Sydney eScholarship Collection:

Efficiency Analysis and Experimental Study of Cooperative Behaviour of Shrimp Farmers Facing Wastewater Pollution in the Mekong River Delta

2013-05-20T16:52:51Z

Title: Efficiency Analysis and Experimental Study of Cooperative Behaviour of Shrimp Farmers Facing Wastewater Pollution in the Mekong River Delta Authors: Nguyen, Tuan Kiet Abstract: Shrimp farming is important to the Vietnamese economy in terms of national income, job creation and poverty alleviation. However, shrimp farming is generally technically inefficient and probably generates too much pollution. To encourage the sustainable development of the Vietnamese shrimp industry, there is a need to improve the productivity of shrimp farms and at the same time to reduce the wastewater pollution generated by shrimp farming. The thesis has two aims: (1) to estimate the efficiency of shrimp farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, with a particular focus on the productivity effects of pollution, and (2) to use experimental economics to investigate policies that could be used to mitigate the wastewater pollution impacting shrimp farms. Overall farmers are found to be inefficient, suggesting farmers are using more inputs than necessary to produce a given output level. Surprisingly, the average extensive (i.e., less capital-intensive) farm is found to be more efficient than the average intensive and semi- intensive (i.e., more capital-intensive) farms. Furthermore, downstream farms are found to be less efficient than upstream farms, suggesting that wastewater pollution influences shrimp farming productivity and results in a negative externality. Evidence from lab-based experiments suggests that the incentives provided by a monitoring and certification agency are not sufficient to promote the full cooperation of shrimp farmers to solve the wastewater pollution problem. However, full cooperation was achieved by providing farmers with an opportunity to communicate. In both cases, self-governance of shrimp farmers was found to be highly effective. The results suggest that community-based management is worthy of further investigation as a possible solution to sustainable development of the shrimp industry in Vietnam. "What we have ignored is what citizens can do and the importance of real involvement of the people involved – versus just having somebody in Washington ... make a rule." Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012) Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A Longitudinal Study on the Linkage between Public Transport Demand and Land Use Characteristics: A Pseudo Panel Approach

2013-05-15T16:53:01Z

Title: A Longitudinal Study on the Linkage between Public Transport Demand and Land Use Characteristics: A Pseudo Panel Approach Authors: Tsai, Chi-Hong Abstract: This study applies a pseudo panel approach to analyse public transport demand in the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (SGMA). A public transport demand model is constructed to incorporate two factors that have been highlighted in the literature of travel behaviour but still under-researched, which are: (i) the temporal effect of demand adjustment; and (ii) the land use characteristics of the built environment. The research gaps in previous applied pseudo panel data research including estimation techniques and issues involved with the applications to public transport are identified and addressed in this study. The pseudo panel approach allows for the identification of long-term demand changes using repeated cross-sectional data, which are collected at an individual level with detailed travel-related information and geographical information. This study constructs static and dynamic pseudo panel data models to analyse public transport demand in terms of its associations with price, socio-economic factors,level of public transport service, and land use factors. The research findings identify the significant determinants of public transport demand in the SGMA, with a distinction between short-run and long-run demand elasticities. This suggests a timeframe of 2.13 years is required to reach the long-run demand equilibrium. The estimated demand elasticities are used to forecast demand for the SGMA with validated results supporting the applicability of the public transport model based on the pseudo panel data. The main contribution of this thesis is the identification of long-run public transport demand elasticities using a pseudo panel dataset created from existing repeated cross-sectional household travel survey data which uses more individual information than aggregate data. This approach enables a longitudinal analysis in the absence of genuine panel data, and this in turn provides important implications for urban public transport planning and policy formulation. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

The Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision: A Contingency Model of the Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision-Making Process

2013-05-02T16:53:05Z

Title: The Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision: A Contingency Model of the Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision-Making Process Authors: Quinn, Fiona Abstract: Despite considerable prior research into foreign direct investment (FDI) location decisions, our understanding of the processes underlying such decisions is still limited. Findings from work based in the economics and behavioral theories of the multinational enterprise (MNE) both acknowledge that FDI is not a point-of-time decision but a gradual process that yields important changes over its duration. However, these competing traditions both fall short when attempting to portray the actual process by which FDI location decisions are made by managers in MNEs. This gap has been recently attributed to two interrelated limitations. Firstly, level of analysis concerns have artificially separated managerial decision-making processes from the organizational and environmental structures within which they are made. Secondly, because of the complexity inherent in the FDI location decision environment, the study of these decisions has not taken contextual factors into consideration. This study addresses three important questions in order to build our understanding of the FDI location decision-making processes: (1) What are the decision-making processes that lead to FDI location choice? (2) What is the impact of contextual variables on FDI location decision-making processes at different levels of analysis, and are there any patterns of variation in decision processes under different decision conditions? (3) What factors drive final FDI location choice, and can a useful framework or theory be developed that links FDI location decision-making processes and context to drivers of FDI location choice? In order to address level of analysis concerns, the study places the manager at the center of the FDI location decision in modeling and in research, a strategy recommended by an emerging stream of behavioral-focused international business research (Aharoni, 2010; Buckley et al., 2007; Devinney, 2011). By examining FDI location decisions from the perspective of the managers who implement them, it is possible to clarify the nature of processes that lead to FDI location choice, and identify the impact of different elements of decision maker, firm and environmental context on such processes. The conceptual framework builds on Aharoni’s (1966) pivotal research while incorporating findings from broader behavioral managerial decision models and international business research. The framework is based on the assumption that FDI location decision-making processes and final choice are contingent upon interactions between the environmental, firm and decision maker context under which the decision is made. The research was undertaken in three phases. Phase 1 included a literature review that covered research on the MNE, internationalization, and decision making. The findings of the review identified key aspects of FDI location decision context and led to the development of an initial contingency framework of strategic decision making. Phase 2 consisted of an exploratory case study of twenty four FDI location decisions. The initial contingency framework developed during the literature review was used during this stage to identify the relationship between decision-making processes and contextual variables at the case decisions. By drawing on results from the exploratory research, an initial conceptual model and a set of propositions were developed. In Phase 3, twenty case studies were theoretically sampled from a pool of MNEs of varying size and parent-country nationality within the knowledge-based industries. The data collection and analysis followed a process, event-driven approach to case study research involving the mapping of key sequences of events as well as within- and cross-case analysis. The results identify the key elements of the decision process that explain FDI location behavior and develop a framework that links them together and makes them sensible. The four key elements of the FDI location decision that comprise the framework include: (i) the process, (ii) the context, (iii) patterns, and (iv) location. Research findings show the FDI location decision process as comprising of five broad stages, the content of each driven by a dynamic and evolving interpretation of maximum subjective expected utility. Utility preferences are identified as the consequence of shifting and opaque goals, founded upon imperfect information, operating in an environment marked by uncertainty. Five variations in the overall orientation of utility at case decisions, classified in the study as ‘decision rules,’ proved to be more useful predictors of decision-making behavior than traditional notions of bounded rationality seeking rent extraction and profitability. Decision processes were found to vary in five prototypical patterns, according to clusters of contextual variables that together moderated the level of decision-maker autonomy, hierarchical centralization, rule formalization, commitment to strategy, and politicization of the decision. Patterns are described as FDI location decision-making models, and proposed as an initial step towards the development of a taxonomy of FDI location decision-making processes. Because of the dynamic and staged nature of the process, findings showed that factors that were important at one stage of the decision were not as important at the next. As such, the task of identifying universal drivers of FDI location was deemed an unfeasible one. In place of universal drivers, the initiating force of the investment, the purpose of investment and information sources and networks are identified as the key context-specific determinants of location in FDI decisions. Bounded by uncertainty, chance, the dynamics of the process and decision-maker effects, each of these aspects of the decision served to limit the possible consideration set for investment, and formed the value basis and measures from which to select the most attractive location choice. Despite the contextual differences in these drivers, however, the study revealed a strong pattern that showed that the importance of specific location considerations differed in much the same way across case decisions. During the first stage of case decisions primarily strategic aspects of locations were considered; during the second, considerations relating to the system; operational concerns in the third; implementation concerns in the fourth; and added value factors in the final choice. How each of these concerns was interpreted to reach final location choice differed according to the drivers mentioned previously, although the patterns were the same. This study develops a contingency framework for examining the FDI location decision-making processes of MNEs under different operating conditions. By identifying the four key components of the FDI location decision, their interrelationships and many sources of variance, this thesis shows that despite its complexity, the FDI location decision is amenable to useful conceptual structuring. From an academic standpoint, the framework answers Aharoni’s most recent call to action in ‘Behavioral Elements in Foreign Direct Investment’ (2010) by developing a replicable structure within which to think about incorporating managerial decision models and context into the theory of the MNE. These findings enhance understandings of decision making at MNEs, reconcile a number of inconsistencies between opposing perspectives of MNE theory, and thereby update extant theory so that it has greater relevance in today’s diverse international business environment. From a managerial standpoint, the thesis helps managers to recognize the opportunities and limitations posed by different aspects of decision context so that they are able to tailor their FDI location decision strategies to best suit their needs. Finally, from the perspective of policy markers, research findings provide great support for the use of investment attraction schemes through the use of targeted location marketing and investment incentives. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Mobile information services: enriching information architecture with urban design

2013-04-16T16:52:43Z

Title: Mobile information services: enriching information architecture with urban design Authors: Wallace, Stewart Abstract: Ubiquitous wireless communications, information mobility and location-based information services have created a new layer of urban experience, an information layer. The information services that deliver this layer to the urban actor (particularly pedestrians) will soon be ubiquitous and using those services a normal and integral part of the urban experience; more than an optional and utilitarian adjunct to it. The urban setting for these services prompts the question as to whether urban designers should be playing a role in their design and development; a role that seems conspicuously absent from current services. This thesis explores mechanisms which might facilitate a greater role for urban design by seeking ways in which the information architecture that underpins these information services might better reflect the qualities and complexities of urban space that urban designers recognise and value. The work of a range of prominent urban design thinkers is reviewed for ideas, constructs and elements that can be incorporated into an enriched information architecture which could in turn deliver information services that do justice to the depth and complexity of the urban environment. Technologies and standards associated with the ‘semantic web’ are identified as those which might best accommodate an appropriate information architecture; in particular, the ability to reflect the network characteristics of urban space viewed as a multi-dimensional graph of interconnected nodes. This view of urban space is contrasted with the relatively flattened view offered by global geo-spatial capability. An information model is built (only one of many possibilities) and validated using a limited test area in central Sydney. Practical and institutional issues which may impinge on the realisation and deployment of such a model in a real world setting are briefly considered in an appendix. Description: Masters of Philosophy

Acculturation, Sexuality and Sexual Health of Indian Migrant Men Living in Australia

2013-04-15T16:52:43Z

Title: Acculturation, Sexuality and Sexual Health of Indian Migrant Men Living in Australia Authors: Ramanathan, Vijayasarathi. Abstract: Background Ethnicity and culture have an impact on sexual attitudes and behaviours of individuals and communities. Immigrants from different ethnic groups differ in sexual values, and culturally prescribed attitudes and behaviours have been found to contribute to sexual health inequalities among immigrant populations. Research has also confirmed the importance of examining the relationship between sexuality and the culture change process (acculturation). Indians belong to the world’s second most populous country and constitute one of the largest immigrant communities in Australia, the USA, UK and Canada. In 2011-12, India was Australia’s largest source country of migrants. Yet there is a paucity of scientific information about the effects of acculturation on sexuality and sexual health among Indian immigrants and most of what we know is based on research that has a number of serious conceptual and methodological shortcomings. The present study addressed this knowledge gap by exploring the psychosocial and cultural dimensions of sexuality and sexual health among a community-based sample of Indian men living in Australia. Unlike much of the previous research, which conceptualised and measured acculturation as a unilinear (assimilation) and unidimensional (behavioural) phenomenon, it adopted a bilinear, multidimensional model of acculturation. Aims The present study had three broad aims: • To explore sexual perceptions, attitudes and behaviours of Indian immigrant men living in Australia. • To explore the help-seeking attitudes of Indian immigrant men for sexual health • To examine the effects of acculturation on sexuality of Indian immigrant men living in a multicultural society (Australia). Method The project used a sequential, mixed method design. In Stage 1, qualitative data were collected from 21 participants in five focus groups. Findings from this stage were analysed both in their own right and in order to identify topics for further investigation. The group discussions were tape-recorded and transcribed and a thematic content analysis was performed. In Stage 2, 278 Indian men completed an online survey that used a 100-item questionnaire. It included a number of validated tools for measuring multidimensionality of acculturation, sexual attitudes and safe sex behaviour. The scales were assessed for their psychometric properties using the present study sample and were found to be comparable with previous findings. The survey data were analysed using non-parametric tests, where necessary, and the findings were presented in the form of descriptive and analytical statistics. Results The present study sample can be considered representative of Indian men in the general Australian population. A differential pattern of acculturation was found in the present study, with more men holding on to Indian values even though they tend to be bicultural in their behaviour and self-identity. A moderate (not too liberal or too conservative) pattern of permissive sexual attitudes was observed. Indian men’s belief in cultural values, relationship status and whether they masturbate or not were found to be significant predictors of permissive sexual attitudes. A view that sex is not only an important part of a person’s life but is also a unifying phenomenon between partners emerged from both focus group and survey data. A large proportion of Indian men expressed favourable/liberal attitudes towards masturbation and reported that they have masturbated at some point in their life. Using hands and tummy-down were the most common methods and erotic visual materials and self-thoughts (fantasising imagination) were the common stimulants for masturbation. The most frequently reported reasons for masturbating were to gain pleasure and to relax and relieve stress. About two-thirds of men who continue to masturbate reported one of three positive feelings (satisfying, healthy or attractive). Permissive sexual attitudes were the strongest predictor of positive feelings about masturbation. Indian men, irrespective of their relationship status, tended to engage in safe sex practice primarily by avoiding risky behaviours. While many were aware of HIV/AIDS, their knowledge of other common sexually transmissible infections (STIs) was limited. Data from both stages of the present study demonstrated that medical doctors (both general practitioners and specialists) were the main source of information and help for Indian men in regard to their sexual health. Conclusion The present investigation, which is first of its kind to be conducted among Indians, has established a baseline of scientific evidence to guide future research. The fluid nature of both sexuality and culture poses a considerable challenge to the scientific study of cultural effects on sexuality among any population. Even greater complexity exists in relation to Indians, who have experienced long periods of conflicting cultural influences on sexuality and whose social structure comprises a highly differentiated class and caste system. In an era of rapid economic and technological growth and modernisation, another challenge to socio-psychological studies on sexuality is the need to separate the effects of globalisation from those of acculturation. The findings also have a number of important implications for policy and for clinical practice in relation to the sexual health of immigrants in Australia. There could be considerable benefit, for instance, in developing a rapid values-assessment tool that would allow busy health professionals to look beyond a patient/client’s external behaviour or self-identity in order to facilitate holistic treatment of sexual problems. Limited knowledge about common sexually transmissible infections in Australia among Indian men has significant implications for policy changes around immigrants’ sexual health in Australia. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Characterising and understanding swampy meadows in the NSW Central Tablelands region: a prerequisite for their restoration

2013-04-11T16:52:42Z

Title: Characterising and understanding swampy meadows in the NSW Central Tablelands region: a prerequisite for their restoration Authors: Mactaggart, Barbara Gilmore Abstract: This thesis was a multidisciplinary examination of the swampy meadow landform system with particular relevance to the New South Wales Central Tablelands. The research investigated the swampy meadow on many scalar and modal levels, from global scale systematics, through to regional historic reconstruction and prediction of their distribution, and finally to a valley-scale examination of the geomorphic, hydrogeological, and ecological attributes of a near natural spring-fed swampy meadow. The research was premised on the likelihood that the findings would be pivotal to swampy meadow restoration theory and practice. Swampy meadows, characterised by non-incised, discontinuous channels vegetated with dense tussock grass, sedges and rushes, were once common in the region. The impacts of European land-use have, however, contributed significantly to their widespread and rapid degradation. The detrimental affects of swampy meadow degradation are increasingly being recognised by scientists and resource managers and have led to a heightened sense of the need for their restoration, management and conservation. While swampy meadow evolution, form and function are relatively well understood geomorphically, there is a paucity of multi-disciplinary knowledge, particularly in relation to their ecology and hydrology. The research undertaken in this study followed many lines of enquiry. First, an examination of the systematics and nomenclature used to describe the swampy meadow found that the use of many different terms creates confusion, and the lack of a precise definition very likely limits knowledge transfer. The inadequate definitional status of swampy meadows also hinders our ability to protect and restore these landforms within the current legislative framework. A more precise taxonomic definition of the swampy meadow was constructed by considering their geomorphic, hydrologic, ecologic and evolutionary characteristics. An attempt was also made to reconstruct the distribution and characteristics of the swampy meadow in the Central Tablelands using both historic documentation and a gradsect sampling of 70 swampy meadows. It became evident that, at the time of early European settlement, problems with landform recognition and a general lack of a perceived necessity to record swampy meadow-type features, resulted in scant and often unreliable recordings. The contemporary analyses of the swampy meadows sampled indicated there is a high variance in environments suitable for their development, and a high degree of swampy meadow heterogeneity in the region. Therefore, based on these data, predicting where swampy meadows are likely to occur or would have occurred prior to European settlement remains a very imprecise science. What swampy meadows all have in common, however, is that they develop in a low energy environment and one which maintains permanent or periodically high soil moisture. Further, to test theories, provide descriptions and generate theories of how swampy meadows may function in a natural landscape, a natural spring-fed swampy meadow was used as a case study. Based on piezometer readings, soil logs and vegetation transects, a major finding to emerge was the high degree of heterogeneity and complexity observed in the spring-fed system in relation to its hydrogeological, ecological and physical characteristics. The small scale variability of groundwater movement, coupled with the complexity of valley sediments and their differential permeabilities, makes any spatio-temporal prediction of groundwater behaviour and soil water status difficult. Another major finding which is important for our understanding of ecosystem resilience and recovery is that the plant communities in this swampy meadow are dominated by only a few species that are both abundant and have high constancy. It is reasoned that plant life-form and function contribute more towards ecosystem stability, organic matter accumulation, and sediment aggradation than do species diversity. Finally, in a time of climate uncertainty and shortages of available water, restoring the hydrological functioning of swampy meadows is imperative. It is suggested that for the effective and appropriate restoration of swampy meadows, a review and an amendment of the current policies and legislation is warranted. As well, due recognition of the hydro-biophysical characteristics of the swampy meadow needs to be given in the definition, and a greater multi-disciplinary understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of the landform is required. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Exploratory Study of High Risk Behaviours Amongst Muslim Adults Living in Australia

2013-04-08T16:52:40Z

Title: Exploratory Study of High Risk Behaviours Amongst Muslim Adults Living in Australia Authors: Nazir, Ridwaan Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore a broad range of high risk behaviours amongst the Muslim community in Australia. Social supports, decision making and lifestyle factors were also investigated. Previous studies have found religiosity to be a protective factor for risk behaviours. However few studies have examined a broad variety of risk behaviours, particularly in the Muslim community. Respondents for this study included 149 adults who identified as Muslims and participated in an online survey adapted from that used by (Abbott-Chapman & Denholm, 2001; Abbott-Chapman, Denholm, & Wyld, 2008a, 2008b). The Risk Activity by Personal Risk Assessment (RAPRA) index was used to combine risk perception and risk involvement scores of 24 risk behaviours to determine risk propensity from the perspective of the participants. Weighted averages of the 24 risk behaviours were correlated with demographic data using Pearson’s correlations and one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests to determine factors associated with each risk behaviour. The religiosity index which combined religious beliefs, place of worship attendance and religious importance was also correlated with weighted averages to determine if religiosity was a protective factor. Relationships between risk activities were also explored. Data on social support networks, decision making and lifestyle values were also collected. On average, behaviours involving manufactured illegal drug use were of least concern and sex without self/partner being on the pill, watching R or X rated movies, sex without a condom and speeding in a car were of highest concern. However risk propensity ranged from low to moderate across all 24 behaviours. Characteristics related to the most risks were being a male, being a parent and low religiosity which were all related to alcohol, smoking marijuana/hash and smoking cigarettes. All risk activities had significant relationships with other risk activities in the study. High religiosity was found to be protective for binge drinking, alcohol use, cigarettes, gambling, smoking marijuana/hash, snorting cocaine and taking speed/ecstasy. Muslims would seek support from their close family members and same gender friends for personal and career issues and parents were most trusted. Doctors were most relied on for health problems and teachers/educators were most relied on for study problems. When making decisions about risk, Muslims concern for safety, morality, legality and family were found to be important. Lifestyle values considered important by Muslims included self-respect, being responsible for one’s own actions, perceptions of right and wrong and respecting others. Muslims considered following rules set by religion, sharing experience with someone more experienced, seeking advice from parents and seeking advice from members of their religious community all as important when making decisions about their lifestyle. These findings provide significant data for future research in specific areas of concern in the Muslim community particularly with men and parents. This study also supports research that implies that high religiosity is effective in preventing involvement in risk activities. Religion, family and community were found to important values in the lives of Muslims and in their decision making processes. Description: Master of Applied Science

SIGNIFICANT PROPERTIES OF UNIVERSAL RESTORATIVE MATERIALS CONTAINING PRE-REACTED GLASS IONOMER PARTICLES

2013-04-05T17:52:43Z

Title: SIGNIFICANT PROPERTIES OF UNIVERSAL RESTORATIVE MATERIALS CONTAINING PRE-REACTED GLASS IONOMER PARTICLES Authors: Naoum, Steven James Abstract: ABSTRACT Carious lesions located at the margins of resin composite restorations and on unrestored proximal tooth surfaces in contact with resin composite restorations is an undesirable occurrence that can necessitate restorative intervention. Significantly however, several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that should a composite restoration have fluoride releasing capability, the incidence of caries associated with resin composite restorations at these locations has the potential to be reduced. Further, it has been speculated that the inclusion of Pre-reacted glass ionomer (PRG) particles within resin composites can facilitate resin composite fluoride releasing capability. The aim of the present study therefore was to evaluate selected significant properties of resin composites containing Pre-reacted glass ionomer particles so to assess whether the inclusion of PRG particles within resin composites has the potential to improve the longevity of direct resin composite restorations and adjacent unrestored tooth surfaces through reducing the occurrence of caries induced restorative intervention. For reasons of relevance and propriety constraints this investigation centred on assessment of the most recently developed resin composite containing Pre-reacted glass ionomer particles (PRG) indicated for ‘universal’ restorative use; Beautifil II (Shofu Inc, Kyoto, Japan). Resin composites containing PRG particles have been given the classification Giomer. Properties of Beautifil II that were examined in this study include fluoride release, fluoride recharge, mechanical stability with ageing and the level of polymerisation contraction. The performance of Beautifil II in relation to these properties was compared to fluoride releasing composites, glass ionomers and ‘low polymerisation shrinkage’ composites as appropriate. The effect of repeated fluoride recharge on the stability of the adhesion between dentine and a bonding system incorporating PRG particles was also examined. In addition, the willingness of dental students and dental practitioners to employ resin composites containing Pre-reacted glass ionomer particles was assessed through a questionnaire and a material handling exercise. In the present study the ‘universal’ composite Beautifil II, containing Pre-reacted glass ionomer particles demonstrated: • Ability to sustain fluoride release over long term ageing (18 months). The concentration of fluoride release exhibited by Beautifil II was significantly (p<0.05) greater than the fluoride release from fluoride containing composites Gradia Direct X and Tetric EvoCeram, but was less than the release from the glass ionomer Fuji IX Extra. • Capacity to be recharged following application of topical fluoride. Importantly, this fluoride recharge capability was observed to continue after repeated fluoride applications and despite long term ageing (18 months). The fluoride recharge capability exhibited by Beautifil II was significantly (p<0.05) greater than the recharge capability of fluoride containing composites Gradia Direct X and Tetric EvoCeram but was less than that exhibited by the glass ionomer Fuji IX Extra. • Ability when exposed to daily five minute topical fluoride application to re-release fluoride at levels comparable to the fluoride released by glass ionomers after four weeks ageing; the ‘plateau’ fluoride release of glass ionomers. Notably it is the long term ‘plateau’ fluoride release from glass ionomers rather than the high ‘initial burst’ of released fluoride which is claimed to be responsible for any caries inhibitive action associated with the fluoride released from glass ionomers. • Maintenance of stability of mechanical properties (elastic modulus and hardness) despite long term (18 month) ageing, fluoride release and fluoride recharge at values comparable to conventional composites and significantly (p<0.05) exceeding those of glass ionomers. Additionally, the stability of giomer-dentine bond strengths was maintained over a four month period and despite repeated fluoride recharge to margins of Beautifil II-FL Bond II restorations; FL Bond II is an adhesive containing PRG particles. • A significantly greater (p<0.05) rate and volume of polymerisation contraction in comparison to newly developed ‘low shrinkage’ resin composites Kalore and Silorane. • A lower viscosity compared to conventional composites causing a reduction in clinician acceptance on the basis of handling. However, Australian dental practitioners indicated a clear interest in using composites containing PRG particles and are willing to accept a compromise in composite handling (78%) and aesthetic qualities (95%) if this is a necessary result of PRG particle inclusion. The greater polymerisation shrinkage and lower viscosity of Beautifil II in comparison to the other assessed composites can be attributed to the greater concentration of TEGDMA in giomers in comparison to TEGDMA levels within conventional and ‘low shrinkage’ composites. Consequently, within the scope and limitations of this study, the conclusions indicate that inclusion of Pre-reacted glass ionomer particles within resin composites has the potential to facilitate resin composite fluoride release. Consequently inclusion of PRG filler particles within resin composites has the potential to improve composite restoration longevity and the longevity of contacting unrestored tooth surfaces through fluoride mediated caries inhibition. The findings from this study therefore suggests that composites containing PRG filler particles should be considered by practitioners when restoring aesthetically demanding cavities and cavities subject to occlusal loading in high caries risk patients; situations in which fluoride availability for restoration margins and contacting tooth surfaces is advantageous but where glass ionomer placement is contraindicated. In order to optimise the potential benefits provided through PRG particle inclusion within composite resin matrices, incremental composite placement, regular fluoride application to placed PRG containing restorations and the incorporation of PRG particles within resin matrices of lower polymerisation contraction is recommended. The present study suggests that long term clinical evaluation of current and future generations of giomer restorations is warranted to enable clinical confirmation of the findings of this study. Description: Doctor of Philosphy (PhD)

The basis of chickpea heat tolerance under semi-arid environments

2013-04-04T15:52:44Z

Title: The basis of chickpea heat tolerance under semi-arid environments Authors: Devasirvatham, Viola Abstract: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume. Global warming and changes in cropping systems are driving chickpea production to relatively warmer growing conditions. Studies on the impact of climate change on chickpea production highlighted the effect of warmer temperatures on crop development and subsequent chickpea yield. For example, the yield of chickpea declined by up to 301 kg/ha per 1˚C increase in mean seasonal temperature in India. Assessment of whole plant response, particularly flowering and grain filling in warmer environments, in the field is generally an effective screening method. The identification of heat tolerant genotypes can help adapt chickpea to the effects of warmer temperatures. In this study, 167 chickpea genotypes were screened in heat stressed (late season) and non-stressed (normal season) conditions in the field during 2009-10 (year 1) and 2010-11 (year 2) at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. The aim of these experiments was to screen chickpea germplasm in contrasting chickpea growing seasons for high temperature tolerance. Plant phenology (days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to first pod, and days to maturity), growth (plant height, plant width and biomass at harvest) and grain yield including pod number per plant, filled pod number per plant and seed number per plant were recorded in both seasons. There was large and significant variation for phenology, growth, grain yield and yield traits. Pod numbers per plant and harvest index are the two key traits that can be used in selection for breeding programs. The genetic variation was also confirmed by canopy temperature depression and the Heat Tolerance Index (HTI). Furthermore, using daily maximum and minimum temperature during the growing period, temperature for chickpea developmental stages (vegetative, flowering and grain filling phases) was calculated for both seasons to understand genotype × environment (G × E) interaction. In addition, sensitivity of male and female reproductive tissues to high temperature is important to explain the effect of heat stress on the reproductive phase. Therefore, field experiment was conducted at ICRISAT under stressed condition (late season) during 2011. The aim of these experiments was to study genetic variation in male reproductive tissue (anther, pollen), its function (pollen germination and tube growth) and pod set. Pollen fertility, in vitro pollen germination, in vivo pollen germination and pod set was examined under different temperatures. The field experiment was compared with controlled environments (stressed and non-stressed conditions). Both anthers and pollen grains showed more structural abnormalities such as changes in anther locule number, anther epidermis wall thickening and pollen sterility, rather than function (e.g. in vivo pollen tube growth). Clearly, chickpea pollen grains are more sensitive to high temperature than the stigma in both the field and controlled environments. Both studies suggested that the critical temperature for pod set was ≥37˚C in heat tolerant genotypes (ICC 1205; ICC 15614 and ICCV 92944) and ≥33˚C for heat sensitive genotypes (ICC 4567; ICC 10685 and ICC 5912). Implementation of molecular breeding in chickpea improvement program depends on the understanding of genetic diversity. Diversity Array Technology (DArT) is a micro-array based method allowing for finding of DNA polymorphism at several thousand loci in a single assay. The aim of this research was to investigate the genetic diversity between the167 chickpea genotypes using DArT markers. Based on 359 polymorphic DArT markers, 153 genotypes showed polymorphism. A dendrogram derived from cluster analysis based on the genetic similarity coefficient matrix for the 153 genotypes was constructed. There were nine groups (group 1-9) identified from dendrogram. The genotypes were collected from 36 countries and ICRISAT breeding lines were also included in the germplasm. Based on eleven quantitative traits (days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to first pod, days to physiological maturity, plant height, plant width, plant biomass, pod number per plant, filled pod number per plant, seed number per plant and grain yield) observed in the field, the diversity groups were arranged under stressed and non-stressed conditions for two years and their relationship of origin was also studied. The group 9 (ICRISAT breeding lines) produced highest grain yield under non-stressed and heat stressed followed by group 3. Those breeding lines were crossbreeds from the ICRISAT’s breeding programs and released in different countries at different times. Furthermore, characterisation of ICRISAT screening environments using 29 years of temperature data was done to understand the chickpea growing season for future breeding programs. Association analysis was conducted on chickpea genotypes evaluated in the field screening for high temperature tolerance. Eleven quantitative traits observed in the field under heat stressed and non-stressed conditions were analysed to understand the genetic control of heat tolerance through marker-trait association. Under heat stress, 44 DArT markers were associated with grain yield and pod characteristics such as total pod number, filled pod number and seed number. A DArT marker was associated with three or four traits and may be efficiently used in improvement of more than one trait at a time. The associated markers for the traits like plant height, plant width, pod number and grain yield were found in the genomic regions of previously reported QTLs. In addition, many genomic regions for phenology, biomass and grain yield under heat stressed and non-stressed conditions. The number of markers significantly associated with different traits was higher under heat stress, suggesting that many genes are present that control plant response to high temperature in chickpea. Four populations, ICC 1356 x ICC 15614; ICC 10685 x ICC 15614; ICC 4567 x ICC 15614 and ICC 4567 x ICC 1356 of F1s, F2s along with their parents were assessed in the field in 2011 at heat stressed condition (late season). The objective of this experiment was to study the inheritance of heat tolerance. Days to first flowering (DFF), pod number per plant (TNP), filled pod number per plant (NFP), seed number per plant (NS) and grain yield per plant (GY) was recorded. Estimates of broad sense heritability for the traits DFF, TNP, NFP, NS and GY were calculated for all four crosses. In this study, parents were heterogeneous for heat response. At extreme high temperature (>40˚C) the population, especially ICC 4567 x ICC 15614, set pods and gave higher grain yield compared with other crosses. The adaptation of chickpea to high temperature may also be improved using more exotic parents to combine allelic diversity for flowering time, pod number, filled pod number, seed number per plant and grain yield. High temperature clearly has an influence on plant growth, development and grain yield. The research has identified heat tolerant sources of chickpea and also found the impact of high temperature on the male reproductive tissue. Studying genetic diversity using DArT markers and understanding diversity group with agronomic traits provided the basis of chickpea response to high temperature. Further research is needed from populations of chickpea crosses using late generations. This will enable the development of heat tolerant chickpea cultivar. Description: PhD Doctorate

Three Essays on Pricing and Market Behaviour around Corporate Acts and Information Releases

2013-03-28T15:52:44Z

Title: Three Essays on Pricing and Market Behaviour around Corporate Acts and Information Releases Authors: Mellare, Craig David Abstract: This dissertation studies pricing and market behaviour around corporate acts and information releases. The issues examined within this thesis are a fundamental part of the functioning of secondary markets and the broader integrity of the financial system. The three essays in this dissertation examine factors related to the efficiency of price adjustment on equity markets in response to new information and the influence of third party certification on initial public offering process. In particular, the speed by which the information contained in corporate earnings announcements is incorporated into equity prices; the behaviour of algorithmic traders around such announcements; and the insights that venture capitalist backing of newly listing companies has for third party investors are comprehensively examined. The outcomes of these studies provide new insights into how equity markets function and, therefore, the findings are relevant for market practitioners, policy makers and the academic community. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

The molecular basis of mouse adaptation and virulence by human enterovirus 71

2013-03-25T15:52:50Z

Title: The molecular basis of mouse adaptation and virulence by human enterovirus 71 Authors: Zaini, Zainun Abstract: Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71), a member of the human enterovirus A species of the family Picornaviridae, is an emerging pathogen that has recently become a serious health threat in the Asia-Pacific region. Although infection normally causes mild illness that is often undiagnosed, HEV71 has emerged as the dominant cause of large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia-Pacific region and can cause serious central nervous system infections leading to aseptic meningitis and encephalitis with a very high mortality. A mouse model is currently the most convenient small animal model for studies of HEV71 pathogenesis and for the primary assessment of potential vaccines against HEV71. Since most HEV71 field isolates do not naturally infect mice, a mouse-adapted strain of HEV71 is required for infection of mice. The primary aim of this project was to produce mouse virulent strains of HEV71 isolated from different outbreaks of HFMD in the Asia-Pacific Region and to elucidate the molecular basis of their mouse virulence. Infectious cDNA clones of HEV71 were initially generated and used as tools to investigate the molecular basis of HEV71 virulence and pathogenesis in mice. Two infectious cDNA clones of HEV71 clinical isolates, HEV71-C2 (genogroup C2) and HEV71-C4 (genogroup C4) were successfully constructed using a low copy-number plasmid vector and an appropriate bacterial host. Transfection of cells with cDNA clones or RNA transcripts derived from these clones produced infectious viruses. Phenotypic characterisation of the clone-derived viruses was performed and they were found to have indistinguishable cell culture growth phenotypes compared to their respective wild-type viruses. However, attempts to generate infectious cDNA clones of another clinical isolate, HEV71-B5 (genogroup B5) were unsuccessful. Our previous work has shown that prior Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-adaptation of HEV71 was a necessary first step in the adaptation of HEV71 to growth in murine hosts. Consequently, we selected CHO cell-adapted strains of HEV71-B5 and HEV71-C2 by serial passage in CHO cells at high multiplicities of infection. During the course of CHO cell passage, virus growth improved significantly, with increasing virus titres and the presence of cytopathic effect observed. A study of virus growth kinetics revealed that the CHO cell-adapted strains of HEV71-B5 (CHO-B5) and HEV71-C2 (CHO-C2) grew efficiently in CHO cells with maximum titres >100-fold higher than unadapted parental virus. Both CHO-B5 and CHO-C2 harboured single amino acid mutations within the VP2 capsid protein gene. CHO-B5 has an amino acid substitution of K149→I in VP2 and CHO-C2 has an amino acid substitution of K149→M in VP2. The isolate HEV71-C4 failed to adapt to CHO cells during serial passage. Infectious cDNA clone-derived populations of HEV71-C4 containing the mutations K149→I or K149→M in VP2 were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Both mutations resulted in the ability of the virus to replicate efficiently in CHO cells, indicating that amino acid position 149 in VP2 is critical for the adaptation of HEV71 to growth in CHO cells. A mouse-virulent strain of HEV71-B5 (MP-B5) was further selected by serial passage of CHO-B5 in newborn BALB/c mice. MP-B5 induces severe disease of high mortality in newborn mice in a dose-dependent manner. Skeletal muscle is the primary site of virus replication and results in severe myositis. MP-B5 has five additional nucleotide sequence changes, two of which are located in the 5′ UTR and the three within the open reading frame (ORF). Two of the ORF mutations resulted in deduced amino acid changes in the capsid protein VP1: S241→L and K244→E; the third ORF mutation was a synonymous C→T change at nucleotide position 6072 within the 3D polymerase gene. Infectious cDNA clone-derived mutant virus populations of HEV71-26M (genogroup B3) (CHO-26M) containing the VP1 mutations identified in MP-B5 were generated in order to determine the mutation(s) responsible for mouse virulence. Only viruses expressing the VP1 (K244→E) mutation were virulent in 5-day-old BALB/c mice, indicating that the VP1 (K244→E) change is the critical genetic determinant of mouse adaptation and virulence in this model. We also modified the capsid protein of HEV71-C4 to generate a mouse virulent strain, based on the genetic information derived from our previous genogroup B3 mouse-adapted virus (MP-26M). Infectious clone-derived mutant virus populations containing the capsid protein mutations VP1: Q145→E and Q145→G were generated by site-directed mutagenesis of a full-length clone of HEV71-C4 containing CHO cell-adaptation marker, VP2 (K149→I). Viruses expressing the VP1 (Q145→E) were virulent in 5-day-old BALB/c mice with 100% mortality rate observed. Skeletal muscle appears to be the primary site of replication of this virus with limb muscle showing severe myositis. Virus was also isolated from spleen, liver, heart and brain of infected mice. The infectious cDNA clones constructed in this study have provided a valuable technical vehicle by which to dissect HEV71 virulence determinants and can be further used to study the translation and replication processes of HEV71. The mouse model of HEV71 infection has provided a fundamental basis to study the pathogenesis of HEV71. Additionally, potential HEV71 vaccine candidates can be evaluated in this more cost effective animal model. As more information emerges regarding the molecular processes of HEV71 infection, further advances may lead to the development of effective antiviral treatments and, ultimately, a vaccine-protection strategy for prevention and control of this important human pathogen. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Modelling the Evolution of Business Relationships and Networks as Complex Adaptive Systems

2013-03-25T15:52:49Z

Title: Modelling the Evolution of Business Relationships and Networks as Complex Adaptive Systems Authors: Held, Fabian Philipp Abstract: This thesis seeks to better understand the development and evolution of business relationships and networks from a complex systems perspective, using agent-based modelling. The thesis focuses on the early stages of the development of a business network: the transition from autarky to an interdependent yet decentralised system of production and consumption, that relies on exchange, specialisation and division of labour. The thesis uses existing research on activities and interactions in business relationships in order to identify social mechanisms that constitute a causal explanation of the self-organisation of an interdependent production system. These mechanisms are implemented in a computer model of autonomous agents, and the implementation is validated through the reproduction of stylised facts from prior laboratory experiments. Subsequent model analysis identifies alternative patterns of emergence and investigates the interacting effects of input parameters that define social and economic aspects of the model. The presented model is modularly expandable, facilitating the introduction of new aspects regarding the agents' behaviour, their economic and technological system and their environment, inviting extensions and future research on one unifying platform. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Determinants of the control of dynamic systems: The role of structural knowledge

2013-03-11T15:52:50Z

Title: Determinants of the control of dynamic systems: The role of structural knowledge Authors: Goode, Natassia Abstract: In educational and organisational settings it has become common practice to use computer-based complex problems that represent dynamic systems for assessment and training purposes. In the interpretation of performance scores and the design of training programs, it is often assumed that the capacity to effectively control the outcomes of a dynamic system depends on the acquisition of structural knowledge. Control performance scores are generally interpreted as evidence of individual differences in the capacity to acquire and utilise structural knowledge and training programs typically try to improve learners‘ mental models of the system of interest. However, a causal relationship between the acquisition of structural knowledge and successful system control has not been established, and some findings suggest that it may be possible to control dynamic systems in the absence of structural knowledge. Therefore, the goals of this project were to determine the conditions that are required to learn how to control dynamic systems and the psychological processes that separate successful from less successful problem solvers in the performance of this task. The main emphasis of this investigation was to clarify the role of structural knowledge in the control of dynamic systems and to identify sources of individual differences in problem solvers‘ capacity to acquire such knowledge and apply it in a goal-orientated application. In a series of studies, a combined experimental and differential approach was adopted to address these goals. This consisted of the experimental manipulation of the task and structural characteristics of complex problems combined with the use of process indicators and external psychometric tests. Study 1 examined whether problem solvers need to directly interact with a dynamic system in order to acquire structural knowledge that is useful for system control. Study 2 examined whether increments in structural knowledge lead to improvements in control performance and whether dynamic systems can be successfully controlled without structural knowledge. Study 3 examined whether the relationship between structural knowledge and control performance is moderated by system complexity. Each of these studies also investigated the role of fluid intelligence in the acquisition and application of knowledge. Additional methodological contributions include the application of Cognitive Load Theory to the design of the instructions used to manipulate structural knowledge, the use of randomly generated control performance scores to evaluate the success of performance and the development of a theoretically driven operationalisation of system complexity. Across the studies, it was found that structural knowledge was a necessary condition of better than random performance and that there was a causal relationship between structural knowledge and control performance. However, the likelihood that structural knowledge would be acquired and utilised was found to be dependent on the complexity of the system. Small increments in system complexity resulted in floor effects on performance. Fluid intelligence was found to play a crucial role in the acquisition and subsequent application of knowledge. Overall, the results indicate that the complexity of the system determines the amount of knowledge that is acquired by the problem solver, which in turn, combined with their intelligence, determines the quality of their control performance. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

Attribute nonattendance in discrete choice models: measurement of bias, and a model for the inference of both nonattendance and taste heterogeneity

2013-03-08T17:52:41Z

Title: Attribute nonattendance in discrete choice models: measurement of bias, and a model for the inference of both nonattendance and taste heterogeneity Authors: Collins, Andrew Abstract: An extensive literature has recognised that when discrete choices are made, only a subset of the attributes of the choice alternatives may be considered or attended to by each decision maker. The wider literature suggests that attribute nonattendance (ANA) is important, and that failure to recognise ANA contributes to biased model outputs such as willingness to pay measures, masked sensitivities, implausibly signed random parameters coefficients, and exaggerated taste heterogeneity. It may also be of intrinsic interest to the analyst, and reveal problems with stated choice experimental designs. This research uses simulated data to gain a deeper understanding of the biasing influences of ANA. It is shown that random parameters logit models handle ANA poorly, with the extent of the bias in the model outputs driven by both taste heterogeneity and ANA. The literature has identified some shortcomings and limitations of the existing methodologies for handling ANA. The simulated data are employed to further critique these methodologies, and demonstrate that they are likely to introduce their own biases. This thesis proposes the random parameters attribute nonattendance model, and seeks to improve upon the existing methodologies. The model combines discrete and continuous random parameters, and can infer ANA and taste heterogeneity, without the need to collect supplementary data. The model is tested on simulated data with encouraging results. In addition, in an empirical setting of short haul flight choice, with real stated choice data, the model outperforms the RPL model and several existing ANA methodologies. Necessary conditions to ensure identification are discussed. The model allows for a balance between parsimony, and the handling of correlation of ANA, through a spectrum of possible model specifications; with this tension explored in detail. Further insights into ANA behaviour are gained in the empirical study. The thesis makes a useful methodological contribution, by developing a model with unique properties that can capture the important and prevalent behaviour of ANA. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

People, Forests and Narratives: the Politics of the Community Forestry Movement in Thailand

2013-03-08T17:52:40Z

Title: People, Forests and Narratives: the Politics of the Community Forestry Movement in Thailand Authors: Onprom, Surin Abstract: The conflict associated with the rights of local people with regard to forests and forest resources in Thailand may be traced back to the nineteenth century. It became the subject of hot political debate at the national level in the early 1990s. The national debate surrounding the passing of the Community Forest Bill between the early 1990s and 2007 involved various political actors who held different assumptions, beliefs and knowledge regarding the relationships between people and the forest environment. In the debate, these political actors produced, distributed and used various storylines about people, forests and their relationships in order to legitimise, justify and position their political claims regarding people and forest relationships. This thesis starts with the premise that the community forestry movement cannot be separated from the storytelling of and about local people and forests. It aims to understand the politics of forestry decentralisation in general, and the politics of the community forestry movement in particular. The thesis seeks to examine the use of people and forest narratives in the context of the long debate on the Community Forest Bill. It also examines the interplays between national and local narratives about people and the forests. In particular, it looks at how local lives, landscapes and the relationships between them have been shaped by the ways in which actors employ narratives. The thesis involved narrative analysis and ethnography. Written and oral narratives about people and forests at the national and local level were obtained and analysed. Four broad narrative themes were identified at the national level. Adding to written narratives on national level narratives, seventeen key informants including policy makers, academia, policy advocates and forest officers were interviewed. At the local level ethnographies of two forest communities were conducted where interviews, participant observation and the “walk and talk” technique were employed to examine the local narratives responding to the national narratives. The thesis found that actors’ policy narratives about people and forests are multiple and diverse. The multiple narratives mirrored the multiple views, assumptions and knowledge of political actors toward the relationships between people and the forests. The storytellers deliberately assigned meanings to people, forests and their relationships by employing different terms and language. They strategically simplified stories for political reasons to mobilize political support or to destabilize policymaking assumptions. The storytellers tended to talk only about convenient issues and to deliberately hide the controversial ones. The local narratives were also diverse. In the context of resource contestations and conflicts, local people actively both produced their storylines responding to national narratives and adopted available narratives to their practices in particular the resource management practices. Although the narrative strategies helped local people to reclaim and renegotiate their rights over resources, those adopted narratives in turn became “narrative traps”, since they omitted important rights including the rights to farm and the right to harvest timber. Description: PhD

Variation and Breeding of Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum)

2013-03-07T15:52:37Z

Title: Variation and Breeding of Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) Authors: Morris, Brett Abstract: This study examined the variation existing in naturalised populations of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. Chiov) in Australia, as well as initiating a breeding programme aimed at producing new hybrid lines for the Australian turfgrass and agricultural market. The first part of the study examines the phenotypic variation which exists within kikuyu grass populations; the genotypic variation of those populations via DNA marking; and, the basis of male sterility within those populations. The second part examines kikuyu grass within a breeding perspective through pollen viability and storage; the potential presence of an endophyte within the seed; classical hybridisation of ecotypes through to field planting; and, whether the oomycete Verrucalvus flavofaciens can be controlled via a modern day fungicide programme. It also rewrites the history of kikuyu introduction, first seeding occurrence, and previously unrecorded importations into Australia. General observations record the first photographic images of kikuyu grass chromosomes. Significant phenotypic variation exists within naturalised kikuyu grass populations across Australia. From a collection of about 200 ecotypes 16 were selected for detailed study. Analysis of the ecotypes identified two lines from several which show great potential within the Australian turfgrass and agricultural market; the first selected at Grafton, NSW, which in the leaf width analysis displayed a leaf width over 18% finer than the mean; with the second selected at Morphettville, SA, which in the stolon width analysis displayed a stolon width over 15% thicker than the mean. Both selections, as well as others, displayed positive traits which would appeal to a wide range of end users. Genetic investigations using RAPD marker techniques are undertaken on kikuyu for the first time. A total of thirteen decamer primers produced 195 markers of which 93.85% were polymorphic. Genotypic variation amongst the Australian selections was found to range from 28.8% - 82.4%. Relatedness between the cluster accessions used in the phenotypic analysis and the dendogram produced in the genetic analysis was not found. Male sterility within Australian kikuyu grass was determined to exist as a recessive condition. From the F1 population, 100% transformation from male sterile to fully fertile was observed; with the F2 population segregating into a 52.5% fully fertile, 47.5% male sterile. Negative interactions between parental lines were observed. Kikuyu grass pollen is most viable in the first few hours after shedding, and deteriorates significantly within 24 hours, even at low temperatures, if it is stored. Pollen viability varies amongst genotypes. Prior additions of dry colloidal material does not assist in storage capabilities. Investigations into seedling mortality of kikuyu identified the possible presence of an endophyte within the seed. Surface sterilisation techniques provided no control, with an addition of 0.1% PPM to the base agar mixture the most effective form of control. Intercellular hyphae were identified and photographed after staining with Rose Bengal. Hybridisation studies of kikuyu grass resulted in several potential lines worthy of continued analysis. Selections from varying growing environments around Australia were hybridised with three pollen parents derived from chemical mutagenesis producing a total of 349 hybrid F2 seeds. Germination and screening in the glasshouse resulted in 14 hybrid lines being field planted alongside cv. ‘Whittet’ for comparison. The opportunity exists within the turfgrass market for elite lines of kikuyu, which will cover a wide range of uses from golf course tees and fairways, sporting grounds and race tracks, to pasture and commercial use. Efficacy with modern day fungicides in vitro was found not successful in controlling Kikuyu Yellows (Verrucalvus flavofaciens). Resistance of kikuyu grass to the oomycete will have to come in the form of genetically resistant cultivars; production of a specific fungicide; or both. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (phD)

The Mathematicus of Bernardus Silvestris

2013-03-05T15:52:44Z

Title: The Mathematicus of Bernardus Silvestris Authors: Stone, Deirdre M Abstract: This thesis consists of a translation of and commentary on the twelfth century Latin poem Mathematicus (otherwise known as De Patricida) (Vol. I) and a study of its literary contexts (Vol. II). This poem links the declamatory tradition handed down from the rhetorical schools of antiquity with the nascent secular drama of the twelfth century. At another level, it shows the continuation of the allegoresis of Virgil and the special place of Aenied VI in this tradition, making a connexion between Virgil and Dante. It opens up questions as to the survival of Stoic ideas, not only those incorporated in Christian dogma, and exposes the prominent place of the mythical figure of Hercules in the consciousness of the time. A study of the re-working of this and associated declamatory material by twelfth century poets gives insight into poetic craft at the time and outside of time, and a preliminary study of the manuscript tradition gives information on the literary culture in which the poem was copied. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Raising operators, recurrences, and the Littlewood–Richardson polynomials

2013-03-04T15:52:47Z

Title: Raising operators, recurrences, and the Littlewood–Richardson polynomials Authors: Fun, Alex Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to calculate two types of Littlewood–Richardson polynomi- als. These are structure coefficients in the ring of double symmetric functions (x||a) which has a distinguished basis consisting of the double Schur functions sλ(x||a). The first type of Littlewood–Richardson polynomials arises when we consider the product of two double Schur functions, the second when the comultiplication operation in the ring (x||a) is applied to a double Schur function. When the ring (x||a) is specialised to the ring of symmetric functions (x), we recover the Littlewood–Richardson coeffi- cients. Apart from their applications in the combinatorics of symmetric functions, the Littlewood–Richardson polynomials are important for the following reasons. They are applied in geometry and representation theory. The first type of polynomials de- scribe a multiplication rule for equivariant Schubert classes, and also a multiplication rule for virtual quantum immanants and higher Capelli operators. The second type is relevant to describing equivariant cohomology of infinite grassmanians. The structure of this thesis is as follows. In Chapter 1, we introduce well known definitions associated with the ring of symmetric functions (x). Using the Pieri rule and Jacobi–Trudi identity, we then present a proof of a rule used to calculate the Littlewood–Richardson coefficients. This is Theorem 1.8. This proof we present is a simplified version of our main result in Chapter 3. In Chapter 2, we introduce the ring of double symmetric functions (x||a), which is a generalisation of the classical ring (x) depending on an extra set of infinite variables a = (ai)i∈Z . We introduce the basis of double Schur functions, and then explain how the two types of Littlewood–Richardson polynomials arise as structure coefficients involving the double Schur functions. We also discuss the significance of these structure coefficients in combinatorics, representation theory, and geometry. In Chapter 3, we present one of the main results of this thesis using raising operators. This is a new proof of Theorem 3.33, a known formula which calculates the Littlewood–Richardson polynomials arising between the product of two double Schur functions. Our proof relies on two things: first, we introduce a Jacobi–Trudi identity for the double Schur functions. Second, we derive a Pieri rule for the ring (x||a). This Pieri rule is in turn a specialisation of a more general rule which we also introduce for the ring A generated by the indeterminates hr,s from the 9th Variation of Macdonald [14]. In Chapter 4, we discuss the dual Littlewood–Richardson polynomials which arise when comultiplication is applied to the double Schur functions. We also discuss the dual Schur functions and skew double Schur functions. The dual Littlewood– Richardson polynomials then give combinatorial identities involving these functions. In the conclusion of Chapter 4, we present another main result of this thesis. This i is Theorem 4.3, which provides a stable formula to calculate the dual Littlewood– Richardson polynomials. In Chapter 5, we introduce the ring of generalised supersymmetric functions (x/y||a), which has a distinguished basis consisting of generalised Frobenius–Schur functions sλ(x/y||a). Using a recurrence relation, we produce another main result of this thesis. This is a Pieri rule which gives the structure coefficients arising out of the product between the functions sθ(x/y||a) and sλ(x/y||a), where λ is an arbitrary partition and θ is a skew partition not containg a 2 × 2 subdiagram; this is Theo- rem 5.34. A specialisation of this theorem then lets us evaluate some of the dual Littlewood–Richardson coefficients. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD

Mapping high-risk obstetric transfers

2013-03-04T15:52:50Z

Title: Mapping high-risk obstetric transfers Authors: Goh, Amy Zhi Hui Abstract: Objective: The HROTS aims to examine the process of transferring women with high-risk pregnancies to tertiary obstetric units across NSW/ACT. Transfer outcomes were divided into “appropriate”, “failed/delayed” and “probably inappropriate”; it is hypothesized each outcome has different associated clinical and demographic factors. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011. It included transfers that were accepted, not accepted, advised for non-tertiary transfer or advised safer for neonatal retrieval. Patients were at least 20 weeks gestation and identified by hospitals involved in the transfers and through the NETS NSW database. Results: The study included 249 requests for transfer. The transfer outcomes and identified significantly associated factors were: 39% “appropriate transfers” – older mothers, twin pregnancies, essential hypertension, 3 or more indications, PROM, PIH and TPL plus PROM; 8% “failed/delayed” – TPL, APH and TPL plus APH, and 45% “probably inappropriate” – younger mothers, singletons, one indication, TPL, APH and TPL plus APH. Conclusion: The findings suggest there are significant numbers of women in NSW receiving suboptimal care resulting in high-risk deliveries in non-tertiary hospitals or being moved unnecessarily. This suggests a more robust system of triage and/or an increase in tertiary obstetric and neonatal resources is needed. Description: Master of Philosophy in Medicine

Defining an Israeli school of cello pedagogy and performance through an analysis of the teaching of Professor Uzi Wiesel

2013-02-27T15:52:44Z

Title: Defining an Israeli school of cello pedagogy and performance through an analysis of the teaching of Professor Uzi Wiesel Authors: Rann, Thomas Abstract: This research enquiry seeks to define a contemporary Israeli school of cello pedagogy and performance that has evolved out of numerous influences, and particularly the teaching of Wiesel. In analysis of the elements that define this school, a survey of the components that comprise Israeli cello playing is achieved. This adds to the body of knowledge, as this branch of cello pedagogy has not previously been investigated to this extent. The researcher used the Grounded Theory method to analyse and collate interviews from important cellists connected to the Israeli school. A questionnaire format was employed, which addressed the scope of issues concerning cello playing which help to define a school. These responses were analysed in juxtaposition with more detailed responses and source material from Wiesel. Important works on cello technique and literature that connect to Israel’s pedagogical development are also discussed in support of the argument for a distinct school. While opinions on cellistic matters varied between participants, most cellists displayed significant application of Wiesel’s methods. These results aided this researcher’s thesis that a distinct school of Israeli cello pedagogy and performance can be defined, and is in thriving existence. Description: Master of Music

Gender dynamics on boards of National Sport Organisations in Australia

2013-02-25T15:52:48Z

Title: Gender dynamics on boards of National Sport Organisations in Australia Authors: Adriaanse, Johanna Anja Jr Abstract: Despite stunning progress on the sport field in the past 100 years, women’s representation off the field remains a serious challenge. While sport participation rates for women have grown exponentially, data on the Sydney Scoreboard indicate that women remain markedly under-represented on sport boards globally including in Australia. A significant body of research has emerged to explain women’s under-representation in sport governance. The majority of studies have investigated the gender distribution of the board’s composition and related issues such as factors that inhibit women’s participation in sport governance. Few studies have examined the underlying gender dynamics on sport boards once women have gained a seat at the boardroom table, yet this line of investigation may disclose important reasons for the lack of gender equality on sport boards. The aim of the present study was to examine how gender works on boards of National Sport Organisations (NSOs) in Australia with the following research questions: 1. What are the gender relations that characterise the composition and operation of sport boards in NSOs in Australia in terms of a ‘gender regimes’ approach, that is, one that draws on categories associated with the gendered organisation of production, power/authority, emotional attachment and symbolic relations? 2. In view of the above, what are the implications or prospects for gender equality on these boards in terms of the barriers and opportunities created by the specific configurations of gender relations and dynamics? The theoretical framework was based on the notions that organisations are intrinsically gendered (Acker, 1990) and that gender is actively created through social practice (Connell, 1987; West & Zimmerman, 1987). According to Connell, systematically determining where and how people ‘do gender’ in an organisational context depends on being able to identify a pattern of practices or ‘gender regime’ (2009, p. 72) associated with four main areas of social life. The four dimensions of a gender regime are: a) gender division of labour, that is, the way in which production or work are arranged on gender lines; b) gender relations of power, that is, the way in which control, authority, and force are exercised on gender lines, including organisational hierarchy, legal power and violence, both individual and collective; c) emotion and human relations, that is, the way attachment and antagonism among people and groups are organised along gender lines, including feelings of solidarity, prejudice, sexual attraction and repulsion and d) gender culture and symbolism, that is, ways in which gender identities are defined and gender is represented and understood, including prevailing beliefs and attitudes about gender. Such an approach permits the possibility of identifying how organisational processes, such as sport board governance, are gendered and whether the configurations identified reproduce gender inequalities or promote gender change. The research design for the study comprised two stages. Stage one involved an audit of gender representation on 56 NSO boards. Stage two contained in-depth interviews with board directors and chief executive officers (n=26; 9 women and 17 men) from five NSOs, and collection of documents in relation to gender equality on boards of these organisations. In terms of data analysis I used both a deductive, theory-inspired, approach and an inductive, data- inspired, approach (Amis, 2005). To ensure credibility and legitimacy of the study, I produced a detailed audit trail which contains an explicit account of the research methodology used. In relation to the research questions informing this study, I found that gender dynamics, understood from a ‘gender regimes’ perspective, were not uniform. The following three gender regimes were identified: masculine hegemony, masculine hegemony in transition, and gender mainstreaming in progress. The gender regime of masculine hegemony, found on boards in sports A, B and D, offered the least prospects for gender equality. These boards were deeply hierarchical in terms of gender: men were numerically dominant and held the most influential positions. Yet such a situation was not challenged by any of the directors, men or women. The male dominance that characterised board membership and executive positions was normalised and accepted. It was not identified and understood as a problem for which the board had any responsibility. Most members of these boards believed that the problem of gender inequality on sport boards lay well beyond the control of their organisations. Women were simply not putting themselves forward for board membership or did not have the appropriate qualifications and experience to participate. By contrast, the gender regime of masculine hegemony in transition, found on sport board C, demonstrated a more dynamic pattern of gender relations with prospects for gender equality more positive than the previous regime. Here, a highly qualified and experienced woman occupied the chair and she was supported by an alliance of the male CEO and two board members, one of whom was a woman. Together they comprised a formidable foursome – two men and two women – who explicitly assumed responsibility to address gender equality in their sport, including in relation to board membership and practice. Nevertheless, this regime displayed some barriers to the advancement of gender equality, primarily through the presence of a masculine ethic in leadership, some marked hostility towards the woman chair, and generalised support for meritocracy over gender equality. To the extent that this regime was characterised by structures of practice that both maintained and contested masculine dominance in sport governance, it expressed tensions in gender dynamics that rendered the board’s regime status one of transition between acceptance of masculine dominance and opposition to it. The gender regime of gender mainstreaming in progress, found on the board of sport E, was the most conducive for the advancement of gender equality. Here women occupied significant board positions, senior and influential male board members were supportive of the women on the board, the constitution included a gender quota clause that required a minimum of three directors of either gender, and friendly, collegial emotions characterised the working relationships of the directors. The regime was one in progress because, although the prospects were most positive compared to the two other regimes, gender equality had not yet been achieved. Men still occupied the most influential positions of president and CEO, and women’s representation on the board (33%) had not reached gender parity yet. The present study has contributed to knowledge and understanding of sport governance by disclosing how gender works on boards of NSOs. It has done so by applying a particular analytical tool – the ‘gender regimes’ approach – that enables the identification of the gendered structures of practice in operation in the organisation and management of sport boards. In yielding such configurations, the study has generated evidence-based findings for determining organisational practices on boards that advance or obstruct gender equality. It is in the light of these findings that the study proposes a number of recommendations for policy and practice related to sport governance and gender equality. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

The Dimensionality and Control of Human Walking

2013-02-19T15:52:56Z

Title: The Dimensionality and Control of Human Walking Authors: WANG, Xinguang Abstract: The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate the control mechanism of human walking. From motor control theory, a motor synergy has two main features, sharing and error compensation (Latash, 2008). Therefore, this thesis focused on these two aspects of the mechanism by investigating: the coupling and correlations between the joint angles, and the variability due to the compensation of “errors” during walking. Thus, a more complete picture of walking in terms of coordination and control would be drawn. In order to evaluate the correlations between joint angles and detect the dimensionality of human walking, a new approach was developed as presented in Chapter 3 that overcame an important limitation of current methods for assessing the dimensionality of data sets. In Chapter 4, this new method is applied to 40 whole body joint angles to detect the coordinative structure of walking. Chapters 5 and 6 focus on between-subject and within-subject kinematic variability of walking, respectively, and investigate the effects of gender and speed on variability. The findings on walking variability inspired us to further determine the relationships between joint angles and walking speed, the results of which are shown in Chapter 7. A summary of each individual study is presented in the following text. Chapter 3 Principal components analysis is a powerful and popular technique for the decomposition of muscle activity and kinematic patterns into independent modular v components or synergies. The analysis is based on a matrix of either correlations or covariances between all pairs of signals in the data set. A primary limitation of such matrices is that they do not account for dynamic relations between signals - characterised by phase differences or frequency-dependent variations in amplitude ratio - yet such relations are widespread in the sensorimotor system. Low correlations may thus be obtained and signals may appear ‘independent’ despite a dynamic linear relation between them. To address this limitation, the matrix of overall coherence values between signal pairs may be used. Overall coherence can be calculated using linear systems analysis and provides a measure of the strength of the relationship between signals taking both phase differences and frequency-dependent variation in amplitude ratio into account. Using the ankle, knee and hip sagittal-plane angles from six healthy subjects during over-ground walking at preferred speed, it is shown that with conventional correlation matrices the first principal component accounted for ~ 50% of total variance in the data set, while with overall coherence matrices the first component accounted for > 95% of total variance. The results demonstrate that the dimensionality of the coordinative structure can be overestimated using conventional correlation, whereas with overall coherence a more parsimonious structure is identified. Overall coherence can enhance the power of principal components analysis in capturing redundancy in human motor output. Chapter 4 The control of human movement is simplified by organising actions into linkages or couplings between body segments known as ‘synergies’. Many studies have vi supported the existence of ‘synergies’ during human walking and demonstrated that multi-segmental movements are highly coupled and correlated. Since correlations in the movements between body segments can be used to understand the control of walking by identifying synergies, the nature of the coordinative structure of walking was investigated. Principal components analysis uses information about the relationship between segments in movement and can identify independent synergies. A dynamic linear systems analysis was employed to compute the overall coherence between the movements of body segments. This is a measure of the strength of the relationship between movements where both amplitude and phase differences in the movements can be accounted for. In contrast, the Pearson moment product correlation coefficient only accounts for amplitude differences in the movements. Therefore, overall coherence was assumed to be a better estimate of the true relationship between segments. The present study investigated whole body movement in terms of 40 joint angles during normal walking. Principal components analysis showed that one synergy (component) could cumulatively account for over 86% of total variance when applying overall coherence, while seven components were required when using Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings suggested that the relationships between joint angles are more complex than the simple linear relations described by Pearson correlation coefficient. When the dynamic linear relation was considered, a higher correlation between joint angles and greater reduction of degree of freedom could be obtained. The coordinative structure of human walking could therefore be low dimensional and even simply explained by a single component. An additional degree of freedom could be required to perform an vii additional voluntary task during walking by superimposing the voluntary task control signal on the basic walking motor control program. Chapter 5 Walking is a complex task which requires coordinated movement of many body segments. As a practised motor skill, walking has a low level of variability. Information regarding the variability of walking can provide valuable insight into control mechanisms and locomotor deficits. Most previous studies have assessed the stride-to-stride walking variability within subjects; little information is available for between-subject variability, especially for whole body movement. This information could provide an indication of how similar the control mechanism is between subjects during walking. Forty joint angles from the whole body were recorded using a motion analysis system in 22 healthy subjects at four walking speeds. The between-subject variability of the waveform patterns of the joint angles was evaluated using the amplitude of the mean kinematic pattern (MP) and the standard deviation of the pattern (SDP) for each angle. Regression analyses of SDP onto MP showed that at each walking speed, SDP across subjects increased with MP at a similar rate for all angles except the hip and knee in the sagittal plane. This may indicate a different control mechanism for hip and knee sagittal-plane movements which had a lower ‘signal to noise’ ratio that all other angles. A strong linear relationship was observed between SDP and MP for all joint angles. The variability between male subjects was comparable to the variability between female subjects. A trend of decreasing slopes of the regression lines with walking speed was observed with fast walking showing least variability, possibly reflecting higher angular viii accelerations producing a greater ‘tightening’ of the joints compared to slow walking, so that the rate of increase of waveform variability with increased waveform magnitude is reduced. The existence of an intercept other than zero in the SDP - MP relations suggested that the coefficient of variation should be used carefully when quantifying kinematic walking variability, because it may contain sources of variability independent of the mean amplitude of the angles. Chapter 6 Although most previous studies of walking variability have examined within-subject variability, little information is available for the variability of the whole body. This study measured the within-subject variability of both upper and lower body joint angles to increase the understanding of the mechanism of whole body movement. Whereas the between-subject variability was investigated in chapter 5, the within-subject variability of the waveform patterns of the joint angles was evaluated here, again using the amplitude of the mean kinematic pattern (MP) and the standard deviation of the pattern (SDP) for each angle. The within-subject variability was clearly less than the between-subject variability reported in Chapter 5, showing as would be expected that the repeatability of joint motion was greater within than across individuals. The results again showed that hip and knee flexion-extension demonstrated a consistently lower variability compared to all other joint angles. Comparison of males and females showed that the repeatability of joint motion was lower in females, this difference being mostly centred around the angles of the foot. The within-subject variability showed a quadratic relationship with walking speed, with minimum variability at preferred speed. Analysis of the regressions between ix SDP and MP of the joint angles also showed significant differences between females and males, with females showing a higher slope of the SDP and MP relation. As was the case for between-subject variability, the slopes of the SDP vs MP regression lines again decreased with walking speed for within-subject variability. Chapter 7 The relationship between walking parameters and speed has been widely investigated but most studies have investigated only a few joint angles and little has been reported about the relationship between the kinematics of the upper body and walking speed. In this study the relationship between walking speed and the range of the joint angles was evaluated. Linear correlations with walking speed were observed in both upper and lower body joint angles. Different mechanisms may be applied by the upper and lower limbs in relation to changes in walking speed. While hip and knee flexion-extension were found to play the most important role in changing walking speed, changes of large magnitude associated with walking speed occurred at the shoulder, elbow and trunk, apparently the result of changes in balance requirements and to help stabilise the body motion. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Factors influencing notions of professionalism: insights from established practitioner narratives

2013-02-18T15:52:53Z

Title: Factors influencing notions of professionalism: insights from established practitioner narratives Authors: Foster, Christabel Anne Abstract: The aim of the research is to explore the ways in which the meaning of professionalism is increasingly understood during the process of professional socialisation into medicine. The major work is in the analysis of the accounts of senior doctors and a sociocultural approach looks at their perspectives on the factors in their learning which have impacted on their own practice, on their notions of the meaning of professionalism and on their roles as teachers. Such an analysis is not without its challenges. Much of the existing literature on professionalism has taken a positivistic turn, for example focusing on developing ‘efficient and effective’ ways to teach and developing instruments to assess traits deemed likely to contribute to professionalism. Conflicts faced by students or new doctors when they encounter professional dilemmas are also extensively studied. From some areas of the literature it is increasingly evident that medical professionalism is a complex and dynamic construct ever-changing in meaning depending upon context. Accordingly, interpretive methods are highly suited to give a rich analysis of the central issues of this thesis. Three separate analyses of the data provide new insights into the meaning of professionalism in medicine and how it may best be passed on to new generations of doctors. This work adds to the literature on the nature of professionalism by giving a retrospective perspective from established practitioners. In exploring the complexity of the humanistic and broader professional side of medical practice it seemed appropriate to seek the perceptions of senior clinicians. Unlike medical students or junior doctors, more senior professionals are able to discuss these matters with the benefit of real experience and from a position of relative phronesis. The major educational influences that are investigated are relationships with professional role models, the hidden curriculum and the learning atmosphere. A central tenet of this thesis is that the current dominance of a positivistic paradigm in medicine and the power relationships inherent in medical education run counter to the humanistic environment needed to nurture the development of characteristics essential to deliver patient-centred medical care. The currently prevailing culture in which medical education is conducted is rule-driven, competitive, self-serving and uncaring. I assert that in order to produce the caring, supportive and collaborative doctors needed by a twenty-first-century global society, a radical change in culture within medical education is needed. Description: PhD

A study of the effectiveness of transnational advocacy networks in campaigning: The campaign against child sex trafficking in the Mekong Subregion

2013-02-15T17:52:47Z

Title: A study of the effectiveness of transnational advocacy networks in campaigning: The campaign against child sex trafficking in the Mekong Subregion Authors: Davy, Deanna Abstract: The rapidly expanding market in enslaved children bought and sold for sex is one of the worst transnational crimes that appear to have been facilitated by globalisation and its many effects, such as growing disparity in wealth between North and South. Child sex trafficking has become one of the most highly publicised social issues of our time and, due to its global nature, transnational anti-trafficking advocacy networks are well placed and central to lead campaigns against it. Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) in the GMS have been integrally involved in the formation of child sex trafficking policy agendas through their involvement in transnational networks and transnational campaigns and in working with governments and the private sector. Cosmopolitan anti-trafficking advocacy in these countries has led to significant progress in the Mekong Subregion by bringing the child trafficking issue onto the global social policy agenda, resulting in new child protection legislation and improved inter-agency collaboration in the region. This PhD research focuses on the politics, processes and effectiveness of transnational anti-trafficking advocacy networks in Thailand and Cambodia. Central questions in this study are addressed. For example, how and why do anti-trafficking advocacy networks evolve? What is the ‘glue’ that binds network partners and sustains network connections over time? How do networks measure the perceived ‘effectiveness’ of the networks’ advocacy on the problem of child trafficking in the Southeast Asia region? How does North-South collaboration, and contention, and other aspects of network politics contribute to TAN effectiveness? Research into this area is important for improving our understanding of the internal processes, mechanisms and politics and TANs, and the sustainability and effectiveness of anti-trafficking advocacy networks in combating transnational crime and promoting social justice. This research addresses the above questions through an analysis of the politics and typologies of transnational anti child trafficking advocacy networks operating in Thailand and Cambodia. Using a cosmopolitan framework the research analyses data from twenty-two semi structured interviews with experts from anti-trafficking advocacy networks in the GMS. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Dying to be born again: Mortality, immortality and the fashion model

2013-02-13T15:52:45Z

Title: Dying to be born again: Mortality, immortality and the fashion model Authors: de Perthuis, Karen Abstract: The primary focus of this thesis is limited to the relationship between sartorial fashion and the fashion model within the world of representation. This includes the forms of fashion display and dissemination that existed prior to the establishment of the modern fashion system—fashion dolls, fashion plates and illustration and the mannequin de monde—as well as the fields where the fashion model as a modern phenomenon came into being—fashion photography and the fashion parade. While the portrait of feminine beauty and ideals in the fashion image betrays the imprint of the representation of the female body in art, pornography and the entertainment industries, this thesis argues for a reading of the fashion image and the fashion model specifically through the prism of fashion which, as a quasi-autonomous system, operates according to its own rules and has its own mode of being. Since its inception, fashion has frustrated its critics and delighted its proponents with a nonchalant rejection of the creations it had hitherto enthroned as essential. This dedication to perpetual change and the ephemeral—the ‘death-wish’ that ensures the continuation of fashion as a structure even as individual fashions are discarded—has fascinated both those who have seriously contemplated fashion and those who document the vicissitudes of fashion’s creations. For its critics, the sin fashion commits in refusing to manifest itself in a permanent form of beauty is compounded by its perceived attacks upon the body, cloaking it in a layer of artifice that distorts it into ‘unnatural’ forms. This imposition by fashion on the body made from flesh and blood is never fully realised. Rather it is only on the body in representation that fashion can begin to escape the limitations imposed upon it by the human form and give full reign to its creative impulse. In the fashion image the fundamental principles of fashion—change and artifice—are metaphorically expressed by the interplay of mortality and immortality on the body of the model which, ultimately, serves as the blank canvas where fashion is free to invent its imaginary self. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Luck Feelings, Luck Beliefs, and Decision Making

2013-02-11T15:52:57Z

Title: Luck Feelings, Luck Beliefs, and Decision Making Authors: Willaby, Harold Abstract: Luck feelings have long been thought to influence decision making involving risk. Previous research has established the importance of prior outcomes, luck beliefs, and counterfactual thinking in the generation of luck feelings, but there has been no comprehensive demonstration of this system of variables that impinge on luck feelings. Moreover, the actual relationship of luck feelings and risky choice has not been directly tested. Addressing these gaps, results from five studies are presented in this thesis. Empirical work begins with an extensive validation exercise of an existing 22-item luck beliefs scale. Those 22 items are refined to a 16-item scale, comprising four luck belief dimensions that inter-relate in a compelling structural arrangement. Insights from this exercise, and a subset of the items are used throughout the remainder of the thesis. Results from two studies contradicted the counterfactual closeness hypothesis, the most prominent theory in the psychology of luck, which holds that counterfactual thinking is essential for generating lucky feelings. However, one study found that affect and luck feelings are not unitary, as evidenced by a weak form of double dissociation of affect and lucky feelings from overestimation and overplacement. Another study found lucky and unlucky feelings to be distinct. The effects of lucky feelings and unlucky feelings on risky choice differ by the nature of a prior outcome. For negative outcomes, unlucky feelings are likely to influence risky choices. For positive outcomes, lucky feelings are likely to influence risky choices. The type of risky choice most affected by lucky feelings—for positive experiences—is ambiguity tolerance in the probability distributions of prospective outcomes. The Activation Theory of Luck Feelings (ActLF) is proposed, which reconciles previous findings to those reported herein. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Farmer-driven innovation in agriculture: creating opportunities for sustainability

2013-02-06T15:52:41Z

Title: Farmer-driven innovation in agriculture: creating opportunities for sustainability Authors: McKenzie, Fiona Clare Abstract: This research highlights the experiences of a selection of farmers in New South Wales in implementing innovative land management practices and processes. It shows the prevalence of independent testing and trialling, the time and resources needed to implement change, and the important ability of observing and responding to the landscape, whether this is through property redesign or management adaptations. This is no small task for farmers working at the interface of production and conservation, trying to balance the demands of both. The implementation of new practices and processes requires an ongoing process of innovation and change – something which is too often ignored when the focus is on the point of ‘adoption’. If researchers and policy makers could contribute to this effort through the creation of new opportunities, not only would an enabling environment for innovation be created, but also opportunities for sustainability. The importance of fostering ongoing innovation that enhances both agricultural productivity and sustainability cannot be overemphasised. With about seven billion people alive today, projections of population increases until approximately 2050, and growing concerns about the amount of, and quality of, land available for agriculture on earth, farmer driven innovation that promotes sustainability is crucial. This thesis is one small step in this critical endeavour. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The Rationalist’s Spirituality: Campbell’s Monomyth in Single-Player Role-Playing Videogames Skyrim & Mass Effect

2013-01-29T15:52:41Z

Title: The Rationalist’s Spirituality: Campbell’s Monomyth in Single-Player Role-Playing Videogames Skyrim & Mass Effect Authors: Knopf, Ehsan Abstract: This thesis is an investigation of how mythographer Joseph Campbell’s monomyth narrative pattern manifests in computer and console role-playing videogames (CRPGs). It argues that this pattern is conducive to the CRPG being received as a spiritual experience, one potentially transformative in its capacity to impart and facilitate the practice of monomythic values by players, both within the game world and without. Focusing on two CRPG games, Skyrim and Mass Effect, it considers noteworthy parallels between the monomythic quest structure of these games and the ‘quest’ nature of authenticity—the modern, individual, personal search for meaning, analysing how the CRPG’s emphasis on the ‘epistemologically individualistic’ reflects aspects of alternative spirituality (as against traditional institutional religion). As such, the CRPG actively seeks to reconcile the spiritual with the material in a ‘rationalist’s spirituality’, a fact best represented in the game’s logical structuring of the monomythic hero’s journey to apotheosis as rites of passage (that is, as successive stages of narrative, but also as a numerical ‘levelling’ system for avatar development). The spiritual is exemplified by the presence of the monomythic pattern and by how the videogame draws upon themes native to fantastic fiction (ruins, deep time, dark genesis, the sublime), themes which evoke the enchanted world and ‘porous self’ of pre-modern society and represent a desire for re- enchantment and thus an enduring interest in the spiritual. These elements together operate within the rationalised framework of a rule-based game system, where the player has the freedom and agency native to the modern, rationally empowered ‘buffered self’ but is ultimately (and somewhat contrarily) answerable to these very same rules, as determined by a god-like designer. This relationship suggests a continuing albeit surreptitious belief in the transcendent, validating Victoria Nelson’s assertion that art and entertainment in the modern world serves as an ‘unconscious wellspring of religion’ (2001: viii). This thesis also explores the CRPG’s capacity to fulfil the four functions traditionally played by mythology—the mystical, cosmological, sociological and pedagogical—as described in the writings of Joseph Campbell, looking at how the sociological and pedagogical in particular are addressed by the monomythic narrative and the implicit values of this narrative (such as devotion of the self to the community). It will argue that the CRPG—in its capacity to facilitate embodied learning and action (as ritualised performance and contest)—serves as an ideal environment for the practice and possible adoption of such values by the player. Adoption, as I will illustrate, is influenced by a number of factors. Firstly, the game itself as an experience (its narrative and emotive credibility, and thus player investment in their character, or more specifically that character is an idealised construct—the ‘projective identity’). Secondly, how the player’s role is framed within the game world, and thirdly, how the player reads his/her experience. This reading can be to some degree shaped by a game’s goals and rules, and this is where procedural rhetoric—the use of game-based systems for the purposes of persuasion—may help to foreground monomythic values and lessons as well as encourage active practice of these values in day-to-day life. Herein lies the CRPG’s potential to fulfil the Romantic proposition that art can inspire moral improvement in the individual and instigate efforts to realise an idealised world. While games are ultimately shaped by the tastes of the market and the demands of the CRPG community, the question of whether a videogame should actively adopt such an approach is one that arguably falls to game designers: authors of the game-as-text. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the thesis, while Chapter 2 explores the transition from pre-modern society to modern secularity as a default position in the West, the disappearance of the enchanted world, the emergence of alternative spiritualities as a recourse to institutional religion, and the ‘quest’ spirit that characterises the modern search for meaning (authenticity). Chapter 3 looks at the four functions previously played by mythology and how the CRPG can fulfil them, arguing for a classification of the CRPG as an alternative spirituality, and also as a continuation of a tradition of fantastic fiction representing a desire for re-enchantment, one whose origins may very well be found in modern crises of meaning. Chapter 4 details the origins of CRPG in wargaming and fantastic fiction, discussing the videogame genre’s unique emphasis on player choice, agency and autonomy, while analysing how the monomythic pattern manifests in Skyrim and Mass Effect, as well as its implied values, such as the commitment of the individual to the service of his/her society. Chapter 5 discusses how the CRPG combines fantastic fictional worlds with rational rules. The spiritual takes the form of the abovementioned aesthetic themes and the monomythic pattern, which together signal an enduring interest in re-enchantment and thus the spiritual. The rational takes the form of the videogame’s distinct emphasis on the powers of the player as a rational agent, powers that nevertheless are shaped by the rules of a transcendent, god- like game designer. This melding of the spiritual with the material, it will be asserted, represents a desire to reconcile these two disparate elements in a form of ‘rationalised’ spirituality. Chapter 6 analyses how the videogame as a form of external symbolic media can facilitate the transference of monomythic values and act as an arena for the embodied practice of these values. The transfer of such practice into the world beyond the game depends upon player investment in his/her role (via his/her idealised ‘projective identity’) and the game as a ritualised performance and contest for, if not representation of, monomythic values. Chapter 7 investigates how procedural rhetoric may help to persuade players of the significance and possible utility of monomythic values, by not only involving the player in everyday moral/ethical dilemmas within the game world but also giving him/her the freedom to address these dilemmas as s/he see fit, while discouraging actions that compromise the ‘heroic’ image of the monomythic hero. This chapter will also suggest ways for CRPGs to avoid formulaic storytelling and problematic depictions of the monomythic hero, so as to better improve the CRPG’s ability to persuade players of monomythic values and hence fulfil the pedagogical and sociological functions ascribed by this thesis. The question of whether such functions should be associated with the CRPG is one, I will argue, that game designers alone can address. Description: Masters of Arts (Research)

Myxosporean Parasites in Australian Frogs and Tadpoles

2013-01-25T17:52:41Z

Title: Myxosporean Parasites in Australian Frogs and Tadpoles Authors: Hartigan, Ashlie Abstract: The investigation of new threats to amphibian conservation is a priority of researchers and wildlife managers. Emerging infectious diseases are one of the most threatening processes to wildlife around the world including amphibians. Australian frogs have suffered large scale declines and extinctions from pathogens such as chytrid fungus (Batrochochytrium dendrobatidis). The once overly abundant Green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) has declined over 90% of its range with disease listed as a key threat. A routine pathogen screen of tadpoles from a captive breeding population of Green and golden bell frogs found an unknown parasitic infection in the brains, bile ducts and gallbladders of tadpoles (later confirmed as Myxosporea). It was this preliminary identification that was the impetus for my thesis. Myxosporean parasites found in Australian frog gallbladders were thought to be Cystodiscus immersus from Central and South America. The parasite was assumed to have been introduced to Australia with the Cane toad (Rhinella marina, syn. Bufo marinus) in 1935. Cystodiscus immersus was supposed to have translocated with the Cane toad from native Brazil and was infecting a broad range of Australian frog species with no apparent host impact. The aim of this thesis was to challenge all aspects of this assumption, to establish the true myxosporean species present in Australian frogs, if it was an exotic infection, if it was an emerging pathogen and what threat did it pose to hosts. The parasite found in Australian frogs and tadpoles was examined using histological and ultrastructural morphology as well as molecular identification. This revealed there was in fact two myxosporean species in multiple species of frogs and tadpoles. Sequencing of partial small iv subunit and large subunit as well as the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of ribosomal DNA regions confirmed these were distinct species (differing 9%, 7%, 34% and 37% at each region respectively). They were in fact separate species infecting multiple Australian host species,samples of C. immersus from Brazil were compared to establish if either of these was the exotic C. immersus. We found instead that these were completely unrelated despite sharing similar spore morphology. In addition the Brazil material revealed the cryptic diversity of myxosporea in frog gallbladders around the world and the ambiguous identity of Cystodiscus immersus. To determine if the parasites were emerging, the presence of these parasites in 130 years was established using voucher specimens. Four native species and the exotic Cane toad were examined for gallbladder myxospores from 1879 to 2009, the first positive was in 1966 in Green tree frog outside of Sydney. The prevalence of myxosporea increased in both native and exotic species over the last 40 years including the threatened Green and golden bell frog. The emergence of these parasites is a cause for concern, especially when found in endangered species. Close scrutiny of these parasites prompted the formal description of Cystodiscus axonis and Cystodiscus australis, resurrecting the original genus name proposed by Lutz in 1889. The description revealed diagnostic features previously unknown for frog gallbladder myxosporea species. Scanning electron microscopy revealed filiform polar appendages on the myxospores of C. axonis, absent in C. australis. In addition, histological examination showed unique developmental stages in the nervous tissue of tadpoles and frog hosts infected with C. axonis, these stages are only found in hosts infected with this parasite. The use of development stages as a species diagnostic character has not been previously reported for any amphibian myxosporea as yet. The genetic and morphological differences between C. axonis and C. australis prompted the development of a species specific multiplex PCR using ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 ribosomal DNA. Multifaceted diagnostic tools (morphology and species specific PCR) demonstrated significant disease associated with these pathogens in native and exotic frog species. Seven host species were morphologically examined for Cystodiscus infection showing endangered species to have significant disease associated with infection. Cystodiscus axonis was linked to neurological signs,haemorrhage, necrosis and gliosis in Southern bell frogs (Litoria raniformis), Green and golden bell frogs (Litoria aurea), Booroolong frogs (Litoria booroolongensis), and the recently rediscovered Yellow spotted bell frogs (Litoria castanea). Cystodiscus spp. infection in the bile ducts of tadpoles was associated with biliary hyperplasia, loss of hepatocytes and inflammation. These lesions were statistically associated with the presence of infection in the Green and golden bell frog. This research disproved an assumption about myxosporean parasites that had held for 25 years. The disease found with Cystodiscus parasite infection in Australian frogs and tadpoles, as well as the previously unknown biodiversity in this cryptic species complex, highlight a number of areas in need of further research. This work has provided insight into the importance of multifaceted approaches to species identification and amphibian pathogen surveillance which uncovered a threat to endangered Australian amphibians, now listed as one of the key disease threats to frogs by the Department of Environment and Health (Australia) in 2011. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

Involvement of pathogen and host-associated lipids in the macrophage immune responses in Johne’s disease

2013-01-17T15:52:45Z

Title: Involvement of pathogen and host-associated lipids in the macrophage immune responses in Johne’s disease Authors: Thirunavukkarasu, Shyamala Abstract: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) infection in domestic animals is a global issue of economic and potential public health importance. A key role for macrophages in Mptb-infection has been well established. Macrophages infected with Mptb play a dual role as they are not just the site of host cellular defence mechanisms but are also the principal site of bacterial replication and persistence. An intriguing aspect of the pathogenesis of Mptb relates to the initial interaction between Mptb and the host macrophages and the ensuing mycobacterial manipulation of host immune mechanisms. This research focussed on identifying and characterising the role of the pathogen as well as host components which contribute to disease persistence. In Chapter 3 the nitric oxide response in RAW 264.7 macrophages to Mptb- specific antigen Para-LP-01 and 316v were assessed. In addition the nitric oxide response to live and heat-killed Mptb was also studied. It was found that live Mptb and its antigen Para-LP-01 and 316v induced a poor nitric oxide response. However, heat-killed Mptb induced a greater nitric oxide response. Based on this it was postulated that live Mptb might possess mechanisms to inhibit nitric oxide generation in macrophages and that cell wall-associated antigens could play a crucial role in this inhibitory effect. Since IFN-γ is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine in paratuberculosis, in Chapter 4, the effect of IFN-γ on macrophage responses was studied in RAW 264.7 macrophages after incubation with Mptb and antigens. These responses were compared to those induced to non-pathogenic mycobacterial strains. This study showed that while IFN-γ did help in overcoming the immunosuppressive effect of Mptb and enhanced responses to Mptb 316v antigen in relation to nitric oxide and cytokine production, it did not alter the TLR2 or TLR4 expression significantly and actually MHC-II expression was significantly decreased in response to live Mptb following IFN-γ pre-treatment. These features indicate that IFN-γ might have varied roles during Mptb-infection. In Chapter 5, the TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 expression pattern in the PBMC of Mptb-exposed and unexposed sheep and cattle were assessed. TLR2 expression was significantly upregulated at 4 months post-inoculation and significantly downregulated at 8 months post-inoculation in the Mptb-exposed multibacillary sheep in comparison to the unexposed controls. This finding was similar to the results obtained in the TLR2 expression pattern in the RAW 264.7 macrophages where live Mptb caused an increase in TLR2 expression IX compared to the non-pathogenic M. smegmatis. Therefore, since it has been shown by previous studies that the TLR2 signalling can be immunosuppressive it was reasoned that increased TLR2 expression during the initial stages of Mptb-infection could be an indicator of disease susceptibility. In Chapter 6, other host responses that could favour the persistence of Mptb in cattle were assessed. Data collected from microarray studies conducted using four Mptb-exposed cattle with high IFN-γ responses and four unexposed control cattle were mined using a novel integrated approach to identify differentially regulated genes involved in pathways leading to disease progression. A total of six genes belonging to host lipid homeostasis and antibacterial defence mechanisms were identified and validated on a larger cohort of 10 unexposed and 20 Mptb-exposed cattle. GIMAP6 a gene which has been associated with disease resistance, was found to be significantly downregulated at 5 and 17 weeks post inoculation in the Mptb-exposed cattle in comparison to the unexposed control animals. Genes belonging to host cholesterol homeostasis (24DHCR, LDLR and SCD-1) were also found to be downregulated significantly at 17 weeks post inoculation. Based on this it is argued that downregulation of the host’s cholesterol homeostasis mechanism in an IFN-γ mediated manner could contribute to disease progression. This study identified novel genes which could be used as potential biomarkers for identifying disease resistance as well as those that contribute to disease persistence. In Chapter 7, the polarisation of macrophages during Mptb-infection in 10 Mptb-exposed cattle in comparison to five unexposed control cattle was studied by assessing the expression of markers specific for M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes, namely CD80, CD86 and CD163 respectively. In addition other indicators of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses like nitric oxide production, secretion of IL-10 and TNF-α were also assessed. It was found that CD80 was significantly upregulated in the monocytes isolated from the Mptb-exposed cattle as were the production of nitric oxide, IL-10 and TNF-α. Therefore it was concluded that Mptb-infection induces an atypical activation pattern in macrophages with characteristics of both classical and alternate activation patterns. Also, the phenomenon of immune tolerance and cross-tolerance may play an important role in macrophage responses to subsequent stimulation with mycobacteria and antigens and this could have important implications affecting vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the findings of this study define important biological roles for specific pathogen as well as host-associated components in modulating the macrophage immune responses to Mptb-infection which in turn direct the course of disease progression. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

Comparative Anti-workplace Bullying Public Policy in Australia, Canada and the United States

2013-01-16T15:53:05Z

Title: Comparative Anti-workplace Bullying Public Policy in Australia, Canada and the United States Authors: Ng, Angie Abstract: This thesis seeks to compare the anti–workplace bullying movements in Australia, Canada and the United States. It gives a broad perspective on how each country initiated its anti–workplace bullying measures and highlights the distinct roles that different actors can play in the process of social change. Although the three countries of focus are federated nations and have similar economies, cultures and historical backgrounds, the pace of anti–workplace bullying movement has varied between Australia, Canada and the US. This thesis argues that the key factors influencing anti–workplace bullying initiatives in the three countries are the political and economic environment and the role of specific actors (including the state, unions, non-traditional actors and employers) in employment relations, as well as the strength of the labour movement. Employers in the three countries generally hinder anti-bullying initiatives due to the fear of litigation and the cost involved in settling bullying cases. Compared to Australia and Canada, the anti–workplace bullying movement in the US has fallen behind. This can be attributed partly to the recent economic recession, the fact that labour relations systems in the US are less pro-labour, the relatively low rate of union density compared to Australia and Canada, the traditional culture of power imbalance in employment relationships and employers’ opposition. As a result of these factors, the anti–workplace bullying lobby in the US started from a grassroots movement, which has advocated to unions and lobbied government for anti-bullying legislative change; in Australia and Canada, on the other hand, it was the collaboration of interest groups and the unions lobbying the government that advanced the development of anti-bullying legislation. In terms of motivation to support the anti-bullying movement in the three countries, there are generally three reasons why the advocates, legislators and unions do so: political motivation, concern for workers’ dignity and rights and a moral argument based on personal experience. The anti-workplace bullying movement in the three countries have made some progress toward raising awareness of bullying at work. In Canada, the province of Quebec has unique protection against psychological harassment under the Labour Standard Act. Saskatchewan and Ontario have protection under their occupational and health safety frameworks; such protection also exists at the federal level. In Australia, the first state to generate a legislative definition of workplace bullying was South Australia. In the US, while a Bill has been submitted to a number of state legislatures, there is still no specific legislation against workplace bullying and no legal definition of the term. This thesis concludes that pursuing the enactment of a specific anti–workplace bullying law has proved to be challenging, as regulating interpersonal behaviour in the workplace can be tricky and difficult to quantify. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Practicable methodologies for delivering comprehensive spatial soils information

2013-01-14T15:52:41Z

Title: Practicable methodologies for delivering comprehensive spatial soils information Authors: Malone, Brendan Abstract: This thesis is concerned with practicable methodologies for delivering comprehensive spatial soil information to end-users. There is a need for relevant spatial soil information to complement objective decision-making for addressing current problems associated with soil degradation; for modelling, monitoring and measurement of particular soil services; and for the general management of soil resources. These are real-world situations, which operate at spatial scales ranging from field to global scales. As such, comprehensive spatial soil information is tailored to meet the spatial scale specifications of the end user, and is of a nature that fully characterises the whole-soil profile with associated prediction uncertainties, and where possible, both the predictions and uncertainties have been independently validated. ‘Practicable’ is an idealistic pursuit but nonetheless necessary because of a need to equip land-holders, private-sector and non-governmental stakeholders and, governmental departments including soil mapping agencies with the necessary tools to ensure wide application of the methodologies to match the demand for relevant spatial soil information. Practicable methodologies are general and computationally efficient; can be applied to a wide range of soil attributes; can handle variable qualities of data; and are effective when working with very large datasets. In this thesis, delivering comprehensive spatial soil information relies on coupling legacy soil information (principally site observations made in the field) with Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) which comprises quantitative, state-of-the-art technologies for soil mapping. After the General Introduction, a review of the literature is given in Chapter 1 which describes the research context of the thesis. The review describes soil mapping first from a historical perspective and rudimentary efforts of mapping soils and then tracks the succession of advances that have been made towards the realisation of populated, digital spatial soil information databases where measures of prediction certainties are also expressed. From the findings of the review, in order to deliver comprehensive spatial soil information to end-users, new research was required to investigate: 1) a general method for digital soil mapping the whole-profile (effectively pseudo-3D) distribution of soil properties; 2) a general method for quantifying the total prediction uncertainties of the digital soil maps that describe the whole-profile distribution of soil properties; 3) a method for validating the whole-profile predictions of soil properties and the quantifications of their uncertainties; 4) a systematic framework for scale manipulations or upscaling and downscaling techniques for digital soil mapping as a means of generating soil information products tailored to the needs of soil information users. Chapters 2 to 6 set about investigating how we might go about doing these with a succession of practicable methodologies. Chapter 2 addressed the need for whole-profile mapping of soil property distribution. Equal-area spline depth functions coupled with DSM facilitated continuous mapping the lateral and vertical distribution of soil properties. The spline function is a useful tool for deriving the continuous variation of soil properties from soil profile and core observations and is also suitable to use for a number of different soil properties. Generally, mapping the continuous depth function of soil properties reveals that the accuracy of the models is highest at the soil surface but progressively decreases with increasing soil depth. Chapter 3 complements the investigations made in Chapter 2 where an empirical method of quantifying prediction uncertainties from DSM was devised. This method was applied for quantifying the uncertainties of whole-profile digital soil maps. Prediction uncertainty with the devised empirical method is expressed as a prediction interval of the underlying model errors. The method is practicable in the sense that it accounts for all sources of uncertainty and is computationally efficient. Furthermore the method is amenable in situations where complex spatial soil prediction functions such as regression kriging approaches are used. Proper evaluation of digital soil maps requires testing the predictions and the quantification of the prediction uncertainties. Chapter 4 devised two new criteria in which to properly evaluate digital soil maps when additional soil samples collected by probability sampling are used for validation. The first criterion addresses the accuracy of the predictions in the presence of uncertainties and is the spatial average of the statistical expectation of the Mean Square Error of a simulated random value (MSES). The second criterion addresses the quality of the uncertainties which is estimated as the total proportion of the study area where the (1-α)-prediction interval (PI) covers the true value (APCP). Ideally these criteria will be coupled with conventional measures of map quality so that objective decisions can be made about the reliability and subsequent suitability of a map for a given purpose. It was revealed in Chapter 4, that the quantifications of uncertainty are susceptible to bias as a result of using legacy soil data to construct spatial soil prediction functions. As a consequence, in addition to an increasing uncertainty with soil depth, there is increasing misspecification of the prediction uncertainties. Chapter 2, 3, and 4 thus represent a framework for delivering whole-soil profile predictions of soil properties and their uncertainties, where both have been assessed or validated across mapping domains at a range of spatial scales for addressing field, farm, regional, catchment, national, continental or global soil-related problems. The direction of Chapters 5 and 6 however addresses issues specifically related to tailoring spatial soil information to the scale specifications of the end-user through the use of scale manipulations on existing digital soil maps. What is proposed in Chapter 5 is a scaling framework that takes into account the scaling triplet of digital soil maps—extent, resolution, and support—and recommends pedometric methodologies for scale manipulation based on the scale entities of the source and destination maps. Upscaling and downscaling are descriptors for moving up to coarser or down to finer scales respectively but may be too general for DSM. Subsequently Fine-gridding and coarse-gridding are operations where the grid spacing changes but support remains unchanged. Deconvolution and convolution are operations where the support always changes, which may or may not involve changing the grid spacing. While disseveration and conflation operations occur when the support and grid size are equal and both are then changed equally and simultaneously. There is an increasing richness of data sources describing the physical distribution of the Earth’s resources with improved qualities and resolutions. To take advantage of this, Chapter 6 devises a novel procedure for downscaling, involving disseveration. The method attempts to maintain the mass balance of the fine scaled predictions with the available coarse scaled information, through an iterative algorithm which attempts to reconstruct the variation of a property at a prescribed fine scale through an empirical function using environmental or covariate information. One of the advantages associated with the devised method is that soil property uncertainties at the coarse scale can be incorporated into the downscaling algorithm. Finally Chapter 7 presents a synthesis of the investigations made in Chapters 2 to 6 and summarises the pertinent findings. Directly from the investigations carried out during this project there are opportunities for further work; both in terms of addressing shortcomings that were highlighted but not investigated in the thesis, and more generally for advancing digital soil mapping to an operational status and beyond. Description: Doctor of Philosphy

Dispersive regularisations for the inviscid Burgers equation

2013-01-20T20:16:16Z

Title: Dispersive regularisations for the inviscid Burgers equation Authors: Guzman Sobarzo, Pamela Beatriz Abstract: We study centred second order in time and space finite difference methods of the inviscid Burgers equation, deriving a more general numerical discretisation scheme, than the one introduced in G.A. Gottwald, 2007, for this equation. In particular, using backward error analysis we derive the modified equation associated with the numerical scheme. We also automatise the search for particular schemes, allowing us to study a whole class of numerical discretisations and tune the parameters to obtain a wide range of explicit and implicit numerical schemes of interest. We determine conditions for our discretisation scheme so that it approximates the b=0 member of the b-family, whose solutions converge strongly in the zero-alpha limit to weak solutions of the inviscid Burgers equation. We then investigate the meaning of alpha^2 in this equation. We find that the smoothing parameter alpha^2 has no physical meaning, therefore it cannot be exclusively considered as a length scale over which smoothing takes place, nor can it be assumed that the sharp shock fronts are completely related to the value of alpha^2. These findings are in accordance with G.A. Gottwald, 2007. We then stabilise our schemes by using spatial averaging, but since this adds some artificial viscosity, we search for the maximum number of time steps over which we can perform the averaging, so as to add the least artificial viscosity possible. Description: Master of Science

Symptom-based subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

2013-01-09T15:52:40Z

Title: Symptom-based subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Authors: Brakoulias, Vlasios Abstract: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous in its presentation and quests to clarify the best way to subtype OCD have remained elusive. This thesis aims to assess for symptom-based OCD subtypes in a sample of patients with OCD and to describe the characteristics of these OCD symptom subtypes. The methods used include principal components analysis of the results of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale – Symptom Checklist (YBOCS-SC) and the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI) self report obtained from a sample of 154 subjects with a primary diagnosis of OCD. Five symptom factors explained 67.9% of the variance. They were named: 1) hoarding; 2) contamination/cleaning; 3) symmetry/ordering; 4) unacceptable/taboo thoughts; and 5) doubt/checking. These factors were used as predictors of a number of systematically chosen characteristics and were subject to regression analyses. Results indicated that different OCD symptoms predicted different phenomenological characteristics, degrees of comorbidity, and different cognitive and emotional correlates. Results also indicate that psychological forms of therapy should be tailored to the patient’s prominent OCD symptoms. The study supported 5 major symptom dimensions rather than four. In particular, it revealed significant differences between unacceptable/taboo thoughts and doubt/checking. The results encourage researchers using symptom-based subtypes to continue their efforts with the hope of improving our understanding of the aetiology of these symptoms and the treatments that we provide patients with these symptoms. Description: PhD

Genetic and molecular analyses of barley for seedling and adult plant resistance against rust diseases

2013-01-09T15:52:43Z

Title: Genetic and molecular analyses of barley for seedling and adult plant resistance against rust diseases Authors: Sandhu, Karanjeet Singh Abstract: Genetic studies were carried out to determine the inheritance of unknown seedling resistance (USR) to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei Otth.) in the barley cultivar Ricardo. In the greenhouse Ricardo/Gus F3 (187 lines) and BC1F2 (130 lines) populations based studies using an array of P. hordei pathotypes (pts), revealed that the USR in Ricardo was conferred by a single dominant gene, which was tentatively named RphRic. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) of the F3 population using a multiplex-ready PCR technique mapped RphRic on chromosome 4H flanked by markers GBM1220 and GBM1003 at distances of 17.4 cM and 20.4 cM, respectively. Being the first gene for leaf rust resistance mapped on chromosome 4H, RphRic was catalogued as Rph21. Phenotyping of Ricardo/Peruvian (Rph2) F3 populations and genotyping of both parents using the Rph2-linked marker ITS1 confirmed the presence of Rph2 in Ricardo. The Ricardo/Gus F3 and BC1F2 populations segregated for the presence of an additional gene when tested under field conditions using the same pathotype (pt), 5457P+ (used in greenhouse). This uncharacterised adult plant resistance (APR) against P. hordei, found in Ricardo, appeared to be distinct from Rph20 when genotyped using a closely linked marker bPb-0837. Responses of 113 advanced breeding lines and cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare), along with the susceptible control genotype Gus, were assessed against P. hordei pts in the greenhouse at seedling and field at adult plant growth stages. The tests revealed the presence of APR in 68 lines, USR in 23 lines and the seedling resistance gene Rph3 in three lines. Marker bPb-0837 was present in 35 of the 68 lines carrying APR, which suggested that these 35 lines carry APR gene Rph20. The remaining 33 lines, which lacked the Rph20 linked marker, likely carry new sources of APR. Pedigree analysis of the 68 lines found to carry APR revealed that 32 were related to cultivar (cv.) Gull and to H. laevigatum, two were related to cv. Bavaria and one related to cvv. Manchuria and Taganrog. Ancestral pedigree analysis also revealed the common presence of cv. Diamant (X-ray mutant) in the parentage of lines likely carrying Rph20. The remaining 19 lines lacked detectable seedling resistance and were susceptible in the field at adult plant growth stages. Four international barley nurseries comprising 820 lines with 579 unique pedigrees were sourced from the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and analysed for resistance against isolates of P. hordei, P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) and barley grass stripe rust (BGYR). Overall analyses of the responses of 783 lines (excluding 37 missing lines) to P. hordei showed that 728 (93%) carried the major seedling resistance gene Rph3, five (0.65%) carried USR, six (0.75%) carried uncharacterised APR and 44 (5.6%) lines were susceptible at all growth stages. Of the six lines identified with uncharacterised APR, three likely carried Rph20 based on the presence of the Rph20-linked marker bPb-0837. Based on tests with several control genotypes, marker bPb-0837 was found to be more reliable than Ebmag0833 in detecting the presence of Rph20. All lines were resistant to Pgt pt 98-1,2,3,5,6 when tested as seedlings in the greenhouse. Out of the 783 lines tested, 164 produced immune responses, 284 produced resistant (1= to 3) responses and 335 produced mesothetic (X type) responses against pt 98-1,2,3,5,6. All but two 783 lines were highly resistant to BGYR in greenhouse tests, showing immune responses. The usefulness of 148 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in revealing variability among Australian isolates of P. hordei were assessed. The markers comprised 71 developed for Pgt, 40 developed for P. triticina (Pt) and 37 developed for P. coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca). SSRs were tested across 22 pts of P. hordei from Australasia including one isolate of each of the control pathogens [Pt, Pgt, P. striformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), BGYR and P. graminis f. sp. avenae (Pga)]. Genotyping of P. hordei was also conducted with the PCR-fingerprinting primers M13 and (GACA)4. The SSRs developed from Pgt and Pt showed 100% cross amplification in P. hordei, while only nine Pca SSRs showed amplification in P. hordei. Of the 148 markers tested, only two Pgt SSRs (F4-15 and F7-22) were polymorphic. Both PCR-fingerprinting primers revealed polymorphisms among the isolates, with (GACA)4 generating the most informative fragments. Both SSRs and PCR fingerprinting markers out grouped the control pathogens Pt, Pgt, Pst, BGYR and Pga from the P. hordei pts. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values of SSR markers F4-15 and F7-22 were calculated as 0.50 and 0.55 respectively. Molecular analyses revealed evidence of clonal lineages among the P. hordei pts, supporting the hypothesis that some of the pts arose from mutational changes in the virulence of a founder pt. Sexual recombination within P. hordei in Australia on the alternate host Ornithogalum umbellatum may have resulted in some new pts with different virulence against Rph genes. This is the first study of Australasian pts of P. hordei using PCR-fingerprinting technique and SSR genotyping. Description: PhD

Living on: A qualitative study of the experience of living with multiple myeloma

2013-01-07T15:52:50Z

Title: Living on: A qualitative study of the experience of living with multiple myeloma Authors: Stephens, Moira Abstract: This thesis aims to provide a rich, empirically grounded understanding of what it is like to live with myeloma after the first relapse, in ‘the era of novel agents’. This was achieved by exploring the experience of both the person with myeloma and that of their primary support person though an analysis of their narratives. Consistent with the principles of qualitative enquiry, this study aimed to produce findings that were descriptive, exploratory and explanatory in nature. Qualitative methods were used, involving an inductively-driven analysis of a series of in-depth interviews conducted at six to twelve month intervals. Data sources consisted of 47 indepth open-ended interviews with ten dyads of a patient and their primary support person, and an additional single participant. Analysis was undertaken using the key attributes of Grounded Theory methods: constant comparison of the data and theoretical coding. As new categories and concepts were developed through inductive analysis, they were further explored in relevant literature from philosophy, sociology and the humanities so that understanding of the experience of living with myeloma was continually and iteratively informed by existing literature. This research shows that the overall experience of living with myeloma was a complex and arduous struggle. Participants said that ‘having myeloma is hard’, because the effects of myeloma permeated every facet of their lives. Living with myeloma consisted of three key elements: 1) the arduous nature of myeloma; 2) the work of myeloma; and 3) the temporal landscape of myeloma. Living with myeloma required participants to construct a ‘new normal’. This demanded adjustment at first, but participants learned to ‘get on with it’ over time and with experience. The new normal included activities which were focused on managing the symptoms of myeloma. Some required effort and planning and some became taken for granted everyday activities. v I developed an interpretation of these findings through engagement with philosophical and sociological theory. This theory helped me understand that participants described coming to tolerate and live within changed conditions. The process of creating a new normal demanded a great deal of effort including new/different ways of understanding time, normality, and health. The symptoms that participants described were intrusive and initially demanded a great deal of attention and work. Over time, these symptoms became integral components in their lives and they consistently talked about ‘getting on with it’, living with the arduous yet everyday experiences associated with myeloma. I came to conceptualise the way people lived with myeloma as ‘living on.’ This was a dynamic process rather than a state. Participants responded to many changes over time such as multiple relapses, complications of and responses to treatment and hopes for remission, all of which were part and parcel of living and dying with myeloma. Over time, these changes to their environment became part of the everyday fabric of their lives. I use Bourdieu’s concept of habitus to explain how living with myeloma became normal or ‘second nature’. The concept of ‘living on’ denotes that the complexity and effort demanded by living with myeloma became second nature and thus a normal state of affairs. Myeloma is many things; it is a medical problem; it is a social problem; and for those who have it, it is part of everyday life. Interpreted through the lens of Bourdieu’s conceptual tools, the stories of the participants reveal how people managed to live with something that was, at the outset, a catastrophic experience but which over time became a part of everyday life. This study has illustrated the complexity and work that is required to live everyday with myeloma as a normal state of affairs. Living on is a process that demands effort and different ways of understanding time, normality and health. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

Interdisciplinary Health Research (IDHR): An analysis of the lived experience from the theoretical perspective of identity

2013-01-07T15:52:47Z

Title: Interdisciplinary Health Research (IDHR): An analysis of the lived experience from the theoretical perspective of identity Authors: Kumar, Koshila Abstract: Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary research involves the integration of theories, concepts, methodologies or methods from two or more academic disciplines or professional practice fields into a common research framework. Interdisciplinary Health Research (IDHR) refers specifically to the integration of frameworks and perspectives from multiple disciplines within or allied to health. The existing empirical literature including in the health research domain, has privileged a focus on the collaborative and interpersonal aspects of interdisciplinarity resulting in a focus on the processes and practices of collaboration and the interdisciplinary team as the unit of analysis. This has meant that researchers’ voices and stories regarding their personal journey and lived experience of interdisciplinarity have largely been absent from the literature. This thesis explores how IDHR is enacted, experienced and lived by health researchers in higher education, as well as the link between the lived experience of IDHR and identity. It uses hermeneutic phenomenological methods to gather rich idiographic data from twenty-one health researchers engaged in IDHR in the Australian higher education sector. Data interpretation occurs at two levels: a phenomenological analysis explores the essential characteristics of IDHR as a human phenomenon, while a theoretical analysis explicates issues related to identity and identification associated with health researchers’ lived experience. The phenomenological findings of this thesis illustrate that health researchers’ lived experience of IDHR is simultaneously enabling and disabling, and thus fundamentally paradoxical in nature. These findings also show the multiplicity of levels at which health researchers enact IDHR, including the social-relational and personal-embodied level. Theoretical interpretation of findings from the perspective of identity shows that health researchers’ engaged in IDHR encounter a tension between their institution-identity which is traditionally defined and legitimised in relation to a discipline, and their affinity-identity reflecting their personal values and preferences for interdisciplinary work. Using identity dissonance as a theoretical lens, this thesis illustrates that health researchers engaged in IDHR strive to reconcile the conflict in identities and associated feelings of vulnerability and discomfort, by constructing and negotiating their identity in different ways. Strategies health researchers use include: conformist practices aimed at aligning with dominant discipline-based values and expectations in the institution and the higher education sector; performative tactics aimed at presenting a favourable image of self to significant others; and resistive strategies aimed at affirming personal interdisciplinary preferences and values. In summary, this thesis illustrates that the lived experience of IDHR can be conceptualised as a conflicted space within which researchers’ identities are contested, constructed and negotiated. This is the first phenomenological and theoretical account of how IDHR is experienced, enacted and lived by health researchers in the higher Australian education setting. This thesis identifies a number of practical recommendations related to the need for individual researchers and research teams to articulate and constructively manage the ambiguities and conflict in identities characterising the lived experience of IDHR. This thesis also provides an important message about how higher education institutions and the sector more broadly can transform research cultures and practices in order to foster and support integrative and creative forms of working and thinking (including about self) that transcend discipline boundaries. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Another brick in the wall:responses of the State to workplace fatalities in the New South Wales construction industry

2013-01-04T17:52:45Z

Title: Another brick in the wall:responses of the State to workplace fatalities in the New South Wales construction industry Authors: Trompf, Peggy Abstract: The construction industry is characterised by complex contracting and sub-contracting arrangements, relatively short-term working phases and high levels of occupational injury and death. This thesis examined judgements brought by the New South Wales WorkCover Authority under the NSW Occupational Health and Safety Acts 1983 and 2000 for offences in regard to workplace fatalities, and which were heard in the Industrial Court of New South Wales from 1988-2008. It demonstrated that penalties were low, representing approximately 18 per cent of the maximum penalty allowable. This figure is commensurate with other research on penalties for workplace death, and the thesis reflects on procedures of judicial sentencing and if the de-contextualising of workplace crime in the court process and in the wider community acts to result in punishments that are questionable as deterrent measures. The thesis considers these questions through the lens of a broad political economy, addressing the social construction of penalties through the perspective of judicial rules and norms, regulatory policies, state legislation and ideological constructions about workplace health and safety offences as essentially non-criminal events. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

The Darkest Red Corner: Chinese Communist Intelligence and Its Place in the Party 1926-1945

2013-01-04T17:52:42Z

Title: The Darkest Red Corner: Chinese Communist Intelligence and Its Place in the Party 1926-1945 Authors: Brazil, Matthew Abstract: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) intelligence organs played a crucial role in their revolution and the 1949 victory. However, their activities have been obscured to benefit secrecy, or distorted to advance propaganda goals. An examination of original sources on both sides of that conflict show how intelligence operations contributed to decision making, and how mistakes by CCP operatives caused major setbacks. This examination also sheds light on the nature of the Party's most secret and sensitive decisions. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Integral Basis Theorem of cyclotomic Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier Algebras of type A

2012-12-12T15:52:48Z

Title: Integral Basis Theorem of cyclotomic Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier Algebras of type A Authors: Li, Ge Jr Abstract: The main purpose of this thesis is to prove that the cyclotomic Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier algebras of type A over Z are free by giving a graded cellular basis of the cyclotomic KLR algebra. We then extend it to obtain a graded cellular basis of the affine KLR algebra, which indicates that the affine KLR algebra is an affine graded cellular algebra. Finally we work with the Jucys-Murphy elements of the cyclotomic Hecke algebras of type A and proved a periodic property of these elements. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Streptococci in an Aboriginal Australian Community: Is there a link between dogs and humans?

2012-12-12T15:52:46Z

Title: Streptococci in an Aboriginal Australian Community: Is there a link between dogs and humans? Authors: Schrieber, Layla Jane Abstract: Dogs are an important part of modern Aboriginal Australian life in their role as hunters, companions and spiritual protectors. People in Aboriginal communities want their dogs to be healthy and therefore dog health programs that treat dogs and assist people to care for their dogs are popular. In the Yarrabah Aboriginal community, dogs are known to carry a number of zoonotic micro-organisms with the potential to cause disease in humans. A combination of the unhealthy appearance of free roaming dogs and lack of veterinary services has resulted in community concerns about the transmission of zoonoses. The community needs accurate information relevant to their local situation in order to develop strategies to manage canine zoonoses. This thesis is a small attempt to provide evidence about one group of bacteria with zoonotic potential, streptococci. This study was conducted in the Yarrabah Aboriginal community of far north Queensland. In other Aboriginal Australian communities dogs have been previously found to carry streptococci. In Aboriginal populations, streptococcal disease causes significant morbidity and mortality associated with invasive infections, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever, all of which are overrepresented in the Aboriginal population. The shared environment of dogs and people in many Aboriginal communities has led to the hypothesis that dogs in these communities are reservoirs for some species of streptococci capable of causing disease in humans. This thesis had four aims: (1) Isolate streptococci from dogs and characterise the strains; (2) Investigate associations between health and social parameters of dogs and isolation of streptococci; (3) Isolate streptococci from children with skin sores and determine if there was any indication of the strains being shared with dogs; (4) Translate scientific knowledge, including the new information from this study into community action to improve the health of dogs. Description: Master of Science in Veterinary Science

Contractual Approach to Optimising Risk Sharing: A Quantitative Study of the Multidimensional Nature of Risk in Private Provision of Road Infrastructure

2012-12-10T15:52:46Z

Title: Contractual Approach to Optimising Risk Sharing: A Quantitative Study of the Multidimensional Nature of Risk in Private Provision of Road Infrastructure Authors: Chung, Demi Abstract: Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs) are a public procurement policy that argues in support of greater value for money through optimal risk-sharing, by aligning incentives among parties who are profoundly different in terms of interests, objectives and risk preferences. The subject of interest in this thesis is tollroads that are procured under the PPP method, which traditionally involves the transfer of demand risk to the private sector. Designing contracts to share risk in light of incentive problems is the central premise of contract theory, yet the risk-sharing implications have rarely been adequately tested using micro data at the decision-maker level. In addition, empirical contract studies tend to ignore the risk preferences of contracting parties or assume that the stereotypical risk-averse agent and risk-neutral principal are present in all contractual relationships. This thesis addresses these shortcomings by presenting the methodology and empirical findings of an online survey within which a stated choice experiment was designed to capture the risk perceptions of contracting parties to a number of hypothetical PPP tollroad concessions. Information from 101 participants drawing on their project experience over 32 countries was collected within an advanced computer-aided personal survey instrument, to condition model estimates on observing the manner in which respondents processed the information presented to them to test the impact of contractual conditions and external institutional variables on their risk preferences, and hence their choice behaviour. While the findings of this thesis support the concept that risk-sharing in PPPs is in line with contract theory’s incentive alignment proposition, they refute the common belief in contract theory with respect to stereotypical economic actors. Moreover, the results demonstrate the powerful incentive effect of property rights to ex post surplus. There are a number of significant implications as to the design of contracts and reform of public policy if PPPs are to gain popularity and to attain value for money. To induce appropriate ex post performance efficiency, ex ante property rights need to be complemented with equitable risk-sharing among contracting parties. Uptake of the policy by the market can be enhanced by modifications to the identified institutional variables and contractual conditions. Finally, the thesis appeals to the theories of decision making to further pursue the influence of human cognition, particularly bounded rationality, on our decision choices. Description: PhD

Global Citizenship in Thai Higher Education: Case Studies Of A University And Its Affiliated International College

2012-12-05T15:52:46Z

Title: Global Citizenship in Thai Higher Education: Case Studies Of A University And Its Affiliated International College Authors: Thanosawan, Prapassara Abstract: Global forces are changing the dominance of nation-states and expanding the range of factors impacting upon people’s lives. Today, an individual can simultaneously be a member of several communities, at local, national and international levels. Global citizenship, although a problematic concept, has been articulated as a necessary attribute for graduates of many universities around the world. Global citizenship invites scholars and educators to think about “citizenship” beyond the national scale. Citizens in a global context have awareness, concerns, rights and responsibilities that transcend into the global community. This research project aims to investigate how a university in Thailand and its affiliated international college interprets and implements the discourse of global citizenship into their undergraduate programs. Perspectives on global citizenship were derived from the interviews with senior administrators and lecturers and focus-group discussions with students. Data were triangulated from different sources through a case study research design to investigate the multiple levels of an understanding of global citizenship in (a) the university’s policies and mission statements, (b) the curriculum and teaching, and (c) the learning outcomes of the students. Grounded theory was used to locate themes and categories in the data. An analysis shows that the university students have different perceptions of global citizenship when compared to the international college students. Interviews with senior university administrators indicate that being a good Thai citizen was considered a prerequisite to being a global citizen. This illustrates a perspective different from that predominant in the Western literature. Some students perceived global citizenship at a superficial level, whereas a few overseas students showed sophisticated understanding of global citizenship. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

Photonic crystal antireflection coatings, surface modes, and impedances

2012-12-05T15:52:43Z

Title: Photonic crystal antireflection coatings, surface modes, and impedances Authors: Lawrence, Felix James Abstract: We present a rigorous definition of a wave impedance for 2D rectangular and triangular lattice photonic crystals (PCs), in the form of a matrix. Reflection and transmission at an interface between PCs can be represented by matrices that relate the Bloch mode (eigenmode) amplitudes in the two PCs; we show that these matrices, which are multi-mode generalisations of reflection and transmission coefficients, may be calculated from the PCs' impedances that we define. Given the impedances and Bloch factors (propagation constants) of a collection of PCs, the reflection and transmission properties of arbitrary stacks of these PCs may be calculated efficiently using a few matrix operations. Therefore our definition enables PC-based antireflection coatings to be designed efficiently: some computationally expensive simulations are required in an initial step to find a range of PCs' impedances, but then the reflectances of every coating that consists of a stack of these PCs can be calculated without any further simulations. We first define the PC impedance from the transfer matrix of a single PC layer (i.e., a grating). Since transfer matrix methods are not especially widespread, we also present a method and associated source code to extract a PC's propagating and evanescent Bloch modes from a scattering calculation that can be performed by any off-the-shelf field solver, and to calculate impedances from the extracted modal fields. Finally, we put our method to use. We apply it to design antireflection coatings, nearly eliminating reflection at a single frequency for one or both polarisations, or lowering it across a larger bandwidth. We use it to find surface modes at interfaces between PCs and air, and their projected band structures. We use the impedance to define effective parameters for PC homogenisation, and we briefly describe how our definition has been used to dispersion engineer a PC waveguide. Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Emotion elicitation as a window on children’s emotion regulation, empathy, and social adaptation

2012-12-04T15:52:43Z

Title: Emotion elicitation as a window on children’s emotion regulation, empathy, and social adaptation Authors: Fink, Elian Abstract: The manner in which children manage their emotional arousal in response to challenging events is crucial for social adaptation and peer relationships (Eisenberg, Spinard, & Eggum, 2010; Saarni, 1999). However, while there is a large literature examining the relation between children’s emotion regulation and their social competencies, there are several conceptual and methodological challenges facing the emotion regulation construct (Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004; Thompson, 1994). The studies presented in this thesis use structured emotion elicitation paradigms (emotionally challenging video vignettes) in order to interpret the meaning of children’s behavioural responses to specific situational contexts, within the framework of emotion regulation. In addition, concurrent and longitudinal relations between young children’s emotion regulation and their social adaptation are examined at the time of children’s school entry. Finally, the close conceptual relation between emotion regulation, empathy, and emotion understanding is empirically examined, with an emphasis on the relation between these different measures of children’s emotional competence and their independent and combined impact on social adaptation. Across two separate studies, it was found that children’s behavioural responses were systematically related to their eliciting contexts. In particular, the degree to which children disengaged from emotionally challenging content, and their expressions of worry-concern and empathic sadness, were highly contextually and temporally bound, showing a close correspondence with specific events in the emotion elicitation paradigms. However, despite the close association between children’s behavioural responses and their eliciting contexts, such responses showed impressive individual stability across contexts, as well as across time. Furthermore, there was robust independence across different behavioural domains. The only exception to this pattern was between disengagement and children’s emotional expressions; whereas children expressing higher levels of worry-concern were also observed to express higher levels of disengagement, children expressing empathic sadness expressed lower levels of disengagement. This finding broadly supports the proposal of Eisenberg and Fabes (1992) that well regulated children (i.e., low levels of disengagement) are more likely to be empathic (i.e., express empathic sadness). Examination of relations between children’s behavioural responding and their social adaptation showed that disengagement and affective responding were systematically related to their social competence: children who disengaged from the challenging vignettes most, and expressed worry-concern as opposed to empathic sadness, were more likely to be rated by their teachers as less socially mature and as having higher levels of problem behaviours. Furthermore, these same behaviours also predicted lower levels of peer acceptance. Longitudinally, only children’s disengagement was systematically related to social adaptation. In fact, disengagement, which involves attentional modulation, emerged as a robust, stable and reliable predictor of children’s social competence. Finally, emotion regulation behaviours, empathy, and emotion understanding were simultaneously examined and found to be relatively distinct components of children’s emotion competence. Furthermore, each component of emotional competence made independent contributions to concurrent and, to a lesser extent, longitudinal social competence as rated by both teachers and peers. However, only children’s emotion regulation and affective expressions were related to teacher-rated problem behaviours at both time-points. Overall, the current thesis provides a framework within which to study young school-aged children’s behavioural responses to challenging events, and has demonstrated that these responses make a unique contribution to children’s social adaptation both in Kindergarten and one year later. Description: PhD

Gesture as Communication: The Art of Carlos Kleiber

2012-11-29T15:52:37Z

Title: Gesture as Communication: The Art of Carlos Kleiber Authors: Watson, Carolyn Narelle Abstract: This thesis focuses on the art of orchestral conducting and in particular, the gestural language used by conductors. Aspects such as body posture and movement, eye contact, facial expressions and manual conducting gestures will be considered. These nonverbal forms of expression are the means a conductor uses to communicate with players. Manual conducting gestures are used to show fundamental technical information relating to tempo, dynamics and cues, as well as demonstrating to a degree, musical expression and conveying an interpretation of the musical work. Body posture can communicate authority, leadership, confidence and inspiration. Furthermore, physical gestures such as facial expressions can express a conductor’s mood and demeanour, as well as the emotional content of the music. Orchestral conducting is thus a complex and multifarious art, at the core of which is gesture. These physical facets of conducting will be examined by way of a case study. The conductor chosen as the centrepiece of this study is Austrian conductor, Carlos Kleiber (1930-2004). Hailed by many as the greatest conductor of all time1, Kleiber was a perfectionist with unscrupulously high standards who enjoyed a career with some of the world’s finest orchestras and opera companies including the Vienna Philharmonic, La Scala, Covent Garden, the Met and the Chicago Symphony. He enjoyed a special relationship with the Vienna Philharmonic, the longest of any of his associations, and the performance selected for examination is therefore one with this ensemble. Using a DVD recording of a live performance, Kleiber’s conducting gestures, and their relationship to the musical score will be examined. The performance selected is that of Johann Strauss II’s Overture to Die Fledermaus, performed at the 1989 New Year’s Day Concert with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. 1 Carlos Kleiber Voted Greatest Conductor of all Time, http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2011/ 03_march/carlos_kleiber.shtml, (accessed December 12, 2011). Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Working the multiple economies: Children’s work and economic agency in a developed capitalist economy

2012-11-27T15:52:39Z

Title: Working the multiple economies: Children’s work and economic agency in a developed capitalist economy Authors: Fattore, Tobia Abstract: This thesis examines children’s work on the formal, informal and family based labour markets in a developed capitalist economy. Using a unique dataset of approximately 11,000 young people aged between 12 and 16 years, this thesis argues that structural factors are determinative of specific experiences of work, which reflect the nature of social relations within each labour market. This argument is a response to two prevailing themes in the child work literature. First that age based development has been the overarching ‘structure’ that determines experiences of work. Second, that the effect of structural position and the institutions of ‘work’ hinder children’s agency and ‘free will’. It is shown that these structural factors not only delimit children’s capacity to assert their agency, but enable action by providing the social environment that make possible certain types of activities to be understood as work. In so doing the thesis contributes to understanding children’s economic agency through an analysis of children’s work, and consequently children as economic agents. The data set provides a robust statistical outline of the fields of children’s work (formal, informal and family based) and an assessment of the quality of work children perform, applying ILO measures of decent work standards to evaluate children’s work conditions. The analytical framework adopted involves a synthesis of child work literature with aspects of economic sociology and the sociology of work that emphasise the embeddedness of social action and institutions within systems of social relations. These analytic tools assist identify the specific ‘fields’ or labour markets of children’s work (i.e. the formal, informal and family based labour markets) and sensitise us to what the relevant structural transformations in each field are. In so doing the thesis draws upon work used in understanding the ‘adult world of work’ to aid our understanding of children’s labour markets. The thesis finds that skill utilisation on the formal labour market, the strength and particularity of labour relations on the informal labour market, and whether work is oriented towards use or exchange value on the family based labour market are in large part determinative of the distribution of material and social rewards for children who work. Furthermore economic agency is embedded and expressed through the structural and relational factors specific to each labour market. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The Political Processes and Role Of Gatekeepers in Setting Accounting Standards for Agriculture

2012-11-26T15:52:41Z

Title: The Political Processes and Role Of Gatekeepers in Setting Accounting Standards for Agriculture Authors: Milne, John H.G. Abstract: Many accounting regulations are introduced in response to crises of some kind, arising from a corporate collapse or claims that published financial reports have been misleading. In contrast, the IASC’s IAS 41 Agriculture standard was developed from the mid-1990s and issued in 2000, two years after the Australian AASB 1037 Self-Generating and Regenerating Assets (SGARA) standard, followed in 2004 by New Zealand’s NZ IAS 41 Agriculture. There had been no prior crisis or public expression of concern about shortcomings in existing practice. This study considers the background to the emergence of accounting for agriculture onto the agenda of standard-setting bodies, and the role played by different insiders. Here, they are collectively termed ‘gatekeepers’, the key staff, expert technical advisers and decision-makers who were members of standard-setting boards. Examination of the development of these new standards extends beyond consideration of technical accounting issues. Several case studies identify the regulatory and political processes each standard-setting agency adopted to consider and then progress the topic through all rule-making stages and resulting lobbying activities by significant users. These political processes are examined using the Cobb and Elder (1972, 1983) agenda-building framework and the Cobb, Ross and Ross (1976) analysis of institutional dynamics. The history of accounting for agriculture, in Australia and New Zealand, is traversed to explain the historical background to the new omnibus agricultural standards promulgated in Australasia. Significant events described include the AASB staff recommendation to the IASB in 2003 to split IAS 41 in two before its designated 2005 commencement date – a recommendation which, so far, has been ignored. New research material includes unpublished documents relating to the initial AASB Project Brief and IASC Point Outline background proposals for each standard, the IASC’s Field Test Report prior to adopting its IAS 41 standard and the AASB 1037 standard post implementation review – possibly the first ever to be undertaken. The study found that the activities of key insiders were consistent with what Cobb et al. (1976) described as the inside access model, both in placement of the topic on the agenda and then subsequent incorporation of proposals for fair value accounting for agriculture. A feature of the events described in this study was the interaction between the different standard-setting bodies – a possibility little-described in the accounting literature, and arguably a significant element in the manner in which standards were considered and developed by the IASC, and latterly the IASB. Overall, a combination of intra- and inter-agency lobbying resulted in compromise reflected in the final text of IAS 41. This modified the full fair value accounting proposal. The study found that gatekeepers paid little regard to submissions from experienced industry representatives, accountants, academics and other commentators world-wide. Practical evidence from parties concerning the utility of the proposed new rules was requested too late to influence the content of the final IAS 41 standard. Not surprisingly, the standard is still controversial. Description: Philosophy(PhD)

Oligodendrogliomas with LOH 1p/19q: Identifying Genes associated with Tumourigenesis Therapeutic Sensitivity

2012-11-22T15:52:40Z

Title: Oligodendrogliomas with LOH 1p/19q: Identifying Genes associated with Tumourigenesis Therapeutic Sensitivity Authors: Payne, Cathy A Abstract: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p) and the long arm of chromosome 19 (19q) is an early event in oligodendroglioma that occurs in up to 80% of patients and is associated with therapeutic sensitivity and longer overall survival. The purpose of this study was to confirm the reported association in patients at this centre, then identify and characterise genes that were differentially expressed and may function as a tumour suppressor or contribute to therapeutic sensitivity in oligodendroglioma. A clinical review of oligodendroglioma patients treated at Royal North Shore and North Shore Private Hospitals between 1990 and 2009 confirmed the association between LOH 1p/19q and longer overall survival in WHO grade III oligodendroglioma patients. Younger age and lower tumour grade were additionally confirmed as positive prognostic factors. Exon microarrays were used to identify changes in gene expression between oligodendrogliomas with and without LOH 1p/19q. Seventeen oligodendroglioma specimens (5 WHO grade II with LOH 1p/19q, 2 WHO grade II without LOH, 5 WHO grade III with LOH 1p/19q, 5 WHO grade III without LOH) were examined by microarrays. Analysis in Partek identified 408 genes that were differentially expressed by LOH status. Six candidate genes (CHI3L1, IGF2, IQGAP1, MIG-6, PDPN and PLAG1), which all showed significantly lower expression in oligodendrogliomas with LOH 1p/19q, were selected for further study. Microarray analysis of DNA methylation in seven oligodendrogliomas with LOH 1p/19q (4 WHO grade II, 3 WHO grade III) identified DNA methylation of the PADI2 and ALX3 genes on chromosome 1p. Bisulfite sequencing, restriction analysis and qPCR confirmed PADI2 as a candidate tumour suppressor gene, methylated in oligodendrogliomas with LOH 1p/19q. qPCR in forty-six oligodendroglioma specimens confirmed under-expression of each of the seven candidate genes in oligodendrogliomas with LOH 1p/19q. Survival analysis identified high Podoplanin (PDPN) transcript expression as a negative prognostic factor. Immunohistochemistry conducted on thirty grade III oligodendrogliomas demonstrated that protein staining scores for CHI3L1 and IQGAP1 were significantly higher in tumours without LOH 1p/19q, but found that IGF2, MIG-6 or PDPN were not suitable as markers for LOH 1p/19q or survival. Functional analysis of MIG‐6 in H423 glioblastoma cells demonstrated the ability of MIG-6 to inhibit cell invasion, validating its role as a potential tumour suppressor in glioma. As no oligodendroglioma cell line with LOH 1p/19q was available, forty-six low grade tumour specimens were cultured to form primary cell lines. While nine cell lines retained an IDH1 mutation typical of oligodendroglioma, no cell line maintained LOH 1p/19q. This work has confirmed LOH 1p/19q as a positive prognostic marker for oligodendroglioma and identified seven differentially expressed genes that, through their loss following LOH 1p/19q, could contribute to the development of oligodendroglioma or confer therapeutic sensitivity to the patient. Description: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Efficacy of DNA Adenine Methylase Salmonella Vaccines in Livestock

2012-11-21T15:52:39Z

Title: Efficacy of DNA Adenine Methylase Salmonella Vaccines in Livestock Authors: Mohler, Virginia (Jennie) Lea Abstract: Intensive livestock production and management systems are associated with increased faecal-oral pathogen transmission which can contribute to a high prevalence of multiple Salmonella serovars in large dairy farms and feedlots. Outbreaks of salmonellosis in livestock often reflect a series of events that compromise host immunity and increase pathogen exposure. High risk groups in cattle include neonates and post partum cows (Anderson, et al., 2001; House, et al., 2001a; Fossler, et al., 2005a) and variation in susceptibility to salmonella infection has been observed in sheep entering feedlots according to property of origin, body condition, and time of year (Norris, et al., 1989a; Norris, et al., 1989b; Richards and Hyder, 1991; Kelly, 1995; Makin, 2011). The associated increase in the incidence of disease and contamination of livestock-derived food products imposes a significant risk to food safety via consumption of contaminated meat, milk, eggs and vegetables. The development and application of effective Salmonella vaccines offers a potential means of reducing industry associated losses and public health risks. Effective Salmonella vaccination therefore requires induction of protection against several Salmonella serovars and stimulation of both innate and acquired immune mechanisms. Vaccine prophylaxis is normally achieved through vaccinating animals several weeks prior to virulent pathogen exposure. This is not possible in neonates where exposure occurs at birth and in feedlots where livestock are sourced from diverse locations and vendors. Additionally, direct physical handling of livestock to administer vaccines contributes to stress and may lead to carcass damage. Conducting stressful procedures at feedlot induction when there is concurrent exposure to a diversity of pathogens contributes to an increased risk of disease. iii Traditional vaccination methods are labour intensive and associated with carcass damage and adverse reactions. Oral delivery of vaccines and medications via drinking water is a common practice in intensively managed poultry. Oral vaccine delivery via drinking water avoids the stress of additional handling and provides a means of rapidly vaccinating large numbers of animals. The efficacy of Salmonella vaccination is largely influenced by the diversity of Salmonella serovars encountered and the interval between immunisation and pathogen exposure, which may be short in field settings, e.g., following birth, during transport and following introduction into feedlots. The timing of virulent pathogen exposure may also have an impact on the safety of a Salmonella vaccine. It is imperative to develop livestock vaccines that are capable of safely eliciting potent states of cross-protective immunity against a diversity of serovars. This thesis examines the capacity of the dam S. Typhimurium vaccine (serogroup B) to elicit cross-protection against a virulent challenge in models of neonate and adult ruminant models of salmonellosis, as well as investigating in-water vaccine delivery. Cross-protective efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated against an emerging, clinically relevant, and multi-drug resistant strain of serovar Newport (serogroup C2-C3) that had been associated with clinical disease in calves and humans (CDC, 2002; Clark, 2004). Vaccinated calves challenged with S. Newport exhibited a significant attenuation of clinical disease and a concomitant reduction in S. Newport faecal shedding and colonisation of mesenteric lymph nodes and lungs compared to non-vaccinated control animals. The safety and efficacy of a S. Typhimurium dam vaccine in adult sheep was demonstrated via novel oral delivery in drinking water (ad libitum). The capacity of S. Typhimurium dam vaccine to be delivered in drinking water to protect livestock from virulent Salmonella challenge offers an effective, economical, stressor free Salmonella prophylaxis for intensive livestock production systems. Description: Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)