https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6277 2026-06-10T22:30:14Z 2026-06-10T22:30:14Z Odeck, James Sunde, Øyvind https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6394 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Relative Efficiency of Public and Private Bus Companies? Odeck, James; Sunde, Øyvind By applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), this study examines the efficiency of a subset of Norwegian bus companies in order to test the hypothesis that public companies are less efficient than private ones. DEA consists of constructing a piecewise linear best practice frontier enveloping the input-output combinations of the companies, efficiency being measured for each individual company in terms of its distance relative to the frontier. DEA is widely acclaimed for being flexible, letting the data reveal the unknown and possibly complex relationships between inputs and outputs. As a consequence, each company is most likely evaluated against similar companies being located in the ‘neighbourhood’ in the input-output space. If private and public companies are clustered in separate subspaces in the input-output space however, each company will most likely be evaluated against companies of its own rather than the opposite category of ownership. In order to avoid this pitfall, we identify and include in the study only those companies that are found to be either efficient or inefficient as compared to at least one company in the opposite category of ownership. The results from the study are compared to those obtained by the more conventional approach where all companies are included in the study. Workshop C

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Minken, Harald Killi, Marit https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6395 2026-05-05T12:32:15Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Productivity growth in Norwegian ferry links 1988-1996, and implications for regulation Minken, Harald; Killi, Marit Workshop C

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Shoji, Kenichi Killeen, Bruce J. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6396 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Diversification Strategy of the ‘Minor’ Private Railway Companies in Japan Shoji, Kenichi; Killeen, Bruce J. Workshop C

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Cowie, Jonathan https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6388 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

Subsidy and Productivity in the Privatised British Passenger Railway Cowie, Jonathan This paper gives a brief overview of subsidy arrangements in the privatised passenger rail industry in Britain before focusing on productivity performance across the first four years under the new privatised structure. Subsidy reductions are analysed in terms of the average annual percentage increases required in passenger revenues to offset these reductions for each train operating company. These are found to range from 2% to 21%. It is highlighted however that such 'gains' could equally be achieved through cutting costs, hence subsidy cuts are also specified in relation to cost reductions and found to range from 1% to 10%. Productivity is then examined through the use of a Translog productivity index, with passenger train kilometres specified as the output, and labour, traction rolling stock and infrastructure specified as the inputs. For the network as a whole, it is found that total productivity has risen on average by 4% p.a. over the initial privatisation period. Most of these gains have been achieved through labour reductions and increases in output resulting from improved utilisation of existing inputs. Comparisons are then made with the performance of thenationalised British Rail over a number of time periods. The overriding conclusion is that gains made in the early period of private sector management, although appearingto be of a sufficient size to offset subsidy reductions, are not as high as those made in the later period of public sector management. It would appear therefore that it is ownership structure, towards a more market orientated organisation, rather than ownership form per se, that is the key component in productivity gains Workshop C

2010-01-01T00:00:00Z Fearnley, Nils Carlquist, Erik https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6331 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Tale of Seven Cities: Subsidy Reductions in Norwegian Public Transport Fearnley, Nils; Carlquist, Erik Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Hauge, Olav https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6324 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Creation of Express Bus Services to Improve Competitive Edge for Public Transport in Møre og Romsdal County. Hauge, Olav Workshop E

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Larsen, Odd I. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6323 2026-05-05T12:32:11Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Designing Incentive Schemes for Public Transport Larsen, Odd I. In 1999 the Hordaland County Council decided that the county should introduce so-called ”quality contracts” for public transport in the county. The main idea of this type of contract is that decisions on the level of service (routes and frequencies) are left to the operators while the fares are subject to regulation by the county. A basic ingredient of such contracts should be a remuneration scheme linked to the level of service. The purpose of the remuneration is to internalise the impacts on consumers’ surplus caused by changes in the level of service. This impact is inadequately captured by the changes in fare revenue. Theory gives some guidance with respect to the principle of proper remuneration. A model was calibrated for each of the three main bus operators in Hordaland and used to estimate the rates of remuneration that would induce the operator to provide an optimum level of service based on maximisation of profit. Modelling indicated that the remuneration schemes should consist for fixed rates per revenue kilometre and vehicle hour of revenue service for basic services and additional peak services respectively. Due to substantial deviation between fare and marginal cost for peak passengers, two operators should also have a remuneration per peak passengers. Modelling also showed that the sum of fare revenue and remuneration per km, hour and peak passenger would imply excessive profits and that the contracts therefor should include the deduction of a fixed amount. This is a novel and promising approach to contracting for public transport services. The heavy reliance on modelling means that the stakeholders must have confidence in the model and the results produced. In year 2000, contracts were implemented in the County of Hordaland based on these principles and results from modelling. Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Carlquist, Erik https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6329 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Incentive Contracts in Norwegian Local Public Transport: The Hordaland Model Carlquist, Erik Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Lyche, Lage Hervik, Arild https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6330 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

A cost effeciency approach to universal access for public transport for disabled people Lyche, Lage; Hervik, Arild Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Gale, Jayne Wallis, Ian https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6328 2026-05-05T12:32:08Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Economic Incentives to Increase Public Transport Patronage – The Theory and the Practice Gale, Jayne; Wallis, Ian This paper reports on an innovative policy for central government funding to local passenger transport services in New Zealand, that ties funding directly to performance. The new policy, known as Patronage Funding, was developed and implemented by Transfund New Zealand, with assistance from consultants. Under the policy, government funding to the regions for public transport services is based directly on the patronage generated. This leaves responsibility for service planning with regional government, but encourages them to improve services in such a way as to generate additional patronage. The payment rates are based on estimates of both the user benefits and externality benefits of improving services and hence attracting additional passengers. The externality component comprises benefits associated with reduced road congestion, safety and environmental benefits. Hence, the payment rates vary by city, time period (peak/off-peak) and distance travelled. The paper describes the economic theory and the analyses underlying the new policy, key aspects of its implementation, and experience in the first six months since its introduction in November 2000. Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Velde, D.M. van de https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6325 2026-05-05T12:32:08Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Evolution of Organisational Forms in European Public Transport Velde, D.M. van de Workshop E

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Witbreuk, Marc De Jong, Leo https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6321 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Use and Efficiency of Public Transport : The Effects of Price and Service Measures Witbreuk, Marc; De Jong, Leo Like in many other countries in the Netherlands, , the government of the Nethertlands assigns public transport an important role in its transport policy. However, the costs of public transport do exceed the revenues of it. Price may be an important variable to both increase the use of public transport and to improve the costs/benefits ratio. Unfortunately, little knowledge is available with regard to the effects of price measures. In the paper two questions are answered. First, the influence of price measures on the use of public transport, the costs/benefits ration and the modal split is discussed. Then, the change of structure in the Netherlands and its implications on the probability that price measures will be taken is described and discussed. It is concluded, that price does influence the demand for public transport. Besides, because of the financing system it seems less unlikely than desirable that regional/local authorities will implement price measures. Workshop E

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Nash, Chris Matthews, Bryan Granero, Pura Marler, Nick https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6333 2026-05-05T12:32:14Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Design of New Financing Schemes for Urban Public Transport Nash, Chris; Matthews, Bryan; Granero, Pura; Marler, Nick Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Stretch, C Els, J https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6327 2026-05-05T12:32:14Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Satellite Monitoring of Public Transport Stretch, C; Els, J Workshop E

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Matthews, Bryan https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6332 2026-05-05T12:32:13Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Disability discrimination Act and Developments in Accessible Public Transport in the UK Matthews, Bryan Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Holvad, Torben https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6320 2026-05-05T12:32:11Z 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

An Examination of Efficiency Level Variations for Bus Services Holvad, Torben Workshop C

2010-01-01T00:00:00Z Lægran, Snorre https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6322 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Cost-Benefit Approach to Public Transport Priority to Road access Lægran, Snorre Workshop D

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Velde, D.M. van de Leijenaar, R. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6326 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Towards Innovation in Public Transport Tendering in the Netherlands Velde, D.M. van de; Leijenaar, R. Workshop E

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Nokkala, Marko https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6315 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Equality in Public Transport Competitions: Game-Theoretic Framework for Bus and Taxi Entrepeneurs in Finland Nokkala, Marko A large share of the public transportation services is provided using contests for companies to find a low cost provider of these services. A trend towards smaller units of transportation has been observed, as the demand for increased efficiency and cost minimisation has shifted traditional transportation patterns. This paper provides economic analysis of the current situation in competition for licenses for transportation in Helsinki MA, Finland. The setting for current permit granting can easily lead to discriminating practices between bus operators and taxi companies, which have different environments in which their decision whether to offer services or not is made. In this paper, the current setting is modelled using tools provided by the game theory. Defined qualities and characteristics of different types of companies are converted to monetary values. The setting is analysed to find Nash-equilibrium for the competition situation. The setting mainly consists of legislative, economic and market position factors, which are assessed in terms of each market operator. The principal setting will cover bus and taxi operators, clearly the two dominant groups in the market. Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Jansson, Kjell https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6314 2026-05-05T12:32:04Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Mode Shift to Arlanda Airport for Sustainable Development Jansson, Kjell Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Santos, Enilson Ramos, Rubens Filho, Rômulo Dante Orrico https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6318 2026-05-05T12:32:03Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Public Transport by Vans: Facts, Meaning and Perspectives of its Presence in Brazilian Cities Santos, Enilson; Ramos, Rubens; Filho, Rômulo Dante Orrico Until five years ago the scene of public transport in Brazilian cities was dominated by privately operated buses under local protective regulation. From 1996 on, however, this scene begun to change by the emergence of vans operators who challenged bus cartels and the barriers to entry imposed by public authorities. In this paper, a general overview of the presence of vans in Brazilian local public transport is provided. Quantitative, regulatory and political facts are presented and analyzed. Furthermore, present trends related to regulatory policies concerning vans are assessed and possible developments regarding its presence in passenger transport markets are discussed. workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Aragão, Joaquim José Guilherme de Santos, Enilson Medeiros dos Dourado, Anísio Brasileiro de Freitas https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6311 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The urban public transport crisis in Brazil: Two regulatory reform strategies and some questions to the World Bank Aragão, Joaquim José Guilherme de; Santos, Enilson Medeiros dos; Dourado, Anísio Brasileiro de Freitas Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Hensher, David A. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6310 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

TRESIS: A Transportation, Land Use and Environmental Strategy Impact Simulator for Urban Areas Hensher, David A. The Institute of Transport Studies has recently developed a Transportation and Environment Strategy Impact Simulator (TRESIS) as a decision support system to assist planners to predict the impact of transport strategies and to make recommendations based on those predictions. A key focus of the simulator is the richness of policy instruments such as new public transport, new toll roads, congestion pricing, gas guzzler taxes, changing residential densities, introducing designated bus lanes, implementing fare changes, altering parking policy, introducing more flexible work practices, and the introduction of more fuel efficient vehicles. The appropriateness of mixtures of policy instruments is gauged in terms of a series of performance indicators such as impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, accessibility, equity, air quality and household consumer surplus. In this paper we introduce TRESIS for the first time to the research community, focussing on the structure of the system and the diversity of applications. Applications are presented to illustrate the diversity and richness of TRESIS as a policy advisory tool. pleanary-Hensher

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z White, Peter https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6308 2026-05-05T12:32:13Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

An Independent Review of Rail Privatisation in Britain White, Peter plenary-White

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Wallis, Ian Bray, David https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6309 2026-05-05T12:32:10Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Competitive Tendering for Bus Services: The Improved Adelaide Model Wallis, Ian; Bray, David In 1994 the Government of South Australia initiated a process to contract out scheduled bus services in metropolitan Adelaide. The services, which currently involve use of about 760 buses that carry 47 million passengers per year in a service area of 880 square kilometres, had been operated by a Government organisation. Services were contracted out primarily on an areas basis, with ten area and four route contracts. By 1996 two contracts had been awarded to a private operator and three to the Government operator following two rounds of competitive tendering. Remaining services were provided by the Government operator through negotiated contracts. A review of the bus contracting system was undertaken in 1998, and features of the system modified, including a reduction in the number of contracts to six area and one route contract. All seven contracts were subsequently competitively tendered and won by private operators: the new contracts commenced in April 2000. The refinements to the Adelaide M odel secured greater interest from industry and keener pricing, which resulted in substantial cost savings. In developing the revised model, particular attention was paid to supplier market considerations. This included the division of responsibilities for service planning between the tendering authority and operators, and incentive structures to align operator objectives with Government goals in relation to service level, service quality and patronage. A number of other aspects of the former model were also revised. The paper also summarises the impacts of the overall competitive tendering process on costs, services and patronage. It draws out lessons learned that may be applicable to other authorities contemplating competitive tendering of public transport services. Workshop A

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Preston, John https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6306 2026-05-05T12:32:10Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Regulation Policy in Land Passenger Transportation in Europe Preston, John This paper draws on a number of projects undertaken recently for the European Commission. It reviews the changing regulatory policies toward bus, coach and rail travel in the member states of the European Union. It is found that although there have been substantial reforms in individual member states, reforms at a European level have been limited in both their scope and impact. This is despite considerable activity that has included regulation 1893/91 (on public service contracts in local public transport), directive 91/440 (on international rail services) and regulation 12/98 (on international coach services), as well as a number of Green and White Papers. Estimates of the economic benefits of commercialising the passenger rail networks, introducing tendering for local public transport and deregulating express coaches are made. These are contrasted with estimates of the benefits that might be achieved through investing in infrastructure to improve interoperability and interconnection. Organisational issues are also considered. Evidence is presented that European railway companies should be restructured, with some companies being fragmented and others consolidated, with networks re-configured. The evidence on vertical separation is reassessed. For the bus and coach industry, trends towards horizontal integration are noted and the anti-trust implications assessed. It is concluded that continued regulatory and organisational reform is required and that this should probably be based on competition for the market for both the operation and the planning of most scheduled bus and rail services. plenary-Preston

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Hervik, Arild Sunde, Øyvind https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6303 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

An Evaluation Of Competitive Tendering In The Ferry Sector In Norway Hervik, Arild; Sunde, Øyvind Fjord crossings by car ferries constitute a vital part of the Norwegian trunk road system. The current subsidy scheme is considered to provide insufficient incentives for cost efficiency however. As a consequence, tender competitions have recently been introduced, so far on a few selected ferry links in order to gain experience with tendering on this area. Although subsidies have increased somewhat, there have been major improvements in the quality of services such as increased capacity, new ferries, increased frequencies and extended opening hours. A rough estimate of the additional production costs associated with these major improvements in the quality of services indicates that the tender competitions have produced significant cost savings. In addition, such improvements add benefits to the users, albeit not being estimated. Further, it has been a "winners curse" game providing a yardstick for the remaining ferry sector not being exposed to tender competition so far. In addition to an in-depth studies of the ferry links having been exposed to tender competition, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been applied in order to measure the relative improvements in efficiency for tendered and non-tendered ferry links. The results from the DEA study resembles the findings of in-depth study, indicating that tendering has improved efficiency somewhat, although less than reported by the companies ex ante, indicating that the companies have been too optimistic when submitting their bids. Workshop A

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Cox, Wendell Duthion, Brice https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6312 2026-05-05T12:32:07Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Competition In Urban Public Transport A World View Cox, Wendell; Duthion, Brice Over the past 15 years, a number of nations and urban areas have converted part or all of their public transport systems to competitive mechanisms. At the same time, the competitive market has provided public transport services in other nations for decades. This paper provides an international perspective on the current situation and developments in competitive provision of public transport services. Particular emphasis is placed upon the history of competitive provision in France, the international role of French companies in competition and the prospects for additional competition under new regulations of the European Union. Detailed case studies are provided dealing with urban areas, including London, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Denver, San Diego and Las Vegas Workshop A

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Contreras-Montoya, Carlos Santos, Enilson Filho, Rômulo Dante Orrico https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6317 2026-05-05T12:32:14Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Regulation, Competition and Technical Efficiency in Bus Public Transport: Discussing the Case of the Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica Contreras-Montoya, Carlos; Santos, Enilson; Filho, Rômulo Dante Orrico In the last two decades the relative roles of regulation and competition in promoting efficiency in urban bus industry has emerged as a central theme in both technical and academic debate. Empirical studies have concentrated in European, North American and Australian cases, as well as translog functions have been the main technical tool used in empirical analysis. In this paper, we focus on a Latin American case San José, Costa Rica using DEA techniques for the assessment of technical efficiency of bus service private provision under public regulation. Conclusions highlight a significant technical inefficiency level in the industry. Operators running their services efficiently are identified in order to provide industry benchmarkings. Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Jansson, Kjell https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6316 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Pricing and Financing of the Railway in a Competitive Environment Jansson, Kjell Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Burla, Michela Laniado, Eliot Romani, Fosca Tagliavini, Paola https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6302 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Role of Decision Support Systems (DSS) in Transportation Burla, Michela; Laniado, Eliot; Romani, Fosca; Tagliavini, Paola In line with EU regulations, the Italian Government started the reform of public local transport in order to transfer competences to Regional and Local Administrations and to move to a competitive tendering system. To pursue the reform at the local level it is crucial to define a common framework (by sharing information and a quantitative methodology) where Regions and Local Administrations can operate. Decision support systems (DSS) and information systems are valuable tools to support these activities and, in general, transportation planning. An information system, such as the one Poliedra-Politecnico di Milano is designing for the Lombardy Region and its Plan of Mobility and Transports, has to accomplish the following tasks: • the monitoring of the Plan, by comparing information among different years, Administrations or fields (e.g. public or freight transport), also in relation to standard reference values; • its assessment, to check the performance of the Plan as a whole and of each field and to reveal possible imbalances and critical situations; • the appraisal of projects, to introduce homogeneous informative contents into the projects; this helps to carry out project assessment according to a standard and transparent procedure and provides the decision maker with appropriate tools to identify priorities; • the appraisal in the tendering process, to define the tendering scheme and the criteria to evaluate offers. Workshop C

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Jansson, Jan Owen https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6305 2026-05-05T12:32:05Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Efficient Modal Split Jansson, Jan Owen plenary-Jansson

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Toner, JP Whelan, GA Mackie, PJ Preston, JM https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6307 2026-05-05T12:32:06Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Modelling Quality Bus Partnerships Toner, JP; Whelan, GA; Mackie, PJ; Preston, JM Workshop A

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Stanta, Ferdinando Schade, Jens Schlag, Bernhard https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6319 2026-05-05T12:32:09Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Feasibility of the Road and Park Pricing to Support the Transport Policies Stanta, Ferdinando; Schade, Jens; Schlag, Bernhard Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Brasileiro, Anísio Santos, Enilson Aragão, Joaquim https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6313 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Regulating Interstate Passenger Transport By Means Of Independent Agencies: Challenges To The Institutional Development Of Road Passenger Transport In Brazil Brasileiro, Anísio; Santos, Enilson; Aragão, Joaquim The aim of this paper is to analyse the present situation regarding interstate road passenger transportation in Brazil. The emphasis is put in the changing institutional context of the industry, once Federal Government recently achieved the Congress approval for an administrative reform that maintains the public service concept in approaching transportation service but introduces a regulatory agency with duties related to market regulation and services monitoring. Beginning with a historical approach to long distance passenger transport in Brazil, the current situation of the industry is described and its development under the new institutional and regulatory arrangements is discussed. Conclusions highlight the political risks that public transport policy and planning come to be captured by colluded industry with severe negative effects on economical efficiency and public benefits. Workshop B

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Matthews, Bryan Bristow, Abigail L. Nash, Chris https://hdl.handle.net/2123/6304 2026-05-05T12:32:12Z 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z

Competitive tendering and deregulation in the British bus Matthews, Bryan; Bristow, Abigail L.; Nash, Chris Workshop A

2001-01-01T00:00:00Z