http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5862 Tue, 21 May 2013 20:25:50 GMT 2013-05-21T20:25:50Z http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au:80/retrieve/26789/itls_logo_sydney.png http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5862 http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6609 Title: How to Achieve Acceptance by Considering User Needs in Public Transport Authors: Risser, Ralf Abstract: During the last years, the concept of social marketing has become central to part of the research connected to the goal of making public transport, walking, cycling, but also the acceptance of traffic safety measures more attractive. The concept of "marketing" is often used erroneously in the public: the part of the communication with the target groups is taken as pars pro toto by many. However, what is often forgotten by practitioners involved in marketing is that, according to the marketing theories, every measure has to be based soundly on information work: "information work" refers to the efforts made to collect as much information as possible about the target groups. He/she who wants to plan measures does so on basis of what he/she has learned about the users´ characteristics, their situation, their NEEDS and interests. The paper offered here deals with the part of information policy where it is tried to learn about needs and interests. From a psychological point of view the interesting thing is that qualitative methods are needed to learn about needs and interests, and a discussion of different results when using standardised instruments in comparison to qualitative mesures - e.g., narrative interviews - will be lead. Description: Theme 3 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6609 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6608 Title: Quality Bus Partnerships Implications for Market Performance Authors: Mackie, Peter Description: Theme 3 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6608 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6607 Title: The Transport-Ticket System in Brazil for Urban Public Transport Authors: Lima, Mário Jorge C.; Faria, Sérgio Abstract: The transport-ticket system in Brazil for urban public transport was implanted on 1987, in the big cities. By the system, the employers must to supply their employees with sufficient amount of tickets, to facilitate their diary translation from home to office. Since their implantation, the system facilitates the maintenance of the urban public transport quality and permits the normal fulfilment of the urban economic activity. Meanwhile, the system means a large allowance, from the firms and employers to the urban bus companies, partially compensated by the income tax depression. The article analyse just the effects, not properly beneficial, of this transport - ticket system functioning for the small and medium size firms. Description: Theme 3 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6607 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6606 Title: Issues in and Future of Urban Transportation and Traffic Management System in Nigeria Authors: Oni, Dr. S.I. Description: Theme 6 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6606 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6605 Title: Public Transport Route Optimisation Methodology in South Africa Authors: van Zyl, NJW; Prins, PG; Bowman, RV; Vermeulen, Dr. MJ Abstract: During the last few decades public transport demand patterns in South African metropolitan areas have changed considerably due to market forces such as urban decentralisation and informal settlement on the urban fringes. Public transport services did not respond to these changing demand patterns in an optimal way and great potential exists to optimise the route network of bus and minibus taxi services. In view of changing demand patterns and the need for metropolitan authorities to develop an integrated multi-modal public transport plan in terms of the new National Land Transport Bill, three authorities applied a public transport route optimisation model to assist in the optimisation of bus and taxi route networks. The DHV Route Optimisation model, developed in the Netherlands, was transferred to South Africa for these studies. The model determines the most optimal set of road based routes, subject to resource constraints, by minimising the total travel time and number of transfers between routes. The paper defines the need for route optimisation in South Africa, describes the DHV model and adjustments made to suit South African conditions, and presents the main results of the route optimisation studies conducted in the Greater Pretoria, Khayalami and Port Elizabeth metropolitan areas. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the route optimisation methodology to be adopted in South Africa in view of lessons learned from the three applications. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6605 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6604 Title: Integration Between Bus and Light Rapid Transit on Midland Metro Line 1 Authors: Truelove, Paul Abstract: It had been intended, when the proposed paper was submitted, to report on the first attempts at bus/LRT interchange on the new Midland Metro, and on the response of private sector bus operators who could, should the interchange not be perceived as meeting users’ needs, take over the provision of through bus services parallel to the new line. Delays in the opening of this new metro meant that evidence was not available at the time of writing, but even so there is other less direct evidence that can shed light on the general issue of integration in a de-regulated environment. The focus of the paper is upon how the users’ wishes for a seamless journey can best be reconciled with the requirements of the concessionaire and other operators working in an environment where some degree of competition takes place. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6604 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6603 Title: Benchmarking of Mobility Networks Performances: Competitive Threat or Cooperative Tool? Authors: Mathieu, Yves; Plantié, Claire Abstract: This paper proposed a synthesis of the potential fields of application of benchmarking in the field of mobility, based on the most recent initiatives of the European Commission and practical applications. After a definition of the categories of benchmarking, the authors propose the possible scenarios in the next years : application by transport operators, by public authorities in charge of public transport, application in frontiers domains more then on the classical approach of the activity (passengers, other sectors, “no mans lands”). The main tools for benchmarking are proposed : method, common framework, consensus building and implementation of the results. No doubt that benchmarking contributes to a convergence process. it generates a positive retro-action in the management system of the benchmarkers : more benchmarking reduces the cost of access to the understanding of the performances and increase the value of the information resulting from the process. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6603 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6602 Title: Overview of Public Transport in Canada and the United States Authors: Cox, Wendell Description: Theme 6 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6602 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6601 Title: Countermeasures Taken by China Railway in the Competition of Transportation Market Authors: Yan, Yu Abstract: The market share of railway transportation is in the downwards trend. In order to reverse this trend, the railway has taken a series of countermeasures which have resulted in obvious effects. 1.To set up the railway freight and passenger transport marketing system which can meet the requirement of market. 2.To make the railway transport enterprises operational mechanism be matched with market economy. 3.To improve the service quality both in freight and passenger transport. 4. Restructuring will be continued and deepened in order to establish the tariff mechanism, which will be suitable for market. 5. It is the important measure to increase the passenger trains traveling speed for strengthening competitiveness6. According to demand from the market, the new service items related should be introduced.6. According to demand from the market, the new service items related should be introduced. 7. The marketing information system should be established and improved. Description: Theme 5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6601 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6600 Title: Revitalising European Railways: A Comparative Assessment of the Emerging Models Authors: Monami, Eric Abstract: In this paper, we analyse and compare the various institutional models and regulatory arrangements that have recently emerged from the restructuring of European passenger rail industries and, more specifically, the contractual agreements giving concrete expression to these policies. To do so, we developed a systemic framework consisting of seven key dimensions: the Decentralisation of regulatory control, the Disintegration of the industry, the Domain of the contractual assignment, the Discretion of management, the Distribution of risks, theDuration of contracts, and the Destination of subsidies. We use empirical material gathered on the passenger rail industries of five EU Member States, i.e. Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden, as well as extrapolation to highlight the most likely costs and benefits (incentive properties) associated with alternative arrangements and contract features and to show how the above dimensions, which are connected with one another in a complex web of interactions, can be traded-off against one another in order to optimize the industry s performance. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6600 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6599 Title: Regulated Monopolies in Urban Public Transport Can we Design Proper Regulations and Incentives? Authors: Larsen, Odd I. Abstract: A model of the public transport company in Oslo is used to the design a system of price regulations and subsidies. The objective is to provide incentives for optimum provision of public transport services both for peak and off-peak demand. Optimum is defined in terms of fares, level of service and average capacity per revenue kilometre. The cost of public funds and the fact that car traffic is priced below marginal cost in peak periods are taken care of in the model. The regulator determines the fares, the transit operator receives a subsidy per revenue kilometre, differentiated between basic services and additional services operated only in peak periods. There is also a subsidy per passenger in peak periods due to underpriced car traffic. The results indicate that it should be possible to have regulated monopolies in local public transport that gives a proper supply of services based only on commercial incentives. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6599 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6598 Title: MISTRAL: An Information System for Local Public Transport Services in Lombardy Authors: Foresti, Elena; Laniado, Eliot; Stagni, Giorgio Abstract: The local public transport system in the Lombardy Region is to be restructured in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public transportation. In line with EU and national legislation, public authorities are to be directly responsible for the planning and financial support of public transport, stipulating contracts with train and bus companies setting out specific requirements on both sides for the supply of transportation services (regional authorities for rail transport and local authorities for bus transport). Monitoring of the transport system is therefore a key activity for the Region in planning local railway services and promoting – in agreement with Provinces – a regional, trans-modal transport network which makes better use of transport facilities. MISTRAL is a project which aims to define an information system to support regional and local authority planning of transport activities by: · monitoring the contracts for transportation services that public authorities are to stipulate with train and bus companies; · evaluating the transport system through indicators related to mobility and transport demand, bus and train supply (involving both transportation and economic aspects) and all issues affecting public transport (e.g.: distribution of public facilities such as schools, possibility of park-and-ride etc.); · providing support to decision and negotiation processes with methodologies based on multicriteria analysis, sensitivity analysis and analytical techniques for solving conflict; · providing standard information and procedures regarding the regional transport system to public authorities, transport companies and users. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6598 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6597 Title: Public Transport Fare Subsidies for Children and the Elderly in Developing Countries Authors: Osula, Douglas O. A. Abstract: A modification to an earlier formula for estimating public transport subisidisation requirements for developing countries is presented. The modification has been made to make the formula cater for the travel money expenditure needs of school going children and the elderly. As with the earlier formula, the present one is designed for both regulated and deregulated transport markets. It yields a subsidy level that is commensurate with the level of control a government is able to exercise over public transport operation. The modification is based on subsidizing school trips by school children as a matter of course, but giving subsidy for trips by the elderly conditional upon it being determined in the first instance that subsidy is required. Description: Theme 6 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6597 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6596 Title: US Competitive Tendering: Comprehensive Cost Analysis Authors: Cox, Wendell Description: Theme 6 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6596 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6595 Title: Ownership and Competition are Key Considerations in Rail Performance Improvements - A South African Perspective Authors: van der Walt, Andries J. Abstract: This paper explains how ownership and competition have become major forces in changing state-owned railways. The various ownership models and structures available to governments, and their implications are analysed and summarised. The author further reviews progress made in South Africa with rail reform and describes the implementation of concessioning with its ownership options. The unique circumstances and challenges in South Africa and the effects on ownership and competition are compared with some international case studies. Vertically integrated concessions, involving the private sector in the provision of public transport services and infrastructure, are motivated as a preferred option for South Africa, over the separation of infrastructure from operations. The importance of a well established planning environment is argued to be a critical pre-requisite for the successful structuring of public-private partnerships. Description: Theme5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6595 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6594 Title: Getting Back On-Track or Going Off the Rails? An Assessment of Ownership and Organisational Reform of Railways in Western Europe Authors: Shires, Jeremy; Preston, Dr John Abstract: This paper reports on work undertaken for the European Commission (EC) between 1996 and 1999. It is shown that despite reforms initiated by the EC Directive 91/440, the performance of 17 state owned western European rail operators is poor. Work using non-parametric index numbers indicates only modest productivity growth and mixed financial and commercial performance. Work using cost functions indicates that many railways appear to be of the wrong size and the wrong density to minimise costs. Work using demand functions indicates that there may be substantial scope for pricing up and for reconfiguring service levels. Modelling of cross border flows suggests that international services require increases in service levels and quality. It is argued that Europe s railways are in need of radical reform. A first phase of reform would build on the process already initiated by the EC and involve separate infrastructure authorities, continued commercialisation and privatisation of train operations, creation of rolling stock leasing companies, development of transparent infrastructure access and pricing, the promotion of off-track competition and of coach deregulation. However, it is possible that this first phase of reforms may not be sufficient to achieve the desired results. It is therefore likely that a second phase of reforms will be required including horizontal separation and re-agglomeration of train operations, vertical re-integration and network re-configuration. The scope for off-track competition for vertically integrated concessions might be considered in this second phase. Description: Theme 5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6594 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6593 Title: Increasing Public Transport Market Share in South Africa: The Options Authors: Mashiri, MAM; Moeketsi, PN; Baloyi, V Abstract: Public transport in South Africa is facing increasing pressures as the need to do more with less increases. It must continue to attract new riders and retain existing ones as well as ensure support from the community at large. Marketing plays a critical role not only in assisting it to meet its objectives, but also to ensure its continued viability. To maximize its effectiveness, marketing must be viewed as a comprehensive process through which transit agencies develop and provide transit services and communicate its benefits to their employees, patrons, and the general public. While marketing strategies go a long way in building transit ridership, combining them with information and communication technologies is much more likely to engender long-term sustainability. However, this requires the forging of partnerships between transport authorities and operators in consultation with their customers. This paper highlights some of these issues. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6593 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6592 Title: The Competition of Passenger Transport and the Increase of Passenger Train Speed in China: A Review and Prospects Authors: Zhao, Haipei; Wu, Jianhong Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to consider the current situation of passenger transport competition among modes, the progress of increasing the competitive capacity of Chinese Railways (CR) , mainly by raising the speed of passenger trains, and possible future developments. The first part describes the past and current situation of passenger transport in China, from the market in which the supply, dominated by rail, did not satisfied the demand to the market in which the supply which is becoming a little bit over the demand, due to the economic reform and open door policy adopted by Chinese Government. The situation of the passenger transport competition between different modes in different market segment in terms of tariff and service level (speed, frequency and comfortable) and change of market share, are then described. In the following section the key efforts that CR adopted to increase its competitive capacity in the passenger transport – upgrading the existing line and improving the rolling stocks to raise the running speed of passenger trains, running diversified passenger trains, increasing the frequency of passenger train, opening some passenger service market to private or non railway firm and so on – and its effects are then described. Finally, the possible future development of passenger transport in CR, in the fields of competition, ownership and organization reform, and price deregulation, are considered. Description: Theme 5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6592 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6591 Title: Urban Transportation at State and Local Government Levels Authors: Oni, Dr. S.I. Description: Theme 5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6591 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6590 Title: Appraisal of Non-commercial Passenger Rail Services in Britain Authors: Mills, Gordon; Howe, Martin Abstract: The appraisal of proposals for adding or withdrawing individual rail services is inevitably complex, because it needs to recognise interdependence both within the rail network and between transport modes, and to account for externalities affecting non-users. Since 1960, British appraisal procedures have changed greatly, as has the institutional setting, especially following privatisation. In May 1999, the government regulator took a major step forward when it adopted the use of cost benefit analysis for the appraisal of non-commercial services. Yet there is a need for elaboration of the rules that deal with jointness in costs and in revenues, and for extension of the appraisal scheme to permit multi-modal application. Government policy-makers should also address institutional barriers that may hinder the development of valuable alternative supply arrangements, and instigate a review of existing marginal services to see if they are all worthwhile. Description: Theme 5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6590 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6589 Title: Minibus Operations along Lomagundi Road, Harare Authors: Djifarova -Vassileva, Liliana Abstract: A study of minibus transport operations on a selected section of a district distributor road in Harare was undertaken with the objectives to estimate journey speeds, minibus flows and other characteristics in mixed traffic streams during morning peak periods. The method of moving observer was applied and journey times measured. Ranges of journey times, time mean speeds and minibus flows by groups of morning time periods and weekdays were estimated. Observations and records concerning utilisation of the road carriageway, drivers’ and passengers’ behaviour and the impacts of minibus transport mode upon the traffic streams and the physical environment of the road complemented the results. Recommendations based on the study are offered in order to assist toward a sustainable development and improvements of the minibus transport mode. Description: Theme 5 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6589 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6588 Title: Evaluating Urban Buses Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Brazilian Methodologies Authors: Santos, Enilson; Orrico, Rômulo Abstract: Brazilian urban buses are operated by private enterprises under administrative contracts to local transport authorities. Usual contract duration is five-to-seven years, but competitive re-tendering may be avoided through a renewing option to be applied if incumbent presents a good performance. In some cities, however, federal mandate of compulsory tendering begins to be followed. In the two cases, some local authorities have developed methodologies for evaluating operators performance. In this paper, we analyse methodologies being used in two Brazilian local bus systems Recife and Belo Horizonte , with the objective of verifying their ability to induce competitive behaviours in the operators and their fitness to local authorities goals. Conclusions show that examined evaluation methodologies are limited mechanisms concerning the achievement of objectives like competitiveness, improvement of service quality and productive efficiency. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6588 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6587 Title: The Advent of Transport Authorities in South Africa Authors: Nothnagel, A; Campbell, D; Stanway, R A Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6587 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6586 Title: Urban Bus Transport Regulation in Buenos Aires Authors: Brennan, Patricia; Ribera, Alicia Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6586 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6585 Title: The Brazilian Urban Bus Industry: Present Challenges and Future Perspectives Authors: Aragão, Joaquim José Guilherme de; Brasileiro, Anísio Abstract: The aim of this contribution is the description and understanding of the present crisis in the Brazilian urban bus sector and to point out new perspectives for the development of this industry. At the beginning, the present structure of the industry as well its modernisation and concentration level is explained. A further section deals with the challenges this industry is now facing, especially due to the rapid motorization the country is now undergoing as well to the invasion of the transport market by illegal operators, and the reaction the regular operators are offering to these challenges. Following this, the new legislation on public procurement procedures for administrative and concessions contracts is presented, which will oblige that these contract are preceded by competitive bidding procedures. On the ground of this analysis, the perspectives for the further development of the urban bus industry are discussed. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6585 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6584 Title: The Role of IT&S (Information Technology and Systems) in the Transport Arena Authors: Swanepoel, Ernst Abstract: The topic is not an easy one. Information Technology and Systems (or Management Information Systems) have come of age in the transport industry, regardless of the mode. It is impossible to entertain any discussion about the role of IT&S without divorcing oneself from the company we are in, re-visit the position of IT&S in the Transport Industry and then define what this element, IT&S (or MIS), really is. Throughout the presentation two “mind-sets” are prevalent: IT&S is a strategic business enabling process rather than a technology or a system The organisation is regarded as an open system whereby the Project Management mindset represents the culture of team learning and shared decision making. The objective of this presentation is on the one hand to introduce the non-computer professional to the IT&S discipline within the organisation and on the other hand to demonstrate the strategic importance of the Information discipline within the company. It follows the route of modern strategic management via the needs and wants of the client, and then defines exactly what Information Technology and Systems comprise from a business perspective. This is necessary to create a common understanding of the positioning of IT&S in the organisation and to show the influence of IT&S on the organisation culture. Total Quality Management (TQM) is briefly visited to illustrate the paradigm shift towards the client wants and the desire to satisfy these wants. IT&S is the most important business enabler in modern business and the statement can be made that those organisations who still regard IT&S as only one of the backoffice support functions, will not survive the first decade of the new century, regardless whether the Information Infrastructure is Year 2000 compliant or not. This presentation starts with the national transport directive and re-positions the client in terms of MSA agenda. Information Technology and Systems (IT&S) are then defined in perspective with its role in the organisational structure. From here the Value Chain (Porter) is used to illustrate how IT&S (as a division) has evolved to its current strategic role in the organisation. With the macro and micro-environment defined above, the presentation focuses on the internal Information Technology and Systems perceptions and demonstrates how the IT&S portfolio evolved over the past three decades. This is necessary to understand the technology dilemma of Information Systems and how its role is changing within the paradigm of the typical transport company. The volatile nature of Information Technology can only be stabilised within a given organisational culture. The IT&S Industry has its own growth patterns that are unique and, when left alone, can develop its own culture which may not be susceptible to the dominant organisational culture. Master Information Systems Planning is core to the management of IT&S Cultures. This section concludes with probing statements about outsourcing. In the conclusion the presentation attempts to introduce the mindset of the strategic project management to the area of IT&S decision making. The presentation utilises graphic animation and models to illustrate concepts. Throughout the mind-set of Project Management is prevalent. Interactive graphics are also used to create an atmosphere of “learning” while enjoying the show. The author can be contacted in person for further comments or information. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6584 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6583 Title: Determination of Urban Transport Policy in Indonesia Authors: Soehodho, Sutanto Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6583 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6582 Title: The Economics and Politics of Contracting out with the Private Sector: Evidence from the US Transit Industry Authors: Reja, Binyam Abstract: The paper studies contracting practices in the US transit industry. It employs the methods of transaction cost economics and public choice theory to develop an empirical model of bus contracting in the US transit industry. The empirical results shed light on why transit services in the US remain largely public, despite many attempts to introduce competition by contracting out services to the private sector. The results show that the decision by transit agencies to contract out with the private sector is constrained by the transaction costs of contracting and the institutional and subsidy arrangements that govern the transit industry in the US. Services that require idiosyncratic investments to provide large densities of passengers are less likely to be contracted out than those services that are provided using standard, small vehicles. Similarly, increases in federal subsidies and dedicated subsidies are found to discourage contracting out with the private sector. On the other hand, increases in state and local subsidies, other things being equal, encourage contracting. Agencies that have high labor costs –– indicating strong labor unions –– are less likely to contract out. In light of these findings, the paper concludes that piecemeal contracting out of services is not likely to increase the role of the private sector in the provision of public transit services. Structures of subsidies and federal arrangements creates intertwined incentives that discourage contracting by transit agencies, thus foiling the attempts to increase efficiencies by establishing competition for transit markets. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6582 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6581 Title: Franchise A Live and Let Live Option for Public Transport Undertakings in India Authors: Mathur, Dr. S.K. Abstract: Passenger road transport in India has thus far been predominantly under the domain of the public sector. The Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950, paved the way for the upsurge of nationalised bus transport in India. In some of the states in India, nationalisation was accomplished to an extent of 95% of all bus routes. And, these public transport undertakings have monopolistically grown in size with scant regard to efficiency or financial health, primarily due to lack of competition. However, in the ninetees, Indian public transport undertakings have been experiencing a drop in occupancy an onslaught by the ever increasing private operators fleet of maxi buses, mini buses & jeeps. Also, travel by jeeps seems to have become the travel style of the rural poor. The transport undertakings have no doubt built up their infrastructure for bus depots and workshops as well as for passenger amenities fairly well. But now, all such investments in these infrastructural assets, mobile assets and more importantly, in human assets, are proving to be a financial burden on them and these undertakings are incurring substantial financial losses. What then is the optimal mix of public and private fleet for a country like India? The author proposes franchise strategies to commercially exploit their built-up infrastructure based on the experiences of the largest bus operator in India which now faces intense competition from jeeps, maxicabs and buses. Description: Theme 4 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6581 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6534 Title: Risk and Management Factors: Participation Options for Small and Medium Sized Bus Transport Operators in the Tendering for Contract System in South Africa Authors: Walters, Prof J Abstract: In this paper, an analysis is undertaken against the background of public transport policy changes in South Africa, of the role of small public transport enterprises in the tender for contract system. The analysis include the problems that small business in general experience to access public transport opportunities, an analysis of the tender risk elements from the perspective of different role players and potential initiatives to accommodate small business. Emphasis is placed on the potential of franchising and subcontracting as ways to accommodate small business and deal with the risk factors as perceived by the different role players. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6534 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6533 Title: Slow Progress Towards Bus Competition in the European Union Authors: Crockford, Doug Abstract: This paper reports on a study of bus service competition and regulation within the European Union which was undertaken in 1997. It shows that, despite the widespread acceptance of the principles of open competition, harmonisation of regulation and subsidiarity of administrative decisions, there are still considerable differences in practice across Europe. No other country appears to be inclined towards the wholsale deregulation of bus services which was adopted in the UK but the favoured model of competitive tendering has not been universally adopted throughout Europe. Even when competitive tendering has been introduced, it is more often based on costs only and on a route by route basis. Area franchises, which give more scope for commercial innovation, have only been introduced in a small number of places on an experimental basis. Strict regulation has, so far, been seen as more important than open competition. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6533 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6532 Title: Private financing of infrastructure. An application to public transport infrastructure Authors: Debande, Olivier Description: Theme 2 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6532 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6531 Title: Contractualisation Competition Regulation - Three Guidelines for Improved Efficiency in Urban Public Transport Authors: Barbieux, C. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6531 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6530 Title: The Struggle for Regulatory and Economic Sphere of Influence in the Matatu Means of Transport in Kenya: A Stakeholder Analysis Authors: Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck Abstract: The matatu is a small-scale public means of transport in Kenya. This paper analyses the struggle for regulatory and economic sphere of influence in the matatu means of transport in Kenya. The main finding in this paper is that the origin and growth of the matatu in Kenya has brought to the fore contending economic interests as well as the scramble for political influence, dominance and subordination. These contending interests arise due to an array of individuals, groups and businesses that are linked to the matatu. The realization of these interests affects the running of the matatu business as reflected in escalating costs, violence, risk of road traffic accidents and poor terms of service for workers. The conclusion in this paper is that the future of the matatu in Kenya will be affected as long as the business continues to straddle the economic, social and political spheres. Description: Theme 3 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6530 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6529 Title: Tendering Ferry Services in Norway: Ratchet Effects? Authors: Sunde, Øyvind Abstract: Fjord crossings by ferries are vital in the Norwegian trunk road system. The ferries are operated by ferry companies, each ferry company being a monopolist on a bundle of crossings. The government regulates prices and service frequencies and awards subsidies to the companies in order to make the ferry services economically viable. Tendering has been suggested as a means to induce cost efficiency and thus reduce costly subsidies. In order to gain experience with tendering on this area, this regime has recently been introduced on a few selected crossings. We argue that this small-scale experiment may not reveal the cost savings that may be obtained by a large-scale experiment. This is due to a ratchet effect: The incumbent ferry companies may not have the incentives to submit low tenders as by doing so, the ferry companies reveals that there is much to gain for the government by carrying through a large-scale tender competition in the future. Such a large-scale tender competition may be harmful to the companies as compared to status quo. Realising this, each company may be reluctant to submit low tenders in the competition for the selected tender crossings. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6529 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6528 Title: Contractual Form and Performance in the Norwegian Bus Industry 1986-96 Authors: Johansen, Mr Kjell W erner Abstract: The Norwegian public transport market has experienced a significant development over the last decade. Over this period the number of independent companies have declined from 220 to 83, the two largest groups have through mergers and buy outs achieved control over more than 40% of the market. The regulating regime has changes from net cost contracts based on historical concessions through negotiated contracts based on normalised costs and efficiency agreements to tendered contracts in some counties, so far based on full cost. During the same period the operating unit cost has declined by approx. 20%, the subsidy rate by approx. 1/3 from 37% to 24%, and production has grown slightly. To test hypothesises about factors affecting the cost level at company and county level we have collected accounting and production data for all the companies for the period 1986-96 Statistics Norway. This pooled time series cross section data set is used to estimate the effect of contractual form, economy of scale and scope, subsidy level on cost pr vehicle km, controlling for factors as passenger density, route speed and urban area. The same data and variables are applied to test hypothesises of market efficiency measured by cost pr passenger km. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6528 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6527 Title: Pricing and Financing of the Railway in a Competitive Environment Authors: Jansson, Kjell Description: Theme 2 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6527 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6526 Title: Buses and Vans - Assessing Public Transport Competition in Rio de Janeiro Brazil Authors: Balassiano, Ronaldo; Braga, Marilita G.C. Abstract: Public transport systems play an important role in urban centres by determining to the population the available accessibility levels on their daily trips. In Brazilian cities as a consequence of the low level of services provided by conventional transport services one could see the expansion of paratransit operation in busy corridors. More recently, low capacity vehicles such as vans began to compete with conventional buses on the main routes. The service is considered a viable transport alternative to many users as well as a means of expanding the transport market to independent operators. The main objective of this paper is to assess the impacts of competition between buses (regulated market) and vans (paratransit) in Rio de Janeiro. The potential role played by low capacity vehicles such as vans to transport passengers in developing countries’ cities is also analysed. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6526 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6525 Title: Competitive pressure as an alternative to competitive tendering? The development of a performance contract in Oslo Authors: Norheim, Bård Abstract: In 1991, a customer orientation project was launched in Oslo, spurred by reduced subsides, and the possibility of competitive tendering being introduced in the operation of public transport. The longterm goal was a 25% increase in traffic before year 2001, through a policy of «more satisfied customers». Public transport in Oslo has increased annually, from 136 million journeys in 1992, to roughly 153 million in 1997. In 1998 we proposed a new quality contract based on the quality monitoring system and performance-dependent subsidies. If the company fails to keep the quality level within defined borders, we propose that the contract will be cancelled and opened for tendering. The first step of this contract was introduced in January 1999. This paper will present the Oslo model and the experience after 7 years with the different types of quality monitoring systems and contracting public transport. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6525 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6524 Title: Funding of Public Passenger Transport in Developing Countries - A Case of India Authors: Kulkarni, Dr. Sharad D. Abstract: The funding problems of land passenger transport in developing countries are different and more complicated. The paper brings out the present scenario of financial performance and funding arrangements in the Railways and the Roadways carrying passengers in a country like India which represents developing nations of the world. Since mobility of people within the country and particularly in the cities is considered as a public utility function of the governments and local bodies, the funding of capital is mainly through the General Exchequer. This is supported by internal generation of funds within and borrowing from Financial Institutions. These measures of funding being very inadequate, new methods of attracting private capital in passenger transport sector have been proposed. Since the liberalized economic policies have been recently introduced in the country, encouragement for the private capital participation in projects under BOOT has been an important issue for consideration. Taxing the direct and the indirect beneficiaries of new transport projects to be undertaken, inviting participation of general and institutional investors in the capital formation are some other measures suggested. Commercial exploitation of transport land, commercial outlook for transport organizations and freedom to fix passenger fares will also strengthen the funding operations of capital projects in land passenger transport in India. Description: Theme 2 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6524 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6523 Title: Matching Funding to Outcomes: Incentive Based Contracts for Passenger Transport Authors: Mein, Barry Description: Theme 2 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6523 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6522 Title: Standing in the Shadow of the Giants - Conditions for Entry and Survival of Small Businesses on the Deregulated Bus and Railway Markets in Sweden Authors: Nordenlöw, Lena; Alexandersson, Gunnar Abstract: Since the late 1980s, the entry barriers for new bus and railway companies have gradually been reduced in Sweden. In this paper the effects of these changes upon small businesses are analysed with the help of a couple of case study firms. Four parts of the transportation sector are considered: local and regional bus services, long-distance bus services, regional train services and inter-regional train services. Although offering different basic conditions for entry, new as well as old small businesses have often faced a common problem on each of these markets: having to compete with a giant former monopolist or oligopolists, or being dependent on some of its/their factors of production. Although several firms have been forced out of the markets, a number of them have managed to survive and grow. In this paper it is argued that there are a few key factors that govern a small firm’s success or failure. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6522 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6521 Title: Competitive Tendering of Railway Services in Sweden Extent and Effects 1989-1999 Authors: Alexandersson, Gunnar; Hultén, Staffan Abstract: In 1988 the vertical separation of the Swedish State Railways into one train operator (SJ) and one infrastructure holder (Banverket) was implemented. Together with the transfer of responsibility for the regional non-profitable passenger railway services to regional transport authorities, this reform paved the way for the introduction of competitive tendering for these services. Initially, only one new firm entered, but through subsequent tenders this figure has increased to four. Since 1992 it has also been possible for the state’s negotiator to procure the non-profitable interregional services by means of tendering. For several years no actual entry occurred on this part of the market, partly due to more demanding conditions compared to other tenders. However, following the outcome of the latest tenders, new entry is set to take place in January 2000. Consequently, what started as a very slow walk towards more competition in the railway sector has taken us to a point where SJ is facing actual competition on almost all parts of the market. In addition to discussing the new entrants, the different types of tenders are compared in some detail in the paper. Some empirical data on the number of bidders, cost reductions, innovations and travelling changes related to tenders is presented and interpreted. The development of the behaviour of SJ and its competitors is also discussed, as well as the further impact upon transport policy. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6521 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6520 Title: Opening up the Pandora Box of Deregulation - the Deregulation Process of the Swedish Railway System Authors: Hultén, Staffan Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6520 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6519 Title: Developments in Rail Policy in the EU Authors: Nash, Prof Chris Description: Plenary-Nash Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6519 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6518 Title: A Scheme to Improve the Effectiveness of the Bus Services in Lombardy Through Tenders Authors: Laniado, Eliot; Stanta, Ferdinando; Tagliavini, Paola Abstract: In Lombardy public subsidies to bus companies have increased in the last ten years, while market share and quality of public transport have declined. In 1996, the Lombardy Region began a reform of public local transport. In line with EU regulations, the regional transport acts 13/1995 and 22/1998 aim to improve the effectiveness of the public transport through competition and economic incentives. This paper describes the scheme developed for the tenders. In the present concession system, the routes and the schedules for each service are decided by the Region. The reform calls for tenders for a network divided into areas. The areas must be homogeneous in terms of transport demand and attractive for the tenderisers. Their size is chosen to make the management of the services affordable for sufficient competitors. A methodology has been developed to support the grantor in setting the following service requirements for each area: the links to be included in the network and the minimum number of seats to be assured by each route. Further requirements concerning fares, environmental and quality standards, and the information provided to users and to the transport authority are also set. The effectiveness of the planned services is encouraged by economic incentives: part of the subsidy is paid only if specific objectives set by the public authorities are met. The criteria to compare the offers are complex, because of the need to evaluate not only the tendered price, but also the effectiveness of the network and schedule proposals, as well as the usefulness of the additional routes and seats served or the improved quality. A Decision Support System (DSS) software application based on multi-criteria analysis automatically chooses the best project, ensuring a transparent procedure. The reliability of this evaluation system has been tested in simulated tender involving representatives of Lombardy bus companies. Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6518 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6517 Title: Experimental Tendering: An Analysis of Experiences from the Road/Ferry Sector in Norway Authors: Hauge, Olav Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6517 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6516 Title: The "SAPIN" Legislation and its Effects on Tendering and Competition in Public Transport in France Authors: Duthion, Brice; Vincent, Pascal; Ziv, Jean Claude Description: Theme 1 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6516 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6515 Title: An Overview of Public Transport in the United Kingdom and Forecasts for the new Millenium Authors: Preston, Dr John Description: Plenary-Preston Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6515 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6514 Title: The Financing of Land Transport in South Africa Authors: Nothnagel, A; Stanway, R A; Mirrilees, R; Cameron, J W M Description: Theme 2 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6514 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z