https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17754 2026-06-13T15:10:37Z 2026-06-13T15:10:37Z Hensher, David A. King, Jenny https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19490 2026-06-12T06:04:24Z 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z

Establishing Fare Elasticity Regimes for Urban Passenger Transport: Time- Based Fares for Concession and Non-Concession Markets Segmented by Trip Length Hensher, David A.; King, Jenny The missing ingredient in many operational studies of public transport patronage prediction is a matrix of direct and cross fare elasticities which relate to specific fare classes within a choice set of fare class opportunities. This paper uses a heteroskedastic extreme value choice model to relax the constant variance assumption of the multinomial logit model so that empirically realistic cross elasticities can be obtained. A combined stated preference and revealed preference data set collected in Newcastle (New South Wales) in 1995 is used to obtain a matrix of direct and cross elasticities which reflects the market environment in which individuals, entitled to concession and nonconcession travel by public transport for short and long trips, make choices while benefiting by a richer understanding of how travellers respond to fare profiles not always observed in real markets, but including fare profiles which are of interest as potential alternatives to the current market offerings. The primary aim is to determine the sensitivity of Newcastle residents to the introduction of time-based bus fares. The four types of time-based bus fares proposed and studied are the 1 hour ticket, 4 hour ticket, day ticket and weekly ticket. The elasticities obtained from the study indicate the level of switching between ticket types and between the car and bus modes for any given change in fare levels or types.

1997-02-01T00:00:00Z Smith, Neil Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19444 2026-06-12T06:04:25Z 1997-05-01T00:00:00Z

The Future of Exclusive Busways: The Brazilian Experience Smith, Neil; Hensher, David A. This paper examines the operation of urban bus transport systems based upon exclusive bus roadways (busways) in three cities in Brazil. The historic, economic, political, regulatory and operating context for these services is discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of busway systems in Curitiba, Porto Allegre and Sao Paulo are compared, with particular reference to the operating capacity of the busways. The paper concludes with an assessment of the importance of operations techniques, infrastructure development, land use planning, political stability and regulation to the success or failure of these systems.

1997-05-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Beesley, Michael E. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19442 2026-06-12T06:04:25Z 1997-05-01T00:00:00Z

Markets, Government And Environmental Policy Issues For Public Transit Hensher, David A.; Beesley, Michael E. This paper considers the wider transport policy implications of bus deregulation, especially the links with environmental objectives. The major themes are the role of markets in creating opportunities through incentives to innovate which impact positively on the environment without the intervention of government, but which accord with political agendas, defining an appropriate set of goals and performance criteria for urban passenger transport which give credence to environmental sustainability, distinguishing outcome and outputs and structuring the regulator to deliver. We use the experience with mini-buses in Britain to show how markets create environmentally compatible incentives.

1997-05-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19496 2026-06-12T06:04:25Z 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z

Establishing A Fare Elasticity Regime for Urban Passenger Transport: Non- Concession Commuters Hensher, David A. The missing ingredient in many operational studies of public transport patronage prediction is a matrix of direct and cross fare elasticities which relate to specific fare classes within a choice set of fare class opportunities. This paper uses a heteroskedastic extreme value choice model to relax the constant variance assumption of the multinomial logit model so that empirically realistic cross elasticities can be obtained. A combined stated preference and revealed preference data set collected in Sydney in 1995 is used to obtain a matrix of direct and cross elasticities which reflects the market environment in which commuters make choices while benefiting by a richer understanding of how travellers respond to fare profiles not always observed in real markets, but including fare profiles which are of interest as potential alternatives to the current market offerings.

1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Daly, Peter https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19499 2026-06-12T06:04:26Z 1997-11-01T00:00:00Z

Proceedings of CAITR’97 - The 19th Conference of the Australian Institutes of Transport Research Daly, Peter This working paper contains the collected papers presented at the 19th Conference of the Australian Institutes of Transport Research hosted by the Institute of Transport Studies Monash University between 24th and 26th November 1997. A brief summary of the conference themes and highlights is provided as well as a discussion on the future dissemination of research reported at CAITR. A full list of attendees with affiliated organisations and prize winners is included. The papers themselves are unedited copies of the originals provided to the conference organisers.

1997-11-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Louviere, Jordan Swait, Joffre https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19502 2026-06-12T06:04:24Z 1997-04-01T00:00:00Z

Combining Sources of Preference Data: The Case of the Lurking l‘s Hensher, David A.; Louviere, Jordan; Swait, Joffre This paper brings together several research streams and concepts that have been evolving in random utility choice theory: first, it reviews the literature on stated preference (SP) elicitation methods and introduces the concept of testing data generation process invariance across SP and revealed preference (RP) choice data sources; second, it proposes a general data generation process an useful framework for viewing this data combination process; third, it describes the evolution of discrete choice models within the random utility family, where progressively more behavioural realism is being achieved by relaxing strong assumptions on the role of the variance structure (specifically heteroscedasticity) of the unobserved effects. This latter topic is central to the issue of combining multiple data sources. Particular choice model formulations incorporating heteroscedastic effects are presented, discussed and applied to data. The rich insights possible from modeling heteroscedasticity in choice processes is illustrated in each of the empirical applications, which examine its relevance to issues of data combination and taste heterogeneity.

1997-04-01T00:00:00Z Ton, Tu T. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19465 2026-06-12T06:04:24Z 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z

Intelligent Transport Systems - A New Era in Telematics Technology Ton, Tu T. Urban road traffic congestion problems which accounts to some substantial loss to the economy can only be reduced if the interaction between vehicles, infrastructure and transport management can be handled in a more efficient way. The emerging Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) or Transport Telematics technologies do, however, address many of the contributing factors which provide significant improvements in highway safety, mobility, and accessibility. This paper provides a snapshot of the latest information on the progress of transport telematics. It presents the result of the literature review of progress reports of transport telematics from America and Europe. The aim of this paper is to address the question of what is transport telematics and provide the progress report of the application of telematics technologies in the transport sector. It focuses on the issue of selecting of suitable system architecture and the associated technologies of transport telematics. A summary report on the cost analysis and benefits evaluation of transport telematics in America and Australia is included. The paper concludes with a summary of number of issues in the implementation of intelligent transport systems.

1997-01-01T00:00:00Z Robinson, Ross Everett, Sophia https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19497 2026-06-12T06:04:26Z 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z

Reforming Ports: Issues in the Privatisation Debate Robinson, Ross; Everett, Sophia Privatisation and corporatisation strategies are part of an ongoing microeconomic reform program aimed at commercialising and raising efficiency in the public sector. Within this ethos, ownership and efficiency are perceived to be inextricably linked. This paper examines port reform strategies implemented in Australia in recent times in particular in light of efficiency improvements. It raises also some unresolved social and policy issues associated with public ownership of commercial and profit oriented business and the provision of public good.

1997-02-01T00:00:00Z Taylor, Samantha Y Ogden, Ken https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19498 2026-06-12T06:04:23Z 1997-09-01T00:00:00Z

Interpreting Commercial Vehicle Survey Data Taylor, Samantha Y; Ogden, Ken Analytical rigour in statistical analysis is often taken for granted. Although every effort may be made in the initial phases, there may be several factors which influence the resulting accuracy of data. This paper describes some fundamental post-survey statistical analyses, with particular reference to commercial vehicle surveys. The greater Sydney region Commercial Vehicle Survey is used to illustrate how data can be misinterpreted if errors are not quoted or calculated properly. Stratification of samples, response rates, means, medians, data distribution and sampling errors using the relative standard error, are all discussed with emphasis on the role and calculation of each, and how easily the data and statistics can be misinterpreted.

1997-09-01T00:00:00Z Golob, Thomas F. Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19446 2026-06-12T06:04:23Z 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Australian Commutersí Attitudes and Behaviour Concerning Abatement Policies and Personal Involvement Golob, Thomas F.; Hensher, David A. Public interest in the environment is building as we gain information about the deterioration in air quality and the potential threat of global warming. This research addresses the dichotomy between an individual’s behavior and his or her attitudinal support for policies which are promoted as benefiting the environment. We study how responses to attitudinal survey questions are interrelated, and how such responses are related to actual travel behavior using data from a survey undertaken in six capital cities in Australia in 1994. A measurement model is used to establish a set of latent attitudinal factors, and these factors are related in a structural equations model to a set of behavioral variables representing commuterís mode choice and choice of compressed work schedules, conditioned by a set of exogenous variables. We find that individuals with a strong environmental commitment are more likely to be female, from smaller households with fewer cars, be either under 30 years old or over 50 years old, have high household income and be highly educated. However, women are likely to view the car as a status symbol, and this attitude is conducive to choice of solo driving. We also find that mode choice influences attitudes; commuters who use public transport are more likely to support policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Our conclusion is that switching commuters away from solo driving can have effects that transcend the benefit obtained from reduced vehicle use for the journey to work alone.

1997-01-01T00:00:00Z Rose, Geoff Ampt, Elizabeth https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19495 2026-06-12T06:04:23Z 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z

Reducing Car Travel Through an ‘Individual Action’ Programme Rose, Geoff; Ampt, Elizabeth This paper outlines a new approach to reducing car use in order to address environmental concerns. The individual action programme, known as travel blending, aims to encourage individuals to choose a mixture, or blend, of travel choices over time to satisfy their travel needs rather than being a captive of the private car. Participating households are sent a series of four kits, containing information booklets and travel diaries, over a nine week period. The travel diaries and vehicle log books are analysed and a summary of the household’s travel patterns, and the emissions produced by their vehicles, is sent back in a subsequent kit along with suggestions explaining how they could introduce travel blending into their travel patterns. Households complete another set of diaries and vehicle log books after four weeks and these are analysed so that a comparative summary can be returned to the household with the final kit. The paper describes results from a pilot study, involving about 50 individuals, undertaken in Sydney, Australia. The encouraging results from the pilot have resulted in preparations being made for a larger trial involving about 300 individuals.

1997-01-01T00:00:00Z Ton, Tu Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19488 2026-06-12T06:04:23Z 1997-06-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluating Minimum Service Levels for Bus Services - Using Geographical Information Systems Ton, Tu; Hensher, David A. Under the New South Wales Passenger Transport Act 1990, each commercial contract for providing a bus service must stipulate a scale of minimum service levels. It is a means for the Government to ensure that all the residents of communities which have similar population densities receive an appropriate minimum level of services from the bus operator. It can also be viewed as a marketing tool that can be used by bus operators to increase patronage and revenue. The minimum service levels policy is based on population level, car ownership and the competing passenger transport services. The key requirement in the minimum service levels estimation procedure is to measure the spatial relationship between residential areas and transport modes under consideration. Conventionally, the approach has been to visually inspect a paper map to extract population and car ownership statistics affected by different transport modes. Today, with GIS, this procedure can be automated and dealt with on a much larger scale, enabling results to be more accessible to end users. This paper describes the process of enabling GIS analysis in a case study for a regional New South Wales town.

1997-06-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19489 2026-06-12T06:04:27Z 1997-07-01T00:00:00Z

Open Skies” in India - Is it succeeding Hooper, Paul With a “middle class” of 200 million people in a large country where travel between the major population centres by surface transport can be arduous, India has a potentially large domestic airline market. In the post-World War II period, India nationalised its airline industry into one international carrier, Air India, and one domestic carrier, Indian Airlines, but it began to relax these controls in 1986. Since then, a series of policy initiatives introduced what is proclaimed to be an “open skies” policy. There has been no shortage of new entrants willing to add capacity into a system where supply-side constraints are regarded as the main impediment to a boom in airline travel. However, many of these new ventures have failed within a few years and the remaining carriers, including Indian Airlines, have had to increase fares in an attempt to improve their financial performance. Far from being an “open skies” environment, airline managers continue to be subject to formal and informal government regulations and government has introduced new taxes and increased charges for aviation services. The result is an industry characterised by financial instability and low traffic growth. This paper documents the changes in the regulatory system and analyses the strategies adopted by the airlines. The paper concludes that inappropriate policies are constraining development of the industry, particularly the requirement imposed by the Government for the airlines so allocate their capacity on a mix of profitable and unprofitable routes. Paper presented at the First Conference of the Air Transport Research Group Meeting, University of British Columbia, Vancouver B.C., Canada, 25-28 June 1997. The ATRG is a Special Interest Group of the World Conference on Transport Research Society.

1997-07-01T00:00:00Z Robinson, Ross Everett, Sophia https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19443 2026-06-12T06:04:27Z 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z

Productivity of Australian Container Terminals: Some Critical Issues Robinson, Ross; Everett, Sophia Terminals: a Review which was prepared for the Western Australian Department of Transport and which was completed in April 1996. The Department was concerned at the continuing low levels of stevedoring productivity at Australian container terminals generally - despite an intensive waterfront reform program - and at terminals in the Port of Fremantle more particularly. The conventional wisdom was that low productivity was a function of a number of factors - inadequate infrastructure, poor equipment, bad work practices, poor labour relations; but in our view the central issue was, and remains, the inadequacy of the policy framework erected on Enterprise Based Agreements (EBAs) and set in place under the WIRA arrangements by the end of 1991. The initial Report focused on this issue with specific reference to the EBA framework adopted by P&O Ports; and to the new Productivity Employment Proposal or PEP scheme mooted by the company. Specific reference was also made to the Port of Fremantle where both major stevedoring companies - P&O Ports and Patrick - were operating under EBAs. In 1996 the industry is still some way off an appropriate framework and mechanisms for achieving higher stevedoring productivity - the PEP scheme is still under scrutiny; Patrick, despite a prolonged and often acrimonious debate with its Union counterpart, found it necessary to resort to arbitration to revise its EBA; and the proposed Australian Workplace Agreements of the new coalition Government will enter into law in 1997. Not surprisingly, our research is continuing!

1997-01-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19487 2026-06-12T06:04:29Z 1997-06-01T00:00:00Z

Developments in the Aviation Industry in Australia and Asia - Implications for Australian Tourism Hooper, Paul The Asia-Pacific region is expected to be the main region of growth in airline travel for at least the next two decades. According to the forecasts, China will become one of the largest domestic airline markets in the world alongside Japan, already one of the most significant domestic markets outside the USA. The inability of government-owned airlines in the region to cope with rapid growth and with the need to upgrade their services in domestic markets has resulted in major changes in policy. As a result, new airlines have been permitted to operate in South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan with governments adopting a more liberal attitude towards competition. A common experience has been that the new airlines cannot survive on a domestic base and a number of countries have allowed the new carriers to fly international routes. These new airlines are more likely to fly between regional centres and so take away some of the pressures on the key hub airports that tend to be congested. Also, they provide direct links to tourist attractions away from the main metropolitan centres in Australia. This paper analyses these trends in aviation in the Asian region and explores their implications for the continuing development of Asian markets by Australian airlines and the tourism sector.

1997-06-01T00:00:00Z Rose, Geoff https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19501 2026-06-12T06:04:28Z 1997-10-01T00:00:00Z

Attitude and Travel Behaviour Change Using Survey Feedback: Insight from Dutch and Australian Experience Rose, Geoff Travel demand management (TDM) addresses the problems of energy consumption and pollution associated with increased motor vehicle use through strategies focused on improving asset utilisation, physical restraint, pricing, and urban and social changes. This paper concerns the last of these areas and examines programs aimed at changing attitudes and subsequently travel behaviour through individual measurement and personalised information. While Australian research results reviewed here are encouraging, results from the Netherlands highlight psychological processes which can reduce the effectiveness of these programs. This research area has important implications for the development of information campaigns designed to influence travel behaviour.

1997-10-01T00:00:00Z Robinson, Ross https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19493 2026-06-12T06:04:29Z 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z

Asian Hub/Feeder Nets: The Dynamics of Restructuring Robinson, Ross In less than 25 years containerisation has restructured the way in which regional Asia handles its manufactured and break-bulk cargoes. In 1972 the commissioning of the purpose-built container terminals in Hong Kong and Singapore focused container shipping services, and particularly the trans-Pacific and the traditional Far- East/Europe services, into hub/Feeder networks in which the two ports were the undisputed first order centres. Somewhat later, Kaohsiung and to a lesser extent Pusan, developed as important hubs. But now, in the mid 1990’s, earlier and simpler structures of hub/feeder networks are being quickly transformed into much more complex patterns. Continuing high growth rates of containerised cargo, an increased number of ports with relatively high throughputs and the simple proliferation of ports - particularly but not only in China - have been important factors; but the reorganisation of global liner shipping into a small number of alliances capable of operating larger ships, more complex service patterns and with exceptional market power has been critical. The new shipping networks will be hierarchically organised with high cost-high efficiency first order ports serving high cost-high efficiency shipping services and lower cost-lower efficiency ports serving appropriately segmented shipping markets. In the longer term former feeder ports may be linked into direct call networks; but in practice hub/feeder operations will continue over a long period of time.

1997-02-01T00:00:00Z Taplin, John H. E. Hensher, David A. Smith, Brett https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19492 2026-06-12T06:04:27Z 1997-08-01T00:00:00Z

Imposing Symmetry On A Complete Matrix Of Commuter Travel Elasticities Taplin, John H. E.; Hensher, David A.; Smith, Brett Travel price and time elasticities are increasingly being derived from discrete choice models of the multinomial or nested logit form. These elasticities are then applied to obtain predictions of changes in travel demand consequent on a policy change in prices and travel times. The majority of the choice elasticities are estimated within the behavioural setting of modal choice, holding total travel fixed. A few mode choice models have recently relaxed the strong assumption of constant variance in the random components of the indirect utility function to enable the derivation of behaviourally meaningful cross choice elasticities. Under constant variance, only the direct choice elasticities have behavioural meaning. While this advance in discrete choice modelling is to be applauded, the procedures used derive share elasticities conditional on a fixed total demand, and in addition make no corrections for two important conditions required to ‘convert’ the choice elasticity matrix into a demand elasticity matrix - namely symmetry and share weighted column sums. This paper takes a set of empirical choice elasticities and shows the procedures required to adjust these elasticities to arrive at a matrix of demand elasticities. We draw on a recent data set collected in Sydney which utilises revealed preference and stated choice data to estimate a joint model of ticket choice conditional on mode and choice of mode for commuter travel.

1997-08-01T00:00:00Z Taylor, Samantha Y https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19500 2026-06-12T06:04:29Z 1997-11-01T00:00:00Z

Technology Application for Freight Data Collection Taylor, Samantha Y This paper looks at the application of GPS, GIS, wireless communication networks and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) technology to freight data collection. The Transport Research Centre (in Melbourne) is undertaking a Freight Activity and Commercial Travel Survey (FACTS) which aims to use this technology to collect metropolitan road based freight data in Melbourne. FACTS is currently at the prototype development stage and consists of a GPS based tool to automatically collect location and route choice information, and an electronic touch screen questionnaire to collect data on vehicle stops, the driver and the vehicle. This paper explains the prototype development.

1997-11-01T00:00:00Z Hooper, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19343 2026-06-12T06:04:25Z 1997-04-01T00:00:00Z

Liberalising Airline Competition in India: Relevant Lessons from the Australian Experience Hooper, Paul As the commercial airline industry developed during the 1940's and 1950's, there was universal acceptance of the need to control entry, to regulate fares and to encourage airlines to cross-subsidise unprofitable services. By 1978, however, practitioners and academics in the USA mounted a forceful case that the nation's consumers would be better off in a deregulated environment and many other countries have followed suit since then. India is one of a number of Asian countries that have become recent converts to liberalism, but in formulating policies there are problems in translating the experiences of the USA. India's airline market is relatively undeveloped and air transport plays a vital role in supporting national objectives. This paper examines the parallels between Australia and India because, like India, Australia deregulated when it had two national carriers. Australia's domestic airline market is concentrated on a small number of routes and the remainder of the network lacks the density of traffic to promote competition, but airline services are regarded as a vital part of the infrastructure to support the tourism sector. The paper evaluates the experiences in Australia in terms of their relevance to India as it continues to develop its policies and as the carriers seek to develop viable strategies.

1997-04-01T00:00:00Z Taylor, Samantha Y Ogden, Ken https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19163 2026-06-12T06:04:24Z 1997-12-01T00:00:00Z

The Utilisation of Commercial Vehicles in Urban Areas Taylor, Samantha Y; Ogden, Ken This paper examines the utilisation of commercial vehicles in the greater Sydney metropolitan region. It is based on an analysis of data from the 1991/92 Commercial Vehicle Survey (CVS) undertaken by the Transport Data Centre at the Department of Transport in New South Wales, Australia. This survey provides prima facie evidence that vehicle productivity could be improved. Data is presented on the proportion of the vehicles working on an average week day, the average number of trips made on any one day and the average time spent travelling each day. Notwithstanding the fact that the results could be biased due to survey response factors and the knowledge that there was a recession in 1991/92, the values for these indices are relatively low. The paper considers possible reasons for the low level of vehicle utilisation and the implications for road network planning and logistics management.

1997-12-01T00:00:00Z