https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17751 2026-06-05T19:18:28Z 2026-06-05T19:18:28Z Ceder, Avi https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19198 2026-05-27T05:50:31Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Public Transport Timetables and Vehicle Scheduling with Balanced Passenger Loads Ceder, Avi This work attempts to combine the creation of public transport timetables and vehicle scheduling so as to improve the correspondence of vehicle departure times with passenger demand while minimising the resources (the fleet size required). The methods presented for handling the two components simultaneously can be applied for both single and interlining transit routes, and can be carried out in an automated manner. With the growing problems of transit reliability, and advance in the technology of passenger information systems, the importance of even and clock headways is reduced. This allows for the possibility to create more efficient schedules from both the passenger and operator perspectives. The methodology framework contains a developed algorithm for the derivation of vehicle departure times (timetable) with even average loads and smoothing consideration in the transition between time periods. It is done while ensuring that the derived timetables will be carried out by the minimum number of vehicles. The procedures presented are accompanied by examples and clear graphical explanations. It is emphasised that the public timetable is one of the predominant bridges between the operator (and community) and the passengers.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Denmark, David https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19200 2026-05-27T05:50:30Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Which Bus? Research on the Use and Comprehension of Public Transport Information Denmark, David This paper was prepared for the Disability and Ageing Department. The research addressed the following questions: • Where do people get the information they require to use bus services? • Can people easily comprehend timetables? • What aspects of timetables cause difficulties? Includes recommendations

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Vickerman, Roger https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19021 2026-05-27T05:50:32Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Transport and Economic Growth Vickerman, Roger There is a perceived wisdom that transport provision (especially of roads) is an essential pre-requisite for economic growth which has tended to justify a “predict and provide“ approach to the provision of roads. The evidence is much more mixed, GDP growth has been a good predictor of both passenger and freight growth, at least until recently, leading to speculation that there might be an optimum “transport intensity” of the economy. This has become a potential objective for sustainable transport policies to try and reduce transport intensity, i.e. seek ways of reducing the amount of transport which is necessary to sustain a given level of GDP. There remain, however, many instances of where specific provision has not led to the economic growth which was confidently expected, despite traffic growth which exceeded forecast levels. How should governments and other providers respond to this situation, and in particular should they, and if so how, introduce better measurement of the wider economic effects of transport improvements into investment appraisal? How do these effects relate to other external effects of transport, for example, on the environment? This paper will report on an approach to these issues based on a recent report on Transport and the Economy by the U.K. Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment (of which the author was a member). The key points which this Report brings out are the lack of any general solution to the issue, the importance of considering the extent of imperfect competition in the sectors using transport, the importance of distinguishing the redistributive effects from the net impacts and the incidence of the “two-way road” effect where transport improvements sought by a region may work against its best interests, and the need to demonstrate clearly the relationship between the wider economic and environmental impacts of any proposal.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19020 2026-05-27T05:50:29Z 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z

Assessing Data and Modeling Needs for Urban Transport Sector: An Australian Perspective Hensher, David A. Managing the transport assets of an urban economy and ensuring that change is in accordance with suitable performance measures requires continuing improvement in analytical power and empirical information. One crucial input in an ongoing review of data and modeling capability for improving planning and policy support in the urban transport sector is a recognition of the role of stakeholders and the impact they can have in supporting the ongoing commitment to implementing a state of practice data and modeling strategy. This paper presents a multi-stage stakeholder assessment of data and modeling needs (primarily in the urban passenger context) in Australia that is required to ensure the continuity of appropriate deliverables to a market of diverse stakeholders. The implementation of the framework of inquiry enables data and modeling agencies to remain current and relevant. Such an exercise should be encouraged from time to time as part of good practice.

2000-03-01T00:00:00Z Louviere, Jordan J. Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19028 2026-05-27T05:50:29Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Combining Sources of Preference Data Louviere, Jordan J.; Hensher, David A. Mixtures of revealed preference and stated preference data are recognised by transportation researchers as offering a richness of behavioural input to travel choice modelling that is often absent from the isolated use of each data source. Accumulating evidence from various literatures, especially in marketing, psychology and transportation, provides support for the desirability of combining sources of preference data as a way of transferring increasing power of understanding of travel behaviour from the econometrics of a model to the underlying data inputs. Together with advances in the specification and estimation of discrete choice models, we are beginning to see that the simpler choice models such as multinomial logit (MNL) deliver an amazing amount of behavioural power providing that the underlying data specification is given a statistically rigorous treatment. There still remains however a growing role for more general choice models as a way of establishing the relevance of the simpler MNL model. This paper reviews the major contributions to the literature on combining sources of preference data and suggests new directions for fruitful research.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19029 2026-05-27T05:50:29Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

The Sensitivity of the Valuation of Travel Time Savings to the Specification of Unobserved Effects Hensher, David A. The behavioural value of travel time savings (VTTS) remains a controversial data item in the evaluation of transport projects. Over the last 40 years we have seen numerous empirical studies seeking to enrich our understanding of the amount that an individual or firm is willing to pay to save a unit of travel time (or more precisely transfer a fixed amount of time from one activity to another). With few exceptions, the majority of empirical studies have used essentially the same data metric and model estimation procedure. The most popular approaches have used either revealed preference (RP) or stated preference (SP) data and a multinomial logit (MNL) choice model to identify marginal rates of substitution between travel time and price of a trip. The few more advanced studies have integrated RP and SP data and have explored the gains in behavioural power of models that relax to varying degrees the underlying assumptions that produce the MNL model. This paper highlights the potential gains from a more carefully considered structure of the unobserved effects conditioning the form of a discrete choice model, and hence the possible mis-inference from the simpler MNL specification. We demonstrate the implication for VTTS of serial correlation between the SP treatments, covariance amongst alternatives, the presence of individual specific (random) effects or heterogeneity, and differential variance of the unobserved effects.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19018 2026-05-27T05:50:29Z 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z

The Valuation of Travel Time Savings for Urban Car Drivers: Evaluating Alternative Model Specifications Hensher, David A. The empirical valuation of travel time savings is a derivative of the ratio of parameter estimates in a discrete choice model. The most common formulation (multinomial logit) imposes strong restrictions on the profile of the unobserved influences on choice as represented by the random component of a preference function. As we progress our ability to relax the restrictions we open up opportunities to benchmark the values derived from simple (albeit relatively restrictive) models. In this paper we contrast the values of travel time savings derived from five discrete choice models – multinomial logit, heteroskedastic extreme value, covariance heterogeneity logit, mixed (or random parameter) logit and multinomial probit. The empirical setting is urban car commuting and non-commuting in six locations in New Zealand. The evidence supports the growing position that less restrictive choice model specifications tend to produce higher estimates of values of time savings compared to the multinomial logit model; however the degree of under-estimation of multinomial logit remains quite variable, depending on the context.

2000-03-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Duangphastra, Chackrit https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19014 2026-05-27T05:50:33Z 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z

Interorganizational Support and Strategies for the ASEAN Aviation Sector: An Application of Canonical Correlation Analysis Hensher, David A.; Duangphastra, Chackrit The international and political bargaining process in the aviation sector is heavily influenced by the views of stakeholders, especially regulators, airlines and airport authorities. These views are diverse and often complex to synthesise. We use the method of non-linear canonical correlation to analyse the views of ASEAN officials sampled from aviation authorities, airline executives, airport executives, industry coordinators, air transport consultants, and international organisations in a systematic way so as to reveal the primary positions of vested interests. In so doing we have a very powerful policy tool for qualitatively predicting likely future organisational responses to initiatives in the reform of the aviation sector such as liberalisation and strategic alliances.

2000-03-01T00:00:00Z Richardson, Anthony J. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19026 2026-05-27T05:50:35Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Behavioural Mechanisms of Non-Response in Mailback Travel Surveys Richardson, Anthony J. In the conduct of sample surveys in transport, there will inevitably be some level of non-response. The issues of non-response are fundamentally connected to the questions of reducing survey bias and increasing the accuracy of sample estimates. This is because non-respondents in sample surveys have often been shown to have significantly different characteristics from those of the respondents. These differences are in terms of the socio-demographic characteristics and, more importantly, in terms of travel behaviour characteristics. For example, non-respondents to household interview surveys tend to travel more than respondents to such surveys, because one of the main reasons for their non-response is that they are out of the house (travelling) when the interviewer calls to perform the interview. If due allowance is not made for this known difference, then estimates of total travel and travel distance will be under-estimated from such surveys. This will then result in under-estimates of emissions and fuel consumption in the survey area. Other types of non-response bias are associated with other types of survey method. This paper considers a range of issues associated with nonresponse to mailback travel surveys. It begins by reviewing some of the previous research on non-response in mailback travel surveys, in particular methods of correcting for this non-response. It then proposes a number of different behavioural mechanisms that might be associated with nonresponse patterns in those surveys, and suggests that previous methods of correcting for non-response in mailback travel surveys may be in error. The paper concludes by suggesting further steps that must be taken to fully understand the behavioural mechanisms underlying non-response in mailback travel surveys.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19024 2026-05-27T05:50:33Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Measurement of Valuation of Travel Time Savings Hensher, David A. The value of travel time savings (VTTS) is a critical parameter in transport project appraisal and through its application produces the dominating user benefit, typically 60% of traditionally quantified user benefits. Beesley’s work in the 1960’s laid the foundation for much of the subsequent applied research, especially in respect of measurement and interpretation. This paper revisits Beesley’s contribution in the context of the 1960’s and shows the subsequent development of his ideas.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Sankaran, Jay Charman, Zane https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19016 2026-05-27T05:50:34Z 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z

An Inductive Empirical Investigation into Third Party Logistics Contracts Sankaran, Jay; Charman, Zane We report an inductive, qualitative investigation into third party logistics contracts whose express purpose was to inform subsequent case study research into the same. A salient feature of the research is the methodology which involved going backand- forth between data gathering (the principal source of data was flexible interviews) and analysis, which was conducted through formally specified coding techniques. The products of our induction include concepts and categories that are relevant in the study of third party logistics contracts, as well as their synthesis into an anatomical description of such contracts. We also draw several inferences from our data that bear upon future empirical research into third party logistics contracts, especially their effectiveness.

2000-03-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Reyes, April J. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/19023 2026-05-27T05:50:34Z 2000-07-01T00:00:00Z

Trip Chaining as a Barrier to the Propensity to use Public Transport Hensher, David A.; Reyes, April J. Trip chaining is a growing phenomenon in travel and activity behaviour. Individuals increasingly seek out opportunities to minimise the amount of travel required as part of activity fulfilment, given the competing demands on time budgets and their valuation of travel time savings. This search for ways of fulfilling (more) activities with less travel input has produced a number of responses, one of which is trip chaining. A particularly important policy implication of trip chaining is the potential barrier it creates in attracting car users to switch to public transport. This paper seeks to improve our understanding of trip chaining as a barrier to public transport use. A series of discrete choice models are estimated to identify the role that socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households have on the propensity to undertake trip chains of varying degrees of simplicity/complexity that involve use of the car or public transport with an embedded commuting or non-commuting primary purpose. Multinomial logit, nested logit and random parameter logit models are developed and contrasted to establish the gains in relaxing the strict conditions of the multinomial logit model.

2000-07-01T00:00:00Z Richardson, Anthony J. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/18209 2026-05-27T05:50:32Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z

The Absolute Need for Creativity in Transport Planning Richardson, Anthony J. The transport planning process has often been characterised as consisting of a series of logical stages which lead towards the production of a final outcome. These stages include the identification of goals, the specification of alternatives, the collection of information, the modelling of alternative courses of action, the evaluation of alternatives, the selection of preferred alternatives, the implementation of these preferred alternatives and the monitoring of their consequences. While much attention has been paid to many of these processes, relatively little attention has focussed on the creative specification of alternatives.This paper seeks to show that there is an absolute need for creativity in the selection of alternative courses of action in transport planning. Drawing upon the techniques of creative thinking developed by Edward de Bono, the paper will show why creativity is needed and how all transport planners can improve their skills in Lateral Thinking. The paper will outline some fundamental ideas, and some myths, about creativity and describe three major techniques in creative thinking, namely the concept fan, random inputs, and the use of provocation. It will describe why and how these techniques work, and will then demonstrate their use in a range of transport planning applications.

2000-02-01T00:00:00Z Sankaran, Jay https://hdl.handle.net/2123/18211 2026-05-27T05:50:32Z 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z

Freight Logistics in the New Zealand Context Sankaran, Jay It is well known that within an economic region, shippers’ practice of logistics is shaped significantly by various factors, such as transportation regulation. The precise purpose of this paper is to describe these factors and their influence on logistics practice in the New Zealand context. We first discuss the various modes of domestic freight transport as well as the deregulation and privatization of the transportation sector of the New Zealand economy. We also examine international shipping and airfreight in the context of New Zealand’s foreign trade. We then identify three sets of contextual factors (structural, regulatory, and developmental) that, in the New Zealand situation, shape shippers’ practice of freight logistics.

2000-03-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. Louviere, Jordan J. Hansen, David E. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/18210 2026-05-27T05:50:34Z 2000-03-01T00:00:00Z

The Use of Mixtures of Market and Experimental Choice Data in Establishing Guideline Weights for Evaluating Competitive Bids in a Transport Organisation Hensher, David A.; Louviere, Jordan J.; Hansen, David E. The government sector is increasingly using competitive bidding for service deliveries such as the provision of bus and rail services as well as the purchasing of professional engineering services such as project planning, design, and project supervision. As part of a program to simplify and introduce consistency in the tender evaluation process, one government transport agency in New Zealand financed a study to investigate the potential of combined revealed and stated preference methods as a way of establishing weights to attach to the criteria used to evaluate offers of engineering services. These techniques have mainly been used in the study of travel choices yet they have a much broader appeal in studying the decision making process of organisations. In this paper we use a data-mixing model to capture the decision expertise of a transport organisation through the revelation of preference weights for each evaluation criterion. Using choice information based on both market-driven and experimentally-derived choice sets, we should be able to increase the robustness of the evaluation weights in comparison to the weights obtained from single data-sourced models. The resulting parameterised tool can be used in subsequent tender evaluations to provide an additional source of advise to supplement or replace that provided by current members of a bid evaluation team.

2000-03-01T00:00:00Z Brewer, Ann Hensher, David A https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17940 2026-05-05T12:41:27Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z

Identifying the Overarching Logistics Strategy of Business Practices Brewer, Ann; Hensher, David A In a 'hyper competitive context’ (D'Aveni 1994), a major issue for enterprises is the strategic use of logistics capability to gain create and leverage value in the marketplace. Management is now appreciating that a logistics strategy makes a key contribution to corporate strategy and performance. This paper investigates the extent of complementarity between the logistics strategy and business practices in 20 organisations in the management of their operations, inventory, alliances, customers, supply chain integration, performance assessment, information technology and EDI practices. Non-linear canonical correlation analysis is used to establish the degree of concordance between business practices and the logistic strategy for a sample of Australian organisations involved in freight transportation. The evidence suggests that there is very strong synergy between a logistics strategy and the broader set of business initiatives in transport businesses, giving strong support to the overarching role of logistics strategy. This is in contrast to non-transport organisations where logistics is still seen as a separate activity centre, with the exception of information technology and EDI.

2000-02-01T00:00:00Z Vickerman, Roger https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17941 2026-05-27T05:50:31Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluation Methodologies for Transport Projects in the United Kingdom: Dealing with Multi-modal Questions Vickerman, Roger This paper reviews the basic methodology for the evaluation of transport projects in the UK and explains the changes currently being undertaken. The paper identifies the key elements as a very rigorous economic evaluation of direct user benefits, but rather less progress on the evaluation of environmental or wider economic effects. Changes are currently being made to develop a common framework for multi-modal applications which introduces new challenges.

2000-02-01T00:00:00Z Heaver, Trevor Meersman, Hilde Moglia, Francesca Van de Voorde, Eddy https://hdl.handle.net/2123/17935 2026-05-27T05:50:29Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z

Do Mergers And Alliances Influence European Shipping And Port Competition? Heaver, Trevor; Meersman, Hilde; Moglia, Francesca; Van de Voorde, Eddy New horizontal and vertical integration agreements among the previously separate players in the international shipping and logistics industries are changing the characteristics of services and the structure of the industries. This paper reviews the types of agreements being entered into; examples given are within or affecting Europe. The paper notes that greater integration in the industries may enable improved quality and efficiency of services for shippers. It also notes that the integration changes the amount, nature and incidence of competition in the industries. Particular attention is given to the strategic implications of the changes for ports. The presence of a large fixed infrastructure in the costs and the increased role of the private sector and commercial objectives make the appropriate response of ports uncertain. With the ultimate results of the shifts in market power uncertain, more research is needed on the effects of greater integration in the industry on efficiency, conflicts of interest and on the possible effects of market dominance.

2000-02-01T00:00:00Z