https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6445 2026-06-10T06:42:27Z 2026-06-10T06:42:27Z Cox, Wendell https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6596 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

US Competitive Tendering: Comprehensive Cost Analysis Cox, Wendell Theme 6

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Santos, Enilson Orrico, Rômulo https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6588 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Evaluating Urban Buses Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Brazilian Methodologies Santos, Enilson; Orrico, Rômulo Brazilian urban buses are operated by private enterprises under administrative contracts to local transport authorities. Usual contract duration is five-to-seven years, but competitive re-tendering may be avoided through a renewing option to be applied if incumbent presents a good performance. In some cities, however, federal mandate of compulsory tendering begins to be followed. In the two cases, some local authorities have developed methodologies for evaluating operators performance. In this paper, we analyse methodologies being used in two Brazilian local bus systems Recife and Belo Horizonte , with the objective of verifying their ability to induce competitive behaviours in the operators and their fitness to local authorities goals. Conclusions show that examined evaluation methodologies are limited mechanisms concerning the achievement of objectives like competitiveness, improvement of service quality and productive efficiency. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Lima, Mário Jorge C. Faria, Sérgio https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6607 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Transport-Ticket System in Brazil for Urban Public Transport Lima, Mário Jorge C.; Faria, Sérgio The transport-ticket system in Brazil for urban public transport was implanted on 1987, in the big cities. By the system, the employers must to supply their employees with sufficient amount of tickets, to facilitate their diary translation from home to office. Since their implantation, the system facilitates the maintenance of the urban public transport quality and permits the normal fulfilment of the urban economic activity. Meanwhile, the system means a large allowance, from the firms and employers to the urban bus companies, partially compensated by the income tax depression. The article analyse just the effects, not properly beneficial, of this transport - ticket system functioning for the small and medium size firms. Theme 3

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Nothnagel, A Campbell, D Stanway, R A https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6587 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Advent of Transport Authorities in South Africa Nothnagel, A; Campbell, D; Stanway, R A Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Monami, Eric https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6600 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Revitalising European Railways: A Comparative Assessment of the Emerging Models Monami, Eric In this paper, we analyse and compare the various institutional models and regulatory arrangements that have recently emerged from the restructuring of European passenger rail industries and, more specifically, the contractual agreements giving concrete expression to these policies. To do so, we developed a systemic framework consisting of seven key dimensions: the Decentralisation of regulatory control, the Disintegration of the industry, the Domain of the contractual assignment, the Discretion of management, the Distribution of risks, theDuration of contracts, and the Destination of subsidies. We use empirical material gathered on the passenger rail industries of five EU Member States, i.e. Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden, as well as extrapolation to highlight the most likely costs and benefits (incentive properties) associated with alternative arrangements and contract features and to show how the above dimensions, which are connected with one another in a complex web of interactions, can be traded-off against one another in order to optimize the industry s performance. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z van Zyl, NJW Prins, PG Bowman, RV Vermeulen, Dr. MJ https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6605 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Public Transport Route Optimisation Methodology in South Africa van Zyl, NJW; Prins, PG; Bowman, RV; Vermeulen, Dr. MJ During the last few decades public transport demand patterns in South African metropolitan areas have changed considerably due to market forces such as urban decentralisation and informal settlement on the urban fringes. Public transport services did not respond to these changing demand patterns in an optimal way and great potential exists to optimise the route network of bus and minibus taxi services. In view of changing demand patterns and the need for metropolitan authorities to develop an integrated multi-modal public transport plan in terms of the new National Land Transport Bill, three authorities applied a public transport route optimisation model to assist in the optimisation of bus and taxi route networks. The DHV Route Optimisation model, developed in the Netherlands, was transferred to South Africa for these studies. The model determines the most optimal set of road based routes, subject to resource constraints, by minimising the total travel time and number of transfers between routes. The paper defines the need for route optimisation in South Africa, describes the DHV model and adjustments made to suit South African conditions, and presents the main results of the route optimisation studies conducted in the Greater Pretoria, Khayalami and Port Elizabeth metropolitan areas. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the route optimisation methodology to be adopted in South Africa in view of lessons learned from the three applications. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Mackie, Peter https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6608 2026-05-05T12:32:10Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Quality Bus Partnerships Implications for Market Performance Mackie, Peter Theme 3

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Truelove, Paul https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6604 2026-05-05T12:32:08Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Integration Between Bus and Light Rapid Transit on Midland Metro Line 1 Truelove, Paul It had been intended, when the proposed paper was submitted, to report on the first attempts at bus/LRT interchange on the new Midland Metro, and on the response of private sector bus operators who could, should the interchange not be perceived as meeting users’ needs, take over the provision of through bus services parallel to the new line. Delays in the opening of this new metro meant that evidence was not available at the time of writing, but even so there is other less direct evidence that can shed light on the general issue of integration in a de-regulated environment. The focus of the paper is upon how the users’ wishes for a seamless journey can best be reconciled with the requirements of the concessionaire and other operators working in an environment where some degree of competition takes place. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Cox, Wendell https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6602 2026-05-05T12:32:11Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Overview of Public Transport in Canada and the United States Cox, Wendell Theme 6

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Mathur, Dr. S.K. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6581 2026-05-05T12:32:11Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Franchise A Live and Let Live Option for Public Transport Undertakings in India Mathur, Dr. S.K. Passenger road transport in India has thus far been predominantly under the domain of the public sector. The Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950, paved the way for the upsurge of nationalised bus transport in India. In some of the states in India, nationalisation was accomplished to an extent of 95% of all bus routes. And, these public transport undertakings have monopolistically grown in size with scant regard to efficiency or financial health, primarily due to lack of competition. However, in the ninetees, Indian public transport undertakings have been experiencing a drop in occupancy an onslaught by the ever increasing private operators fleet of maxi buses, mini buses & jeeps. Also, travel by jeeps seems to have become the travel style of the rural poor. The transport undertakings have no doubt built up their infrastructure for bus depots and workshops as well as for passenger amenities fairly well. But now, all such investments in these infrastructural assets, mobile assets and more importantly, in human assets, are proving to be a financial burden on them and these undertakings are incurring substantial financial losses. What then is the optimal mix of public and private fleet for a country like India? The author proposes franchise strategies to commercially exploit their built-up infrastructure based on the experiences of the largest bus operator in India which now faces intense competition from jeeps, maxicabs and buses. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Zhao, Haipei Wu, Jianhong https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6592 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Competition of Passenger Transport and the Increase of Passenger Train Speed in China: A Review and Prospects Zhao, Haipei; Wu, Jianhong The purpose of this paper is to consider the current situation of passenger transport competition among modes, the progress of increasing the competitive capacity of Chinese Railways (CR) , mainly by raising the speed of passenger trains, and possible future developments. The first part describes the past and current situation of passenger transport in China, from the market in which the supply, dominated by rail, did not satisfied the demand to the market in which the supply which is becoming a little bit over the demand, due to the economic reform and open door policy adopted by Chinese Government. The situation of the passenger transport competition between different modes in different market segment in terms of tariff and service level (speed, frequency and comfortable) and change of market share, are then described. In the following section the key efforts that CR adopted to increase its competitive capacity in the passenger transport – upgrading the existing line and improving the rolling stocks to raise the running speed of passenger trains, running diversified passenger trains, increasing the frequency of passenger train, opening some passenger service market to private or non railway firm and so on – and its effects are then described. Finally, the possible future development of passenger transport in CR, in the fields of competition, ownership and organization reform, and price deregulation, are considered. Theme 5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Djifarova -Vassileva, Liliana https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6589 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Minibus Operations along Lomagundi Road, Harare Djifarova -Vassileva, Liliana A study of minibus transport operations on a selected section of a district distributor road in Harare was undertaken with the objectives to estimate journey speeds, minibus flows and other characteristics in mixed traffic streams during morning peak periods. The method of moving observer was applied and journey times measured. Ranges of journey times, time mean speeds and minibus flows by groups of morning time periods and weekdays were estimated. Observations and records concerning utilisation of the road carriageway, drivers’ and passengers’ behaviour and the impacts of minibus transport mode upon the traffic streams and the physical environment of the road complemented the results. Recommendations based on the study are offered in order to assist toward a sustainable development and improvements of the minibus transport mode. Theme 5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Swanepoel, Ernst https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6584 2026-05-05T12:32:08Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Role of IT&S (Information Technology and Systems) in the Transport Arena Swanepoel, Ernst The topic is not an easy one. Information Technology and Systems (or Management Information Systems) have come of age in the transport industry, regardless of the mode. It is impossible to entertain any discussion about the role of IT&S without divorcing oneself from the company we are in, re-visit the position of IT&S in the Transport Industry and then define what this element, IT&S (or MIS), really is. Throughout the presentation two “mind-sets” are prevalent: IT&S is a strategic business enabling process rather than a technology or a system The organisation is regarded as an open system whereby the Project Management mindset represents the culture of team learning and shared decision making. The objective of this presentation is on the one hand to introduce the non-computer professional to the IT&S discipline within the organisation and on the other hand to demonstrate the strategic importance of the Information discipline within the company. It follows the route of modern strategic management via the needs and wants of the client, and then defines exactly what Information Technology and Systems comprise from a business perspective. This is necessary to create a common understanding of the positioning of IT&S in the organisation and to show the influence of IT&S on the organisation culture. Total Quality Management (TQM) is briefly visited to illustrate the paradigm shift towards the client wants and the desire to satisfy these wants. IT&S is the most important business enabler in modern business and the statement can be made that those organisations who still regard IT&S as only one of the backoffice support functions, will not survive the first decade of the new century, regardless whether the Information Infrastructure is Year 2000 compliant or not. This presentation starts with the national transport directive and re-positions the client in terms of MSA agenda. Information Technology and Systems (IT&S) are then defined in perspective with its role in the organisational structure. From here the Value Chain (Porter) is used to illustrate how IT&S (as a division) has evolved to its current strategic role in the organisation. With the macro and micro-environment defined above, the presentation focuses on the internal Information Technology and Systems perceptions and demonstrates how the IT&S portfolio evolved over the past three decades. This is necessary to understand the technology dilemma of Information Systems and how its role is changing within the paradigm of the typical transport company. The volatile nature of Information Technology can only be stabilised within a given organisational culture. The IT&S Industry has its own growth patterns that are unique and, when left alone, can develop its own culture which may not be susceptible to the dominant organisational culture. Master Information Systems Planning is core to the management of IT&S Cultures. This section concludes with probing statements about outsourcing. In the conclusion the presentation attempts to introduce the mindset of the strategic project management to the area of IT&S decision making. The presentation utilises graphic animation and models to illustrate concepts. Throughout the mind-set of Project Management is prevalent. Interactive graphics are also used to create an atmosphere of “learning” while enjoying the show. The author can be contacted in person for further comments or information. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z van der Walt, Andries J. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6595 2026-05-05T12:32:13Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Ownership and Competition are Key Considerations in Rail Performance Improvements - A South African Perspective van der Walt, Andries J. This paper explains how ownership and competition have become major forces in changing state-owned railways. The various ownership models and structures available to governments, and their implications are analysed and summarised. The author further reviews progress made in South Africa with rail reform and describes the implementation of concessioning with its ownership options. The unique circumstances and challenges in South Africa and the effects on ownership and competition are compared with some international case studies. Vertically integrated concessions, involving the private sector in the provision of public transport services and infrastructure, are motivated as a preferred option for South Africa, over the separation of infrastructure from operations. The importance of a well established planning environment is argued to be a critical pre-requisite for the successful structuring of public-private partnerships. Theme5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Oni, Dr. S.I. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6591 2026-05-05T12:32:08Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Urban Transportation at State and Local Government Levels Oni, Dr. S.I. Theme 5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Mills, Gordon Howe, Martin https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6590 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Appraisal of Non-commercial Passenger Rail Services in Britain Mills, Gordon; Howe, Martin The appraisal of proposals for adding or withdrawing individual rail services is inevitably complex, because it needs to recognise interdependence both within the rail network and between transport modes, and to account for externalities affecting non-users. Since 1960, British appraisal procedures have changed greatly, as has the institutional setting, especially following privatisation. In May 1999, the government regulator took a major step forward when it adopted the use of cost benefit analysis for the appraisal of non-commercial services. Yet there is a need for elaboration of the rules that deal with jointness in costs and in revenues, and for extension of the appraisal scheme to permit multi-modal application. Government policy-makers should also address institutional barriers that may hinder the development of valuable alternative supply arrangements, and instigate a review of existing marginal services to see if they are all worthwhile. Theme 5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Mashiri, MAM Moeketsi, PN Baloyi, V https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6593 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Increasing Public Transport Market Share in South Africa: The Options Mashiri, MAM; Moeketsi, PN; Baloyi, V Public transport in South Africa is facing increasing pressures as the need to do more with less increases. It must continue to attract new riders and retain existing ones as well as ensure support from the community at large. Marketing plays a critical role not only in assisting it to meet its objectives, but also to ensure its continued viability. To maximize its effectiveness, marketing must be viewed as a comprehensive process through which transit agencies develop and provide transit services and communicate its benefits to their employees, patrons, and the general public. While marketing strategies go a long way in building transit ridership, combining them with information and communication technologies is much more likely to engender long-term sustainability. However, this requires the forging of partnerships between transport authorities and operators in consultation with their customers. This paper highlights some of these issues. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Shires, Jeremy Preston, John https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6594 2026-05-05T12:32:09Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Getting Back On-Track or Going Off the Rails? An Assessment of Ownership and Organisational Reform of Railways in Western Europe Shires, Jeremy; Preston, John This paper reports on work undertaken for the European Commission (EC) between 1996 and 1999. It is shown that despite reforms initiated by the EC Directive 91/440, the performance of 17 state owned western European rail operators is poor. Work using non-parametric index numbers indicates only modest productivity growth and mixed financial and commercial performance. Work using cost functions indicates that many railways appear to be of the wrong size and the wrong density to minimise costs. Work using demand functions indicates that there may be substantial scope for pricing up and for reconfiguring service levels. Modelling of cross border flows suggests that international services require increases in service levels and quality. It is argued that Europe s railways are in need of radical reform. A first phase of reform would build on the process already initiated by the EC and involve separate infrastructure authorities, continued commercialisation and privatisation of train operations, creation of rolling stock leasing companies, development of transparent infrastructure access and pricing, the promotion of off-track competition and of coach deregulation. However, it is possible that this first phase of reforms may not be sufficient to achieve the desired results. It is therefore likely that a second phase of reforms will be required including horizontal separation and re-agglomeration of train operations, vertical re-integration and network re-configuration. The scope for off-track competition for vertically integrated concessions might be considered in this second phase. Theme 5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Oni, Dr. S.I. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6606 2026-05-05T12:32:09Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Issues in and Future of Urban Transportation and Traffic Management System in Nigeria Oni, Dr. S.I. Theme 6

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Risser, Ralf https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6609 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

How to Achieve Acceptance by Considering User Needs in Public Transport Risser, Ralf During the last years, the concept of social marketing has become central to part of the research connected to the goal of making public transport, walking, cycling, but also the acceptance of traffic safety measures more attractive. The concept of "marketing" is often used erroneously in the public: the part of the communication with the target groups is taken as pars pro toto by many. However, what is often forgotten by practitioners involved in marketing is that, according to the marketing theories, every measure has to be based soundly on information work: "information work" refers to the efforts made to collect as much information as possible about the target groups. He/she who wants to plan measures does so on basis of what he/she has learned about the users´ characteristics, their situation, their NEEDS and interests. The paper offered here deals with the part of information policy where it is tried to learn about needs and interests. From a psychological point of view the interesting thing is that qualitative methods are needed to learn about needs and interests, and a discussion of different results when using standardised instruments in comparison to qualitative mesures - e.g., narrative interviews - will be lead. Theme 3

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Soehodho, Sutanto https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6583 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Determination of Urban Transport Policy in Indonesia Soehodho, Sutanto Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Mathieu, Yves Plantié, Claire https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6603 2026-05-05T12:32:10Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Benchmarking of Mobility Networks Performances: Competitive Threat or Cooperative Tool? Mathieu, Yves; Plantié, Claire This paper proposed a synthesis of the potential fields of application of benchmarking in the field of mobility, based on the most recent initiatives of the European Commission and practical applications. After a definition of the categories of benchmarking, the authors propose the possible scenarios in the next years : application by transport operators, by public authorities in charge of public transport, application in frontiers domains more then on the classical approach of the activity (passengers, other sectors, “no mans lands”). The main tools for benchmarking are proposed : method, common framework, consensus building and implementation of the results. No doubt that benchmarking contributes to a convergence process. it generates a positive retro-action in the management system of the benchmarkers : more benchmarking reduces the cost of access to the understanding of the performances and increase the value of the information resulting from the process. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Yan, Yu https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6601 2026-05-05T12:32:14Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Countermeasures Taken by China Railway in the Competition of Transportation Market Yan, Yu The market share of railway transportation is in the downwards trend. In order to reverse this trend, the railway has taken a series of countermeasures which have resulted in obvious effects. 1.To set up the railway freight and passenger transport marketing system which can meet the requirement of market. 2.To make the railway transport enterprises operational mechanism be matched with market economy. 3.To improve the service quality both in freight and passenger transport. 4. Restructuring will be continued and deepened in order to establish the tariff mechanism, which will be suitable for market. 5. It is the important measure to increase the passenger trains traveling speed for strengthening competitiveness6. According to demand from the market, the new service items related should be introduced.6. According to demand from the market, the new service items related should be introduced. 7. The marketing information system should be established and improved. Theme 5

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Foresti, Elena Laniado, Eliot Stagni, Giorgio https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6598 2026-05-05T12:32:13Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

MISTRAL: An Information System for Local Public Transport Services in Lombardy Foresti, Elena; Laniado, Eliot; Stagni, Giorgio The local public transport system in the Lombardy Region is to be restructured in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public transportation. In line with EU and national legislation, public authorities are to be directly responsible for the planning and financial support of public transport, stipulating contracts with train and bus companies setting out specific requirements on both sides for the supply of transportation services (regional authorities for rail transport and local authorities for bus transport). Monitoring of the transport system is therefore a key activity for the Region in planning local railway services and promoting – in agreement with Provinces – a regional, trans-modal transport network which makes better use of transport facilities. MISTRAL is a project which aims to define an information system to support regional and local authority planning of transport activities by: · monitoring the contracts for transportation services that public authorities are to stipulate with train and bus companies; · evaluating the transport system through indicators related to mobility and transport demand, bus and train supply (involving both transportation and economic aspects) and all issues affecting public transport (e.g.: distribution of public facilities such as schools, possibility of park-and-ride etc.); · providing support to decision and negotiation processes with methodologies based on multicriteria analysis, sensitivity analysis and analytical techniques for solving conflict; · providing standard information and procedures regarding the regional transport system to public authorities, transport companies and users. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Larsen, Odd I. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6599 2026-05-05T12:32:11Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Regulated Monopolies in Urban Public Transport Can we Design Proper Regulations and Incentives? Larsen, Odd I. A model of the public transport company in Oslo is used to the design a system of price regulations and subsidies. The objective is to provide incentives for optimum provision of public transport services both for peak and off-peak demand. Optimum is defined in terms of fares, level of service and average capacity per revenue kilometre. The cost of public funds and the fact that car traffic is priced below marginal cost in peak periods are taken care of in the model. The regulator determines the fares, the transit operator receives a subsidy per revenue kilometre, differentiated between basic services and additional services operated only in peak periods. There is also a subsidy per passenger in peak periods due to underpriced car traffic. The results indicate that it should be possible to have regulated monopolies in local public transport that gives a proper supply of services based only on commercial incentives. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Aragão, Joaquim José Guilherme de Brasileiro, Anísio https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6585 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Brazilian Urban Bus Industry: Present Challenges and Future Perspectives Aragão, Joaquim José Guilherme de; Brasileiro, Anísio The aim of this contribution is the description and understanding of the present crisis in the Brazilian urban bus sector and to point out new perspectives for the development of this industry. At the beginning, the present structure of the industry as well its modernisation and concentration level is explained. A further section deals with the challenges this industry is now facing, especially due to the rapid motorization the country is now undergoing as well to the invasion of the transport market by illegal operators, and the reaction the regular operators are offering to these challenges. Following this, the new legislation on public procurement procedures for administrative and concessions contracts is presented, which will oblige that these contract are preceded by competitive bidding procedures. On the ground of this analysis, the perspectives for the further development of the urban bus industry are discussed. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Brennan, Patricia Ribera, Alicia https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6586 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Urban Bus Transport Regulation in Buenos Aires Brennan, Patricia; Ribera, Alicia Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Osula, Douglas O. A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6597 2026-05-05T12:32:09Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Public Transport Fare Subsidies for Children and the Elderly in Developing Countries Osula, Douglas O. A. A modification to an earlier formula for estimating public transport subisidisation requirements for developing countries is presented. The modification has been made to make the formula cater for the travel money expenditure needs of school going children and the elderly. As with the earlier formula, the present one is designed for both regulated and deregulated transport markets. It yields a subsidy level that is commensurate with the level of control a government is able to exercise over public transport operation. The modification is based on subsidizing school trips by school children as a matter of course, but giving subsidy for trips by the elderly conditional upon it being determined in the first instance that subsidy is required. Theme 6

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Reja, Binyam https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6582 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Economics and Politics of Contracting out with the Private Sector: Evidence from the US Transit Industry Reja, Binyam The paper studies contracting practices in the US transit industry. It employs the methods of transaction cost economics and public choice theory to develop an empirical model of bus contracting in the US transit industry. The empirical results shed light on why transit services in the US remain largely public, despite many attempts to introduce competition by contracting out services to the private sector. The results show that the decision by transit agencies to contract out with the private sector is constrained by the transaction costs of contracting and the institutional and subsidy arrangements that govern the transit industry in the US. Services that require idiosyncratic investments to provide large densities of passengers are less likely to be contracted out than those services that are provided using standard, small vehicles. Similarly, increases in federal subsidies and dedicated subsidies are found to discourage contracting out with the private sector. On the other hand, increases in state and local subsidies, other things being equal, encourage contracting. Agencies that have high labor costs –– indicating strong labor unions –– are less likely to contract out. In light of these findings, the paper concludes that piecemeal contracting out of services is not likely to increase the role of the private sector in the provision of public transit services. Structures of subsidies and federal arrangements creates intertwined incentives that discourage contracting by transit agencies, thus foiling the attempts to increase efficiencies by establishing competition for transit markets. Theme 4

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6530 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Struggle for Regulatory and Economic Sphere of Influence in the Matatu Means of Transport in Kenya: A Stakeholder Analysis Khayesi, Meleckidzedeck The matatu is a small-scale public means of transport in Kenya. This paper analyses the struggle for regulatory and economic sphere of influence in the matatu means of transport in Kenya. The main finding in this paper is that the origin and growth of the matatu in Kenya has brought to the fore contending economic interests as well as the scramble for political influence, dominance and subordination. These contending interests arise due to an array of individuals, groups and businesses that are linked to the matatu. The realization of these interests affects the running of the matatu business as reflected in escalating costs, violence, risk of road traffic accidents and poor terms of service for workers. The conclusion in this paper is that the future of the matatu in Kenya will be affected as long as the business continues to straddle the economic, social and political spheres. Theme 3

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Clark, Peter Crous, Wilfred https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6504 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Strategic Review of Public Transport User Needs in the Cape Metropolitan Area Clark, Peter; Crous, Wilfred This paper reviews user needs and current public transport operations in the Cape Metropolitan Area. It shows that public transport services are currently unsustainable in terms of increasing subsidy requirements as well as not effectively meeting user needs. Proposals to restructure the public transport system and to use Stated Preference techniques to identify and address user needs are put forward. At present strategies to restructure the public transport system are being drawn up so there is no evidence on the success or otherwise of these proposals. Clearly therefore effective monitoring strategies will be needed to track the effectiveness of these proposals in meeting policy objectives. There is clear evidence that Stated Preference (SP) methods offer a cost-effective method of providing appropriate market research information on the likely response of users to changes in the public transport system. In South Africa however, the developing context within which SP methods are to be applied is often significantly different from conditions in developed contexts. SP techniques will therefore frequently require innovative adaptations and sometimes different approaches to those most commonly applied in developed contexts. This will provide fertile grounds for the development and transfer of such adaptations and techniques between developing contexts. Plenary

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Puil, George https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6513 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority (TransLink) An Innovation in Transportation Governance and Funding Puil, George Concepts such as competition, subsidy elimination and private service delivery have transformed the national and international transportation industries in recent decades, but their implementation in urban transportation markets has been slow and limited. The new urban transportation governance and funding arrangements in Greater Vancouver represent the most comprehensive effort to date to apply these concepts in an urban setting. The new arrangements, which were negotiated between the provincial government and the Greater Vancouver Regional District as part of the implementation of a regional growth management and transportation strategy, feature creation of a single political authority (TransLink) for regional roads, transit, transportation demand management, promotion of transportation alternatives and vehicle emission control. Controlled by local government, the new authority must operate within the Greater Vancouver Regional District’s policies and plans for growth management, air quality management, economic development and public finance. TransLink derives its revenues predominantly from transportation sources, including fares, fuel taxes and parking sales taxes, and it has the power to implement additional revenue measures such as vehicle charges, parking taxes, tolls and other user charges. By bringing together political responsibility for managing supply and demand for all modes of transportation on a regional level, the Greater Vancouver innovations may provide an example that will be useful to other urban regions attempting to deal with growth while responding to global environmental issues such as climate change. Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Bahgat, Prof Dr A-G El-Tony, Dr F. El-Mahdi, Dr R. Boshra, Dr E. Abbas, Dr K. Fattah, Dr A. Al-Keelan, Mr O. White, Prof P.R. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6506 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Impacts of the Cairo Metro Bahgat, Prof Dr A-G; El-Tony, Dr F.; El-Mahdi, Dr R.; Boshra, Dr E.; Abbas, Dr K.; Fattah, Dr A.; Al-Keelan, Mr O.; White, Prof P.R. The Cairo Metro the first in Africa and the Middle East is a two-line system, heavily-used. Data from the operator and a direct passenger survey are used to illustrate patterns of use and draw policy implications for other systems. While current revenue exceeds operating costs, cross-subsidies may exist between different passenger groups as a result of highly-discounted student season tickets. A fare increase in 1996 is used to estimate short-run elasticity of demand with respect to price, approximately 0.2, a similar figure to other metro systems. Substantial use is made of motorised feeder modes, notably shared taxis (paratransit minibuses). The high level of use occurs despite a substantial premium over other public transport fares, and lack of integrated ticketing. A likely explanation is that the fares are reasonable compared with incomes, and that the price differential is offset for many users by the time savings vis a vis congested traffic conditions. Theme 3

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Sunde, Øyvind https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6529 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tendering Ferry Services in Norway: Ratchet Effects? Sunde, Øyvind Fjord crossings by ferries are vital in the Norwegian trunk road system. The ferries are operated by ferry companies, each ferry company being a monopolist on a bundle of crossings. The government regulates prices and service frequencies and awards subsidies to the companies in order to make the ferry services economically viable. Tendering has been suggested as a means to induce cost efficiency and thus reduce costly subsidies. In order to gain experience with tendering on this area, this regime has recently been introduced on a few selected crossings. We argue that this small-scale experiment may not reveal the cost savings that may be obtained by a large-scale experiment. This is due to a ratchet effect: The incumbent ferry companies may not have the incentives to submit low tenders as by doing so, the ferry companies reveals that there is much to gain for the government by carrying through a large-scale tender competition in the future. Such a large-scale tender competition may be harmful to the companies as compared to status quo. Realising this, each company may be reluctant to submit low tenders in the competition for the selected tender crossings. Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Varnaison Revolle, Patricia https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6512 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Public-private Partnership in Building Public Transport Lines with Right of Way in France: A New Start? Varnaison Revolle, Patricia At the end of the eighties, several French conurbations considered calling on private companies to construct public transport lines with right of way1. Some ten years after the signature of the first statutory contracts, and faced with a growing number of public transport projects in French conurbations, we feel it necessary to take stock of how these contracts have weathered and how other French conurbations intend to construct their metros, LRTs and bus lines with right of way. Therefore this study recounts the organisation of promoters and the financing of public transport with right of way in sixteen French conurbations with populations from 125,000 to 1,150,000. It appears that the great majority of French conurbations no longer commit themselves to public-private partnerships and conurbations such as Toulouse or Rouen have reversed their choice regarding the statutory contracts that they had granted for a first line. Growing numbers of public partners are asked to finance projects, leading to financing of certain projects by more than five such bodies. This is particularly the case of projects for bus lines with right of way for which the part remaining to be financed by the public transport authority is less than 60%. Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Jansson, Kjell https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6527 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Pricing and Financing of the Railway in a Competitive Environment Jansson, Kjell Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z van der Merwe, E Cammeron, J W M Papenfus, Dr A J van Zyl, O A W Vorster, J C https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6509 2026-05-05T12:32:10Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Holistic Financing Strategy for Transport in South Africa van der Merwe, E; Cammeron, J W M; Papenfus, Dr A J; van Zyl, O A W; Vorster, J C Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Weiping, Wu Xiaoming, Wu https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6507 2026-05-05T12:32:10Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Study on Fund Raising Means for China's Railways Weiping, Wu; Xiaoming, Wu The existing financing resources of construction fund for China s railways are presented in the first section of this paper. In the next section, The impacts and restrictions of the funding raising means were analyzed and a proposal of reforming the existing financing means was raised on the base of these analyses. The proposal included the following contents: construction funds for the railroads with different functions should be raised by using different financing means. The paper focused on means of fund raising for regional railway construction projects. It stated in detail how this kind of projects would attract social capital by relying on government supporting policies through the reform of the railway system. For instance, what kinds of projects are possible to attract direct international investments; what kind of projects can use BOT method and how to introduce it; what countermeasures should be taken for the deficit breach lines, etc. Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Kulkarni, Dr. Sharad D. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6524 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Funding of Public Passenger Transport in Developing Countries - A Case of India Kulkarni, Dr. Sharad D. The funding problems of land passenger transport in developing countries are different and more complicated. The paper brings out the present scenario of financial performance and funding arrangements in the Railways and the Roadways carrying passengers in a country like India which represents developing nations of the world. Since mobility of people within the country and particularly in the cities is considered as a public utility function of the governments and local bodies, the funding of capital is mainly through the General Exchequer. This is supported by internal generation of funds within and borrowing from Financial Institutions. These measures of funding being very inadequate, new methods of attracting private capital in passenger transport sector have been proposed. Since the liberalized economic policies have been recently introduced in the country, encouragement for the private capital participation in projects under BOOT has been an important issue for consideration. Taxing the direct and the indirect beneficiaries of new transport projects to be undertaken, inviting participation of general and institutional investors in the capital formation are some other measures suggested. Commercial exploitation of transport land, commercial outlook for transport organizations and freedom to fix passenger fares will also strengthen the funding operations of capital projects in land passenger transport in India. Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Mein, Barry https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6523 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Matching Funding to Outcomes: Incentive Based Contracts for Passenger Transport Mein, Barry Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Hultén, Staffan https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6520 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Opening up the Pandora Box of Deregulation - the Deregulation Process of the Swedish Railway System Hultén, Staffan Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Hauge, Olav https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6517 2026-05-05T12:32:11Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Experimental Tendering: An Analysis of Experiences from the Road/Ferry Sector in Norway Hauge, Olav Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Johansen, Kjell Werner https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6528 2026-05-05T12:32:15Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Contractual Form and Performance in the Norwegian Bus Industry 1986-96 Johansen, Kjell Werner The Norwegian public transport market has experienced a significant development over the last decade. Over this period the number of independent companies have declined from 220 to 83, the two largest groups have through mergers and buy outs achieved control over more than 40% of the market. The regulating regime has changes from net cost contracts based on historical concessions through negotiated contracts based on normalised costs and efficiency agreements to tendered contracts in some counties, so far based on full cost. During the same period the operating unit cost has declined by approx. 20%, the subsidy rate by approx. 1/3 from 37% to 24%, and production has grown slightly. To test hypothesises about factors affecting the cost level at company and county level we have collected accounting and production data for all the companies for the period 1986-96 Statistics Norway. This pooled time series cross section data set is used to estimate the effect of contractual form, economy of scale and scope, subsidy level on cost pr vehicle km, controlling for factors as passenger density, route speed and urban area. The same data and variables are applied to test hypothesises of market efficiency measured by cost pr passenger km. Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Walters, Prof J https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6534 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Risk and Management Factors: Participation Options for Small and Medium Sized Bus Transport Operators in the Tendering for Contract System in South Africa Walters, Prof J In this paper, an analysis is undertaken against the background of public transport policy changes in South Africa, of the role of small public transport enterprises in the tender for contract system. The analysis include the problems that small business in general experience to access public transport opportunities, an analysis of the tender risk elements from the perspective of different role players and potential initiatives to accommodate small business. Emphasis is placed on the potential of franchising and subcontracting as ways to accommodate small business and deal with the risk factors as perceived by the different role players. Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Nothnagel, A Stanway, R A Mirrilees, R Cameron, J W M https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6514 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Financing of Land Transport in South Africa Nothnagel, A; Stanway, R A; Mirrilees, R; Cameron, J W M Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Norheim, Bård https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6525 2026-05-05T12:32:08Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Competitive pressure as an alternative to competitive tendering? The development of a performance contract in Oslo Norheim, Bård In 1991, a customer orientation project was launched in Oslo, spurred by reduced subsides, and the possibility of competitive tendering being introduced in the operation of public transport. The longterm goal was a 25% increase in traffic before year 2001, through a policy of «more satisfied customers». Public transport in Oslo has increased annually, from 136 million journeys in 1992, to roughly 153 million in 1997. In 1998 we proposed a new quality contract based on the quality monitoring system and performance-dependent subsidies. If the company fails to keep the quality level within defined borders, we propose that the contract will be cancelled and opened for tendering. The first step of this contract was introduced in January 1999. This paper will present the Oslo model and the experience after 7 years with the different types of quality monitoring systems and contracting public transport. Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Debande, Olivier https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6532 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Private financing of infrastructure. An application to public transport infrastructure Debande, Olivier Theme 2

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Coccia, Enzo Site, Paolo Delle Filippi, Francesco Lemessi, Marco Mallamo, Antonio https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6510 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Design of Passenger Interchanges Coccia, Enzo; Site, Paolo Delle; Filippi, Francesco; Lemessi, Marco; Mallamo, Antonio Three projects focussing on intermodality and interchanges are currently in progress, promoted by the European Commission: GUIDE, MIMIC and PIRATE. After a short description of each project, the paper concentrates on the MIMIC project. The MIMIC approach consists in a structured evaluation of the necessary and desirable conditions to improve interchanges and intermodality. In particular, the project s aim is to identify passengers needs and priorities in order to help decision makers to choose among the many investment projects competing for the same pot of money. MIMIC uses the notion of barriers to intermodality as a way of throwing light on and evaluating problems relating to interchanges in six sample cities (Bilbao, Copenhagen, London, Rome, Tampere and Warsaw). The tools used to assess and scale users needs are presented and commented. These include both surveying and modelling tools. The modelling tools (logit model, micro-simulation model and GIS tool) are described in detail. Finally, the most important barriers to intermodality are summarised and commented. Theme 3

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Alexandersson, Gunnar Hultén, Staffan https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6521 2026-05-05T12:32:09Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Competitive Tendering of Railway Services in Sweden Extent and Effects 1989-1999 Alexandersson, Gunnar; Hultén, Staffan In 1988 the vertical separation of the Swedish State Railways into one train operator (SJ) and one infrastructure holder (Banverket) was implemented. Together with the transfer of responsibility for the regional non-profitable passenger railway services to regional transport authorities, this reform paved the way for the introduction of competitive tendering for these services. Initially, only one new firm entered, but through subsequent tenders this figure has increased to four. Since 1992 it has also been possible for the state’s negotiator to procure the non-profitable interregional services by means of tendering. For several years no actual entry occurred on this part of the market, partly due to more demanding conditions compared to other tenders. However, following the outcome of the latest tenders, new entry is set to take place in January 2000. Consequently, what started as a very slow walk towards more competition in the railway sector has taken us to a point where SJ is facing actual competition on almost all parts of the market. In addition to discussing the new entrants, the different types of tenders are compared in some detail in the paper. Some empirical data on the number of bidders, cost reductions, innovations and travelling changes related to tenders is presented and interpreted. The development of the behaviour of SJ and its competitors is also discussed, as well as the further impact upon transport policy. Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z Gwilliam, Ken Meakin, Richard T. Kumar, Ajay https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6511 2026-05-05T12:32:13Z 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z

Designing Competition in Urban Bus Passenger Transport Lessons from Uzbekistan Gwilliam, Ken; Meakin, Richard T.; Kumar, Ajay Theme 1

1999-01-01T00:00:00Z