00:00:00Z

Walking as a Transport Mode Wigan, Marcus Walking is viewed from many different perspectives, but lacks both informed advocacy groups and a unified policy treatment. As a result, the weight given to pedestrian movements is inconsistent, and an appropriate view will permit a more coherent assessment of walking and pedestrian aspects of movement and access. The importance of road-related and off road walking activities are discussed, and the role of walking in shopping activities used as an illustration of the shortfalls in systematic treatment of pedestrian activity. Walking is treated as a full transport mode in this paper. New data derived from Australian travel surveys is presented. The relative importance of walking to other transport modes is illustrated in terms of the fractions of trips and of travel time for Australia as a whole and for individual cities. The treatment of walking in major studies means that in many cases the surveys may cover it - but the coding manuals actually require whole categories of walking to be excluded: this was the case for several of the earlier NSW major surveys, for example. However, times of day and the levels of activity by age and sex for walking alone are useful, but even more so when aligned with bicycle usage to pick out the NMT travel market segment. Cross checks of the time and distance estimates for pedestrian travel confirm that the data is reasonably consistent, leading to mean walk speeds of 5 km/hr male and 4 km/hr female. The levels of walking activity, trip rates and the times and distances spent in walking are analysed for Australia. The treatment of walking as a travel mode means that both bicycles and pedestrian movement can profitably be analysed together, as they comprise almost all of the non-motorised travel. This has been done for Australia as a whole, and a balancing effect between genders is noted. Walking and bicycling are in many ways complementary, and analysis of non-motorised movements should therefore pay attention to both modes and genders.

1994-04-01T00:00:00Z Raimond, Timothy Battellino, Helen https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19339 2026-06-12T06:47:05Z 1994-09-01T00:00:00Z

The Economics of Applying IVHS to Public Transport: A costbenefit analysis of the Shellharbour Demand Responsive Bus Trial Project Raimond, Timothy; Battellino, Helen There is much debate concerning the applicability of IVHS to public transport improvements. In particular, Computerised Public Transport Management Systems (CPTMS) are being seen by many as the answer to some of the traditional problems associated with public transport — the main one being flexibility for the user. CPTMS was trialed in a one year project on the urban fringes of Wollongong, taking the form of a demand responsive bus service. The flexibility of the service came from its ability to allow ondemand route diversions from a trunk route, offering real time passenger and control centre information, and 20 minute prior telephone booking. This paper details a cost-benefit analysis of the service. Two scenarios are evaluated — the high technology approach adopted by the project, and a low technology alternative which operated for most of the trial period because of technical problems. The study does raise some questions on how to value the intangible community benefits which could not be included in the formal cost-benefit analysis, such as goodwill towards the service and the flexibility it offers. Also, in light of the technical difficulties encountered in the CPTMS trial in Shellharbour, the paper discusses possible alternate solutions to providing a more flexible form of public transport.

1994-09-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19319 2026-06-12T06:47:07Z 1994-02-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluating Strategies for Packaging Travel Hooper, Paul Packaging has been a popular means of selling travel for over a century and in no small way has been responsible for the development of mass markets. In the light of this, it is surprising to find that there has been little research into the packaging phenomenon, especially from the point of view of an evaluation of packaging strategies. Principally, the literature documents flows of packaged travel or trends in sales. Very few researchers have attempted to model consumer preferences for packages. This paper reviews previous published work on packaging, but then characterises it as a form of price bundling, the general term used in marketing to describe a strategy of tying the sale of one product to the purchase of another. This more general framework is used to explain strategic motivations for popular packaging methods with an emphasis on consumers' decision-making in the presence of bundles. The paper examines the claim that the travel package, and especially the fully-inclusive tour, is at an advanced stage in its product life-cycle and that it will provide little stimulus to further growth in travel. The bundling paradigm suggests that unbundling travel can succeed, but there will remain a place for packaged travel products.

1994-02-01T00:00:00Z Chow, Garland https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19349 2026-06-12T06:47:07Z 1994-10-01T00:00:00Z

Transportation in low density markets: a role for public policy? Chow, Garland Many jurisdictions continue to regulate transportation services to small communities. These low density transport markets are subject to utilization economies that are lost when the market is fragmented among numerous competitors. This paper uses a simulation model that replicates the actual dispatching procedures used to distribute automobiles in western Canada. Using the actual demand for automobiles, the service levels and produc tivity of truck service in low density markets are estimated for various competitive scenarios and compared to the actual service and productivity levels achieved. Market performance results are modeled under monopoly and under competitive conditions and explicitly show the tradeoff between service and productivity (cost). Market fragmentation is seen to result in significant productivity losses with service held constant, or service de clines with productivity held constant. Competitors with the largest market shares have the greatest opportunities to produce the highest levels of service at the lowest cost. The results are consistent with empirical studies of other Canadian truck markets. Implications for public policy regarding transportation in low density markets are developed.

1994-10-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Daniels, Rhonda DeMellow, Ian https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19078 2026-06-12T06:47:05Z 1994-07-01T00:00:00Z

Revisions and Update: Productivity of Australian Railways 1971/72 to 1991/92 Hensher, David A.; Daniels, Rhonda; DeMellow, Ian This paper revises the findings of the Productivity of Australian Railways study released by ITS in 1992. The findings were released as Research Report ITS-RR-92-1, as Working Paper ITS-WP-92-7 and as a paper published in the proceedings of the 17th Australasian Transport Research Forum. The revisions include: the inclusion of South Australia’s urban passenger services, review of supply side measures of output, a revised measure of capital utilisation, and update of the database to include the latest available information for 1991/92. The paper is in two sections: Section 1 contains an explanation of the revisions and update; while Section 2 contains the results of the revisions and update including a revision of TFP figures and models presented in ITS-WP-92-7 and tables of revised data and TFP measures.

1994-07-01T00:00:00Z Hamed, Mohammed M. Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19077 2026-06-12T06:47:06Z 1994-06-01T00:00:00Z

Work Trip Characteristics Folowing the Gulf Crisis: The Experience in Amman, Jordan Hamed, Mohammed M.; Hensher, David A. This paper investigates the home to work trip characteristics following the Gulf crisis and the huge influx of Gulf returnees (mainly from Kuwait). These characteristics are measured through specifying and estimating three disaggregate models. These models represent the commuters' home to work trip duration, the frequency increase with which commuters arrived late at work, and the delay duration increase following the Gulf crisis. The specified models were estimated through the use of a random commuter survey carried out in Amman, Jordan's capital. The results show that, on average, commuters now arrive late at work three times a week compared with about once a week before the crisis. Furthermore, there is a clear shift in commuters' departure time. More commuters are departing earlier now (following the crisis) to compensate for the effect of traffic congestion. This clearly demonstrate the impact of the Gulf crisis and inability of the current transportation services to handle the new demand. Estimation results clearly suggest that commuters' household location, home to work mode choice, home departure time, work location, and the socioeconomic characteristics influence greatly the home to work trip characteristics. Elasticity estimates show that only the work trip length has an elasticity greater than one. Thus, the likelihood of arriving late at work and the delay duration are dominated by the level of congestion faced by commuters.

1994-06-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19068 2026-06-12T06:47:04Z 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z

Panel Data, Event Histories and Dynamic Choice Modelling: its Usefulness in Tourism Research Hensher, David A. In recognition of the dynamic nature of many consumer decisions, household-based panel studies have been designed and implemented in a number of non-tourism contexts. Such panels involve the monitoring of individual and household behaviour over a period of time in order to gain an understanding of behavioural change as a basis for predicting change. Panel surveys can be of value in tourism contexts. They provide an opportunity to investigate a richer set of tourism behaviours than is possible with a single cross-section. In this paper we discuss the key advantages of a panel approach to studying tourism behaviour. We also outline a number of modelling frameworks which provide suitable approaches to measuring and predicting the sensitivity of choice behaviour to changes in the wider set of factors influencing behavioural response.

1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19075 2026-06-12T06:47:05Z 1994-04-01T00:00:00Z

Technology, Pricing and Management Systems Futures for Urban Public Transport Hensher, David A. The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at some of the challenges facing governments who would like to support public transport if the case for its contribution to urban sustainability is proven. This paper emphasises technology, pricing and management systems futures for urban public transport. This should be interpreted to include the selection of appropriate public transport modes, especially the debate about the role of bus and rail-based systems; the role that pricing plays in positioning public transport in the various transport markets (with consideration of the justification of subsidies), and the alternative ways in which public transport can be delivered to the market, including privatepublic partnerships to share the risk, privatisation, corporatisation and competitive tendering.

1994-04-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19071 2026-06-12T06:47:07Z 1994-02-01T00:00:00Z

Opportunities to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Urban Passenger Transport Sector Hensher, David A. This paper sets out to appraise the body of literature which has investigated the potential role of a large number of strategies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the objectives set under the Rio Convention. The paper discusses the role of (i) technological vs behavioural ‘fixes’, (ii) the changing spatial and temporal dimension of work activity, (iii) the jobshousing balance and land use, (iv) conventional and alternative fuels, and (v) pricing, charges and taxes. This review and assessment is part of an ongoing study funded by the Bureau of Transport and Communication Economics investigating the cost effectiveness of alternative ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas in Australia. We draw on a number of real experiments to illustrate the types of policies which are likely to have the greatest impact, given the cost implications.

1994-02-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19070 2026-06-12T06:47:04Z 1994-02-01T00:00:00Z

The Timing of Change for Automobile Transactions: A Competing Risk Multispell Specification Hensher, David A. With the increasing number of panel data sets available in transport, the opportunity exists for the study of the time frame a household uses in making transport decisions. Panels collect data at regular points in time, and record information related to occurrences over the period since the last wave. Some panels record the precise time of an event during a panel wave. The opportunity to record event histories complete with identification of the states associated with a phenomenon such as automobile ownership together with the duration spent in each state provides powerful data for modelling the ‘when’ component of change through time. The ability to trace the timing of change and to model it will give transportation planners one missing element of forecasting - the timing of change. This paper develops a number of competing risk multispell models to obtain insights into the time spent in each of three states of automobile transactions (no change, replace used with used vehicle, and replace used with new vehicle), the factors which affect the probability of leaving a state, the probability of staying with a state, the effect of past history on current behaviour, and whether the population segments into distinct groups with different change probabilities. A data set of 12 years of annual observations (1974-1985) of a sample of Sydney households is used to illustrate the application of event history models.

1994-02-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Battellino, Helen Mackay, Annabel https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19074 2026-06-12T06:47:04Z 1994-04-01T00:00:00Z

Employment and the Nature of Work: The Impact on Mobility and Road Transport Needs Hensher, David A.; Battellino, Helen; Mackay, Annabel The objective of this paper is to establish an appreciation of the changing nature of labour force participation and work practices as they impact on mobility and road transport needs. As more workers have shorter and longer hours than the typical 38 hour week, and as job opportunities increasingly move to the suburbs, the development of a road infrastructure strategy must take the changing spatial and temporal nature of work activity into account.

1994-04-01T00:00:00Z Raimond, Timothy Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19073 2026-06-12T06:47:06Z 1994-04-01T00:00:00Z

Employment and the Nature of Work: The Impact on Mobility and Road Transport Needs Raimond, Timothy; Hensher, David A. The aim of this paper is to identify trends and issues in residential and household patterns, primarily in urban areas, which have implications for the strategic direction of the Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW. Residential patterns are defined as where people choose to live and why, and what types of dwellings they live in. Household patterns refer to the structure of households and the location of different structures within urban areas. Evidence is presented on the influence of a range of strategies and trends which provide incentives to change the shape and density of urban form, both directly and indirectly. This evidence is discussed in terms of its implications for the transport task, particularly road transport, over the next 20 years.

1994-04-01T00:00:00Z Golob, Thomas F. Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19076 2026-06-12T06:47:07Z 1994-05-01T00:00:00Z

Driving Behaviour of Long Distance Truck Drivers: The Effects of Schedule Compliance on Drug Use and Speeding Citations Golob, Thomas F.; Hensher, David A. This paper reports the results of an econometric analysis of the influences on on-road behaviour of long distance truck drivers in Australia. The approach is couched in terms of a utility maximisation framework in which a driver trades-off economic reward with occupational risk. The physical risks to the driver due to driving while fatigued are proxied by the use of stimulants. Drawing on a 1990 survey of a sample of 402 truck drivers selected from owner drivers and employee drivers, we evaluate a number of alternative hypotheses on the relationship between drug taking, compliance with schedules and the propensity to speed. A system of structural equations is specified to test alternative hypotheses on causality between the endogenous variables and a set of exogenous effects. The models are estimated using distribution-free methods for mixed dichotomous and continuous variables. The main findings within the set of endogenous variables is that increasing speed is positively influenced by the propensity to take stay-awake pills which is itself positively influenced by the propensity to self-impose schedules. After controlling for a number of contextual influences on the endogenous variables, rates of financial reward have a significant impacts on all three endogenous variables. This study has highlighted the complex relationships which exist between speeding, social behaviour and economic reward.

1994-05-01T00:00:00Z