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__________\'f3_______________}{\nofcharsws279137}{\vern16525}}\paperw11900\paperh16840\margl1797\margr1797\gutter57 \ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180 \dgvspace180\dghorigin1854\dgvorigin1440\dghshow0\dgvshow0\jexpand\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule \fet0 {\*\docvar {EN.InstantFormat}{111}} {\*\docvar {EN.Libraries}{Thesis Biblio Library.enl}}\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery851\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl {\footer \pard\plain \s31\widctlpar \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs32 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs32\lang1024 77}}}{\cs32 \par }\pard \s31\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 { \par 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\s16\qc\sb240\sa60\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid {\cf1 \par \par }\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\fs28 Tom Honeyman \par }{\fs32 \par \par \par \par \par \par \par A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment \par of the requirements for the degree of \par Bachelor of Arts (Honours) \par }{ \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par }{\fs32 Department of Linguistics\tab \tab \tab University of Sydney \par \par JUNE 2005 \par }\pard\plain \s16\qc\sb240\sa60\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid {\page }{\cf1 \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733465}Acknowledgements{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733465} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { This thesis would not be possible without the generosity of Lee Cataldi and Tjama Napanangka, who transcribed and translated the texts upon which this thesis is based. I\rquote m also very grateful to Lee for her work compiling a lexicon and grammar sketch, upon which my work is based. \par \par I\rquote d like to thank my supervisors Jane Simpson and Bill Foley for their guidance, support and patience. I\rquote d like to thank my family for their support throughout this difficult last year. \par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 { \par \par }\pard \qc\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {.\sect }\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery851\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \qc\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par \par }{\b\f1\fs32\kerning28 Table of Contents}{ \par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 \par }\pard\plain \s15\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1 TOC \\o "1-4" }}{\fldrslt {\cf1\lang1024 Acknowledgements}{\lang1024 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733465 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400360035000000}}}{\fldrslt 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08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 41}}}{\lang1024 \par 4.2.2\tab Pronominals\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733494 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 42}}}{ \lang1024 \par 4.2.3\tab Preverbs\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733495 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 42}}}{ \lang1024 \par 4.2.4\tab Verbs\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733496 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 43}}}{ \lang1024 \par 4.2.5\tab Auxiliaries\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733497 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 43}}}{ \lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s17\li240\widctlpar\tx780\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 4.3}{\lang1024 \tab }{\lang1024\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Propositional Particles}{\lang1024 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733498 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390038000000}}}{\fldrslt { \lang1024 43}}}{\lang1024 \par 4.4\tab Clauses\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733499 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400390039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 44}}}{ \lang1024 \par 4.5\tab Word Order\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733500 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 44}}}{ \lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s15\widctlpar\tx360\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 5\tab Discourse Pragmatics of Ngardi\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733501 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 45}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s17\li240\widctlpar\tx780\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 5.1\tab }{\cf1\lang1024 Realisation of Topic and Focus in Ngardi}{\lang1024 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733502 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 46}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s15\widctlpar\tx360\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cf1\lang1024 6}{\lang1024 \tab }{\cf1\lang1024 Features of Ngardi}{\lang1024 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733503 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 51}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s17\li240\widctlpar\tx780\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.1\tab Discourse Pragmatic Bearing Structures\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733504 \\h }{ \lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 51}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s18\li480\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.1.1\tab The Auxiliary Base\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733505 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 51}}}{\lang1024 \par 6.1.2\tab Clitic Attachment\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733506 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 57}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s17\li240\widctlpar\tx780\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.2\tab Simple types of sentences\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733507 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 64}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s18\li480\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.2.1\tab Equational Sentences\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733508 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 64}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s19\li720\widctlpar\tx1620\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.2.1.1\tab Conclusions\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733509 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500300039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 67}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s18\li480\widctlpar\tx1200\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.2.2\tab Question/Answer sentence pairs\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733510 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 68}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s19\li720\widctlpar\tx1620\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 6.2.2.1\tab Yes/No Questions\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733511 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 68}}}{\lang1024 \par 6.2.2.2\tab WH-questions\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733512 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 68} }}{\lang1024 \par 6.2.2.3\tab Complications\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733513 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 70} }}{\lang1024 \par 6.2.2.4\tab Answers to Questions\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733514 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310034000000}}}{\fldrslt { \lang1024 73}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s15\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\lang1024 Bibliography\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733515 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 76}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s16\sb240\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid }}\pard\plain \s16\sb240\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid {\cf1 \par }\pard \s16\qc\sb240\sa60\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733466}Table of Figures{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733466} \par }\pard\plain \s35\fi-480\li480\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1 TOC \\c "Figure" }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 Figure 2.1 Newness and prominence struct ures (from Choi 2001)\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733516 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 17}}}{ \lang1024 \par Figure 3.1 New and Prominent regions in Warlpiri }{\lang1024\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Simpson 2004)}{\lang1024 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733517 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 32}}}{\lang1024 \par Figure 3.2 Proposed c-structure for Warlpiri (Austin and Bresnan 1996)\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733518 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 33}}}{\lang1024 \par Figure 3.3 Proposed c-structure for Warlpiri }{\lang1024\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Simpson 2004)}{\lang1024 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733519 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500310039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 34}}}{\lang1024 \par Figure 3.4 McConvell\rquote s proposed structure for Gurindji\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733520 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003500320030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 35}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid }}\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par }\pard\plain \s16\qc\sb240\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733467}List of Tables{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733467} \par }\pard\plain \s35\fi-480\li480\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx8296\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { TOC \\c "Table" }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 Table 3.1 Ngumbin-Yapa (mono-syllabic) auxiliaries\tab } {\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733425 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400320035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 30}}}{\lang1024 \par Table 5.1 topic-comment variant forms\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733426 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400320036000000}}}{\fldrslt { \lang1024 48}}}{\lang1024 \par Table 6.1 Pronominal Clitic attachment by word class\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733427 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400320037000000 }}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 58}}}{\lang1024 \par Table 6.2 Distribution of Attachment of Pronominal Clitics to Nominals\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733428 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400320038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 63}}}{\lang1024 \par Table 6.3 Distribution of Attachment of Pronominal Clitics to verbs\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733429 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400320039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 63}}}{\lang1024 \par Table 6.4 Distribution of Attachment of Pronominal Clitics to other categories\tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\lang1024 PAGEREF _Toc517733430 \\h }{\lang1024 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500310037003700330033003400330030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 63}}}{\lang1024 \par }\pard\plain \s16\qc\sb240\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid }}\pard\plain \s16\qc\sb240\sa60\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning28\cgrid { \par }\pard \s16\sb240\sa60\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 \par \sect }\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery851\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl {\*\bkmkstart _Toc497124467}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref517514703}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733468}{\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 1 \tab}\pard\plain \s1\fi-432\li432\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0 \jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32\cgrid {Introduction{\*\bkmkend _Toc497124467}{\*\bkmkend _Ref517514703}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733468} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cf1 \par In this paper I will be loo king at pronominal clitics and their role in expressing Information Structure of the Australian language Ngardi. Ngardi is a language spoken natively now by only a handful of people. Ngardi is a free word order language, and as such, conditioning of word }{\cf1 order }{\cf1 appears not to be by grammatical function, but by some other means. \par \par The theoretical framework within which I will be examining the Information Structure of Ngardi is Sentence Topic and Focus theory put forward by Lambrecht }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE LambrechtThesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size= \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 '\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /titles> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 urls>}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1994)}}}{\cf1 . The theory revolves around the idea of determining the differences between sentences with the same logico-semantic content, but differing surface forms. The key to understanding these differences is incorporating the context in which they occur.}{ \par \par I argue that pronominal encliticisation, combined with the relative identifiability of a referent allows that referent as focal information in the sentence. I posit a natural positioning of the pronominal clitics bas ed on examination of equational sentences, and show how variant forms indicate special focus structures. I conclude that obligatory use of pronominal clitics appears to dramatically increase the surface form variance and expressability in Ngardi. Based up on the evidence that I have gathered, that pronominal encliticisation and a mix of positioning and identifiability, can establish a referent as part of the focus. Positionally relative to this element other referents are then either topical or focal. \par \par }{\cf1 \sect }\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery851\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733469}{\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2\tab}\pard\plain \s1\fi-432\li432\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0 \jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32\cgrid {Theoretical Framework{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733469} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { When discussing discourse pragmatics it is extremely important to be clear about the meaning of the terminology used. Historically there has been much confusion, with certain theoretic al frameworks adopting near identical terminology, sometimes with the exact opposite meaning to a similar framework. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733470}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Information Structure{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733470} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { In many languages a sentence with a certain logico-semantic value may be realised in many different ways. These sentence variants are all grammatical, yet the speaker will choose one form over another in discourse. What differentiates these sentences i s Discourse Pragmatics.}{ \par }{ \par The domain of Discourse Pragmatics falls somewhere between syntax, semantics and pragmatics, encompassing aspects of each of these systems. Discourse Pragmatics is one part of the larger Information Structure of discourse. Vallduv i uses the term Information Packaging to \ldblquote denote\u8230\'c9nonsyntactic non-logico-semantic structuring of sentences.\rdblquote }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Vallduv\u226\'89\loch\f0 i1990312Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote36<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The informational component</style><\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tyle face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>viii, 223 p.< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 keyword>}}{\fldrslt { \dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1990:12)}}}{ while Lambrecht describes it as \ldblquote a component of sentential grammar\rdblquote which pairs propositional content and lexico-grammatical structures while paying attention to interlocutors\rquote mental states }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht19941Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information struct \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 re and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Lambrecht 1994)}}}{ . The interlocutors then use this information structure to both guide interpretation of their own utterances and themselves interpret the information within utterances they hear. \par \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733471}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Information{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733471} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {The label \ldblquote Information Structure\rdblquote naturally implies that we are structuring information. But what is the information that we are structuring? \par \par The \ldblquote Information\rdblquote of a given sentence is described by Vallduvi in terms of the propositional content of the sente nce and the knowledge store of the hearer. Propositional content and the knowledge store are both sets of logico-semantic values. The information within a given sentence is the values within the set of propositional content but outside the hearer\rquote s knowledge store. Simply put, Information is what is being conveyed to the hearer. \par \par This means that the information within a sentence can be realised in three different ways: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang3081 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \u-3913\'b7\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst183\pnrxst240\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23 \pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {If the propositional content of a sentence is completely known to the hearer, then no information is being imparted. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang3081 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \u-3913\'b7\tab}If the propositional content is completely unknown to the hearer, then all propositional content is being imparted to the hearer. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f3\lang3081 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \u-3913\'b7\tab}If the propositional content is partially known to the speaker then the information being imparted is the propositional content minus the known content. \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {In this take on Information Structure, Information does not mean the logico-semantic value of a sentence but its value relative to the hearer\rquote s knowledge store. Vallduvi argues that in addition to this the speaker is conscious of the hearer\rquote s knowledge store and incorporates this into the theory of Information Structure. \par \par Lambrecht expands upon this to a broader definition incorporating the mental states of both interlocutors. The propositional content of a speaker\rquote s utterance is a subset of the knowledge store of the speaker. The imparting of information is therefore the transference of some values within the kn owledge store of the speaker to the knowledge store of the hearer. Included in the knowledge store of the speaker are values relating to assumptions of the contents of the hearer\rquote s knowledge store. The speaker incorporates this knowledge through the inform ation structure of their sentence but even so, the intersection between the set of propositional content provided by the speaker and the inverse set of the knowledge store of the hearer will vary in size. \par \par An important point of clarification to make here is that \ldblquote propositional\rdblquote content does not equate with truth-values. This propositional content is drawn from the knowledge stores of speakers and these mental states have nothing to do with truth in an abstract and absolute logical sense. Lambrecht often uses the term \ldblquote entity\rdblquote to denote this \ldblquote propositional content\rdblquote in recognition of the fact that this content is not always propositional in a logical sense. I will use both terms in the same way. \par \par Our understanding and interaction with the world is driven by Information. According to Clark }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Clark199612Thesi\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s Biblio Library.enlEndNote126< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 c\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 all-num>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996)}}}{, what drives our interaction with others is the belief that we share information with others. Clark calls this shared information \ldblquote Common Ground\rdblquote . Common Ground is made up of multiple people perceiving something, believing their counter-parts to perceive this, and the incorporation of the perception of this perceiving itself. That is, perception is re cursively defined as the act of perceiving and the perception of that act of perceiving. With multiple people, we are conscious not just of our own act of perception, but also the perceptions and acts of perception of others. \par \par For instance, I may sit and w atch television. I perceive both what is happening on the TV show, and the act of watching the TV as well. Someone joins me and we both watch the TV. Because I am watching the TV and my perception is of the TV and the act itself, I assume this of the seco nd person as well and incorporate this into my perception. Because I perceive in this way, I also assume that my counterpart is doing the same thing. Therefore I incorporate this into my perception. \par \par I could continue, folding more perception of perception into my argument, but there is an upper limit - difficult to define, but easy to recognise \endash on how far I can take this. If there was a drama on the TV, which had two characters, Fred and Mary, and it became apparent that Fred liked Mary, then not only do I believe that Fred likes Mary, but also that the person watching the TV with me believes that Fred likes Mary. Holding beliefs about }{others\rquote }{minds, about their beliefs and desires is known as Intersubjectivity, or Theory }{of Mind}{ . This lattice of perception is based on my beliefs about the beliefs of others believing something. After much research in the field of psychology, the number of levels that that an average human can operate at has been determined to be 4. That is we can understand the Fred and Mary sentence above, but adding extra levels of perception to this becomes difficult. Common Ground incorporates not just a simple assumption of what our counterpart knows or perceives, rather it incorporates this lattice of percep tion of perception. \par \par Watching television is just one context that leads to the creation of Common Ground. Two people may share a knowledge of physics, or through having a conversation, they may create a context of Common Ground. What I will call Context (ca pitalised), Lambrecht calls the Schema or Frame. Information cannot exist free of some kind of context and so Context is a key concept in establishing Common Ground. I take Context in Common Ground as possibly broad, as in a shared knowledge of Physics, o r narrow as in a shared personal experience. It can be physical, as in the Context created of shared perceptions of physical surroundings, or abstract, as in a context created purely through a conversation of, for instance, hypothetical nature. \par \par In a generic sense, in a sentence what is regarded as new information is that which the speaker hopes to add to the speaker\rquote s knowledge. What is regarded as old information is that which the speaker assumes is known by the hearer. However, the assumptions of the spea ker can lead to a mismatch of what is regarded between speaker and hearer as new or old in a sentence. Common Ground is created in the mind. We make a lattice of assumptions about our counterpart as a starting point to a conversation and then modify our u nderstanding of this Common Ground as we progress. Context creates the raw bounds of our Common Ground, but it too is essentially dynamic. Therefore tracking what the Context and Common Ground are is an important part of communication. Identification and tracking of what is new information and what is old is an essential part of the dynamic nature of Common Ground. \par \par Lambrecht }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht1994151Thesis Biblio \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 L\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ibrary.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1994:51)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }{distances himself from the terms old and new information, which have (roughly speaking) traditional interpretations of correla ting with constituents of the sentence. He uses the terms Pragmatic Presupposition (or often just Presupposition) and Assertion}{,}{ which I will adopt for this thesis so as to avoid confusion. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733472}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Presupposition and Assertion{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733472} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {Presupposed content is essentially material in the Common Ground as defined above. In Lambrecht and Vallduvi\rquote s framework, presupposed content is drawn from the set of shared knowledge states which is drawn from both your own knowledge stores and perception of your counter-part\rquote s knowledge store. By being in the Common Ground, it can be derived from Context. \par \par Asserted content is that which is believed by the speaker to be outside the Common Ground. In Lambrecht and Vallduvi\rquote s framework, asserted content is drawn from the set of knowledge states that the speaker believes to be outside the hearer\rquote s knowledge store. That is, the speaker wishes to impart something that they assume is not already known by the hearer and is also not derivable from Context. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref516758131}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733473}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Discourse Referents{\*\bkmkend _Ref516758131}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733473} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { Within a piece of information we refer to objects (in a non-grammatical sense).These things can be abstract or physical, present or not present, known or unknown. These objects I will label \ldblquote Discourse Referents\rdblquote . One simple realisation of discourse referents in a sentence is through the use of anaphoric pronominals: I, you, them, it, and so on. \par \par Important in the discussion of referents in discourse is the bounds within which these discourse re ferents can be created and tracked. Our mind imposes upon us limitations as the number and accessibility of discourse referents. We cannot switch between a current conversation and something discussed a week ago (without sufficient re-orientation of the c onversation), and at any given time there are a limited number of things that we can be talking about. \par \par Lambrecht uses the terms Identifiability and Activation to describe these limitations. Identifiability refers to the assessment of whether a given discou rse referent is within the Common Ground, while Activation is the degree to which a given discourse referent, already within Common Ground, is \ldblquote lit-up\rdblquote or fresh in the interlocutors\rquote minds. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref516930740}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733474}{\listtext\pard\plain\s4 \b\f0\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.1.3.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s4\fi-864\li864\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3 \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst7\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrstop16 \pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5\pnrrgb7\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0 \pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin864\itap0 \b\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Identifiability{\*\bkmkend _Ref516930740}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733474} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { Identifiability does not equate with presupposition, as presupposition is an indication that some entity or propositional content is within the common ground. An identifiable discourse referent could occur in a presupposition, but it could al so occur within an assertion. In the minds of the interlocutors, identifiable discourse referents would be in both interlocutors\rquote minds, while unidentifiable referents would be only in the mind of the speaker. However, Identifiability is not a binary value , but rather a scale. Because it is derived from a subjective judgement by the speaker as to the likelihood that a hearer can identify a discourse referent, it is underlyingly a gradation. One simple example to show this would be to consider drawing disco urse referents from a physical context. Proximal referents could potentially be considered more Identifiable that distal referents. Unseen physical referents may be unidentifiable. \par \par Lambrecht }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht1994179Thesis Biblio Library.enlEn \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Note16<style face='normal' font=' \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 d\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 efault' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style><style face= \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 '\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 < \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tyle face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Cambridge University Press}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1994:96)}}}{. \par \par A Semi-Active referent naturally sits between Active and Inactive. It has either become less active through i}{t}{s lack of use as a formerly Active referent or is Semi-Active be cause it is determinable contextually. As I mentioned above, an active referent that ceases to be referenced decays in \ldblquote activeness\rdblquote over time, until it is Semi-active. Also, by merit of being contextually construable, an inactive referent that is determine d by the speaker to be identifiable is considered semi-active. The category of Semi-Active really holds two rather different types of discourse referents}{; }{for this reason I would prefer to discuss them explicitly as \ldblquote Formerly Active \rdblquote and \ldblquote Contextually Construable\rdblquote Discourse Referents. However, the relation between them is that they are both contextually construable. Formerly Active referents are construable through the context of the discourse itself. As such they may be realised through some kind of deic tic anchoring to their given context, in order to make them more identifiable. \par \par While Identifiability seems to have some correlates with the grammatical category of definiteness, Activation seems to correlate with Prosody and Morphology. In English (and other languages) Lambrecht argues }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht1994193Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1994:93)}}}{ that weak prosodic stress, pronominalisation and zero coding can indicate the Active status of a referent. \par \par Pronominals naturally fit into the role of active discourse referents. As they are by definition anaphoric, that is, used to refer to a referent previously mentioned in some fashion, they are (almost always) active referents. Pronominals are a mix of semantic, Information Structure and Morpho-Syntactic features }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Bresnan200118Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote185\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Emergence of the Unmarked Pronoun</style>Optimality-theoretic syntax \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MIT Press}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Bresnan 2001)}}}{ . Cross-linguistically they are realised as varying mixes of these three features. Semantically, they are anaphoric and shift their reference relative to the speaker (for instance, \ldblquote I\rdblquote doesn\rquote t refer to a single person in the world of two interlocutors, it always refers to the speaker). Morpho-syntactically they may be realised with features of agreement such as person, number and gender. Their relation to Information Structure is a major part of this thesis, which I will discuss in Sections 4, 5 and 6. Bresnan }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Bresnan200118Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote185<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The Emergenc \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 of the Unmarked Pronoun</style>< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 isbn>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (2001)}}}{ describes a natural, cross-linguistic scale for the grammatical expression of pronominal forms: \par \tab Zero Bound Clitic Weak Pronoun \par Zero has no morpho-syntactic realisation, Bound are morphologically bound pronominals, Clitics have a place in syntax but are phonologically bound to some host, Weak pronominals are free, but don\rquote t have primary sentence stress, and Pronouns are free with primary sentence stress. These forms are different mixes of the features I mention above. No language has all these forms, but many have more than 1. As we shall see in Ngardi, the difference betw een types allows for expression of different kinds of information structure. \par \par I should stress that these Morpho-syntactic and Prosodic features do not equate with Activation, as definiteness does not equate with Identifiability, rather they are structures a vailable to the speaker to indicate the perceived activeness of that referent. Prototypically, they do correlate, and indeed there are strong semantic links between them. Other constraints may result in variation of the expression of Activeness. For insta nce, for disambiguation of reference to one of two active coordinated candidates, a fully lexicalised NP (Noun Phrase) might be used where a pronominal could have grammatically expressed a referent. \par \par As I mentioned above, weak prosodic stress may indicate Activeness, but there is no corresponding contrast for use of strong prosodic stress. This means that use of prosodic stress, at least in terms of Activeness, is the unmarked form. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733476}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1.4\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Discourse Pragmatics{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733476} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {So far we have features of g rammar and cognitive constraints working together to define the Information Structure of a sentence, but there is a third aspect which combines with these to further define this structure. As I mentioned above, while two differently formed sentences might express the same logico-semantic content, the difference expressed by the use of one form or another is the realm of Discourse Pragmatics. This is normally broken down into the identification of Topic and Focus (and discourse neutral) sections of a senten ce. As above, Topic and Focus do not simply align with features of grammar but there is a strong relation between them. There are various grammatical forms used to express Topic and Focus. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref517067770}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref517164444}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733477}{\listtext\pard\plain\s4 \b\f0\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.1.4.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s4\fi-864\li864\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3 \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst7\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrstop16 \pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5\pnrrgb7\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0 \pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin864\itap0 \b\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Topic{\*\bkmkend _Ref517067770}{\*\bkmkend _Ref517164444}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733477} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {Generically, Topic is defined as what a sentence is about. In this thesis I will be using Lambrecht\rquote s notion of Topic. Topic is short for Topic constituent or Topic phrase. It does not refer to the Discourse topic. \par \par If someone was introducing me to someone else, and they said: \par \tab \ldblquote Tom speaks Japanese\rdblquote \par The Topic is myself, and the Topic Phrase or Topic NP is \ldblquote Tom\rdblquote . I am the entity about which something is being said. The information being imparted is about me. The pragmatic predicate \ldblquote x speaks Japanese\rdblquote would be the focus in this utterance. \par \par Topic does not equate to the traditional (English oriented) grammatical notion of subject but most of the time the two do align. The prototypical expression of Topic in many European languages is as the subject of a sentence, but in some circumstances the grammatical subject of sentence is less prominent }{than }{other constituents. There is a natural relation between Topic and presupposition, in as much as, for a sentence to be about something, that something should be presupposed. However, as with Topic and Subject, Topic and Presupposition roughly align rather than equate. Again, one might draw a connection between Topic and Activeness but as I will discuss below, Active referents can in fact be F ocal. \par \par The partial alignment of Topic with all these feature}{s}{ is not what defines Topic status, rather, it is a pragmatically construed sentence relation. That is, it is actually construed from discourse context. While this is often realised through various kinds of syntactic, prosodic and morphological marking, and may often align with other cognitive states, this alignment does not define Topic status, }{but }{rather indicates it to the hearer. \par \par A Topic relation is the relation of a cognitive representation of a discourse referent and a proposition about that referent. So in using the term Topic I am referring to this topical discourse referent. The notion of discourse referent is distinct from t h e linguistic expression of that referent however. As I have discussed previously, Discourse Referents are given bounds by Context and the limitations of the mind (represented by the cognitive categories of Identifiability and Activation). They are then re alised morpho-syntactically. When referring to the actual constituent in a sentence I will explicitly use Topic Constituent, or more specifically Topic NP. \par \par Topics can vary in their pragmatic acceptability in use in a sentence. Discourse referents may be gi ven bounds by Common Ground but there is a range of points within that common ground that topics can be drawn from. Lambrecht defines a scale of acceptability from most acceptable to least }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht165<\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /Pages>Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sente \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ce form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Lambrecht 1994:165)}}}{: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7 \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {active \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls7\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {semi-active (formerly active) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c.\tab}unused (contextually construable and within the common ground) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d.\tab}brand-new anchored (unidentifiable, but given context) \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e.\tab}brand-new unanchored (unidentifiable) \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {(a) is a referent curre ntly being used. (b) is a formerly active referent that has become semi-active. (c) is an inactive referent that is contextually construable and within the common ground. It is critical that it is within the common ground as this means that the speaker as s umes it is construable to the hearer. For (d) and (e) the referent is inactive but not contextually construable. Anchoring gives the hearer a contextual framework within which to understand the otherwise unrecognisable referent, bringing it into the commo n ground. For instance \ldblquote rex\rdblquote may be completely unknown to the hearer, but \ldblquote my dog Rex\rdblquote anchors this otherwise unidentifiable referent as the dog belonging to the speaker. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733478}{\listtext\pard\plain\s4 \b\f0\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.1.4.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s4\fi-864\li864\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3 \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst7\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrstop16 \pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5\pnrrgb7\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0 \pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin864\itap0 \b\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Focus{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733478} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {Generically, Focus is defined as new informati on. As with Topic it is a pragmatically construed form related to, but not equating with a number of grammatical forms. In terms of Common Ground, Focal elements are considered by the speaker to be outside Common Ground and are packaged in a sentence to i ndicate this. \par \par In the example I gave in the previous section \ldblquote Tom speaks Japanese\rdblquote , I said that the pragmatic predicate \ldblquote x speaks Japanese\rdblquote is the focus. The relationship between the grammatical predicate \ldblquote speaks Japanese\rdblquote and the pragmatic predicate \ldblquote x speaks Japanese\rdblquote is subtle. While Topic NPs and Focal Predicates may be marked in a sentence, Focus is actually more like a semantic notion, than a region in a sentence. \par \par Focus roughly aligns with that which is asserted by the speaker, but assertion impl ies propositional content. Focal elements could simply contain discourse referents Unidentifiable to the hearer, or could be propositional information about given Active referents. \par \par Focus is often defined as the complement of Topic, in the sense that it pr ototypically is the pragmatic predicate to the topical discourse referent. However, in the practice of the application of the label, the definition between what falls under Topic and Focus can be blurred. So it }{is }{ useful instead to define it as a separate discourse pragmatic category, rather than in terms of the Topic. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref517003078}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref517003089}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733479}{\listtext\pard\plain\s4 \b\f0\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.1.4.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s4\fi-864\li864\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3 \jclisttab\tx864\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl3\outlinelevel3\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst7\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrstop16 \pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5\pnrrgb7\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0 \pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin864\itap0 \b\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Newness and Prominence{\*\bkmkend _Ref517003078}{\*\bkmkend _Ref517003089} {\*\bkmkend _Toc517733479} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {Choi }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Choi2001 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 21Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote21< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 rec-number>5<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Phrase Structure, Information Structure, and Resolution of Mismatch</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (2001)}}}{ defines Information Structure in terms of the binary features of Newness (NEW) and Prominence (PROM). NEW marks whether an element is new to the conversation or not. This is the new/old information dichotomy that I mention above. PROM is an indication of the importance of this information. The combination of these two features results in a 4-way contrast of Discourse Pragmatic structures whic h neatly covers some of the variation in Topic and Focus, but not in terms of Topic and Focus. \par \par The idea behind the binary features is that there are two driving forces behind expressing information structure in a sentence. The first is the contrast between New and Old information. What is new is generally what you\rquote re trying to convey, but you need to occasionally frame it with old material to give it context. On the other hand, regardless of whether the information is new or not, some parts are simply more important or relevant than others. This is what the PROM feature is trying to express. \par \par For instance in \ldblquote Tom speaks Japanese\rdblquote , \ldblquote Tom\rdblquote is +PROM \endash NEW and \ldblquote x speaks Japanese\rdblquote is \endash PROM + NEW. If the person I was being introduced to said: \ldblquote I speak Japanese \rdblquote , \ldblquote I\rdblquote is +PROM +NEW and \ldblquote x speaks Japanese\rdblquote is -NEW \endash PROM. If that person said \ldblquote I speak }{\ul Chinese}{\rdblquote then \ldblquote I\rdblquote is +PROM +NEW and \ldblquote Chinese \rdblquote is +NEW +PROM. \par \par }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1384 \cellx1269 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3260 \cellx4501\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3872 \cellx8357\pard \qc\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell +PROM\cell -PROM\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1384 \cellx1269 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3260 \cellx4501\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3872 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1384 \cellx1269\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3260 \cellx4501\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3872 \cellx8357\pard \qc\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {-NEW\cell }\pard \sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Topic, link, \u8230\'c9\cell Tail, \u8230\'c9\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1384 \cellx1269\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3260 \cellx4501\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3872 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1384 \cellx1269\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3260 \cellx4501\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3872 \cellx8357\pard \qc\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {+NEW\cell }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Contrastive Focus, \u8230\'c9\cell Completive/Presentational Focus, \u8230\'c9\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1384 \cellx1269\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3260 \cellx4501\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3872 \cellx8357\row }\pard\plain \s33\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\lang3081\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517621472} {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733516}Figure }{\field{\*\fldinst { STYLEREF 1 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 2}}}{.}{\field{\*\fldinst { SEQ Figure \\* ARABIC \\s 1 }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 1}}}{ Newness and prominence structures (from Choi 2001){\*\bkmkend _Toc517621472 }{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733516} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par The table above shows some example mappings of NEW and PROM to some commonly used discourse p ragmatic categories. I will draw upon these variations in further explanations of the difference between categories of Information Structures in Ngardi. As we will see, prominence }{is }{a useful distinction in differentiating structures. \par \par The labels TOPIC and FOCUS actually group several different types of Topic and Focus together. Topic and Focus can combine in a number of patterns forming different Information Structures. This is a motivation in naming different kinds of Topic and Focus. Some of the labels arise from the realisation of Topic or Focus as some kind of marked morpho-syntactic structure. I will cover these variations in the next section. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733480}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.1.5\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr5\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Categories of Information Structure{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733480} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {The core idea in Lambrecht\rquote s theory of Information Structure is the differentiation of \ldblquote allo-sentences\rdblquote through the indication of the Discourse Pragmatic elements. Allo-sentences are sentences with the same logico-semantic value, but with different surface forms. The discourse conte xt is what creates these different surface forms. That is, the variation in surface form is driven by the need to package the information in a way that expresses salience to the context within which it was uttered. These allo-sentences could also be consi d ered in terms of markedness, by which I mean that one sentence form can usually be considered more marked than its allo-sentence counterpart. The simplest method of considering what is marked and unmarked is statistical distribution. That is, the most fre quently occurring pattern would be considered unmarked, while an infrequent pattern would be considered marked. \par \par There is a plethora of Information Structures (patterns of Discourse Pragmatics) and Discourse Pragmatic types (Types of Topic, Focus, and so on ). The motivation for this seeming excess, is the number of ways in which Topical and Focal elements can deviate from a norm to produce further subtleties in Information Structure. Many of these differences are labelled in terms of the morpho-syntactic de viation necessary to express these subtleties. \par \par Information Structure categories can be broken down on a number of dimensions. In doing so we can see that bringing to the forefront some aspect of grammar motivates the creation of some of the terminology. \par \par O n a purely Discourse Pragmatic level, we know that Topic, Focus and Discourse Neutral regions can be marked in a sentence. Because of this we would expect several potential variants: Sentences with topic and focus; Sentences with just Focal elements; Sent e nces with just Topical elements; and sentences with Discourse Neutral material that may or may not include Topical and Focal elements. A sentence composed only of Topical elements is possible but rare, for instance a sentence which is a clarification of a previous statement}{\cs30\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s29\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cs30\super \chftn }{ Although arguably this is focal in the sense of meaning \ldblquote 10:30, not any other time\rdblquote }}}{: \par }\pard \fi720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {A: \ldblquote We leave at 10:30\rdblquote \par B: \ldblquote (OK,) 10:30\rdblquote . \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Sentences composed of purely focal material are said to have Sentential Focus. For example, in the following: \par \tab Q: What Happened? \par \tab A: The }{\ul tree}{ fell over! \par \par The answer is entirely Focal. \par \par Topical and Focal regions}{\cs30\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s29\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cs30\super \chftn }{ But these regions do not equate with the Topic and Focus of a sentence.}}}{ can be marked in a sentence, and so we should expect different orderings of To pic and Focus regions. Simply put, we could have Topic then Focus or Focus then Topic. To form allo-sentences, we can use morpho-syntactic or prosodic variants. These will allow us to express different orderings of Topic and Focus. \par \par Using Question Answer pairs, we can identify the Focal parts of the answer. The question establishes what is known and the answer is new information. \par \par A sentence like: \par }\pard \fi720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\ldblquote John went to the zoo\rdblquote \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {can have different Information Structure depending on context within which it is said. If the question was: \par }\pard \fi720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\ldblquote Where did }{\ul John}{ go?\rdblquote (Underlining represents primary stress) \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {then in the reply, \ldblquote John\rdblquote is Topical, while \ldblquote to the }{\ul zoo}{\rdblquote is Focal. If the question was: \par }\pard \fi720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\ldblquote who went to the zoo\rdblquote \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {then it is reversed \ldblquote }{\ul John}{\rdblquote is Focal and \ldblquote went to the zoo\rdblquote is Topical. Actually, the semantic notion \ldblquote somebody/x went to the zoo\rdblquote is Topical, rather than the Verb Phrase \ldblquote went to the zoo\rdblquote . In English the Focal status of John is indicated by prosodic stress. Arguably, \ldblquote John went to the zoo\rdblquote (in response to \ldblquote Where is John?\rdblquote ) might be considered the proto-typical form. Lambrecht calls this a Topic-Comment or Predicate-Focus sentence. Where an argument is given prominence, such as in \ldblquote John went to the }{\ul zoo}{\rdblquote , Lambrecht calls this Argument-Focus. \par \par This is a simple example of Prosody indicating a difference in Information Structure brought about by context. Precisely how Information Structure interacts with Ngardi grammar is the subject of this thesis. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref517419784}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref517497889}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref517514711}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733481}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 2.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1 \keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Realisation of Topic and Focus in Ngardi{\*\bkmkend _Ref517419784}{\*\bkmkend _Ref517497889}{\*\bkmkend _Ref517514711}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733481} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {In this thesis I will be examining my interlinearisations of two transcripts by Lee Cataldi and }{\f27\lang1033 Tjama Napanangka }{ of a group of people playing cards on two separate occasions. The first recording was made at Malan on the 17/8/00, and the second was made at Balgo 21/10/00}{\cs30\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s29\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cs30\super \chftn }{ Copies of these transcripts are available through Lee Cataldi, but they contain restricted materials, so I have not included them with this thesis.}}} {. The conversation within these transcripts is primarily about the card game that they are all playing. There is occasional code-switching, but it is clear that the people involved were asked to speak in Ngardi only, as they will often repeat a phrase in Ngardi. It is also clear that they are conscious of being recorded and on a couple of occasions modify their language upon realisation that they are being recorded. Altogether there are approximately 1000 lines of utterances}{\cs30\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s29\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cs30\super \chftn }{ I use this term throughout this paper to refer to a sentence or group of sentences. Each person\rquote s turn in the conversation is an \ldblquote utterance\rdblquote }}}{ (i.e. of speaker\rquote s turns, which may be one word or several sentences). \par \par The transcription marks individual speaker\rquote s turns, but does not ide ntify each speaker. There is also inconsistent prosodic marking and no data on intonation. This lack of data limits the potential for a more thorough analysis. Certainly, prosody and intonation are key features in identifying discourse pragmatic structure s, and inability to identify individual speakers limits my ability both to identify idiosyncrasies, and also track topical and focal material over lengthy conversations. \par \par In terms of the idiosyncrasies, I have interlinearised several other narrative texts by individuals from which I can identify some speakers}{\rquote }{ idiosyncrasies. Some of the transcriptions are from 1991, and these texts appear rather different to the materials recorded in 2000 and 2001, but analysing the differences between these texts is beyond the scope of this thesis. Altogether, these additional texts, from which I have gathered statistics on categorical attachment of pronominal clitics and so on, represent another 1000 lines of text. There are further texts which have not been interlinearis ed totalling roughly a further 1000 lines of Ngardi, from which I have drawn information on confirmation of irregular lexical forms. \par \par In the absence of intonation, and the inconsistent marking of prosody I have f ocused my analysis mainly on morpho-syntactic features of Ngardi. As we shall see in the next section, there are several studies of identification of morpho-syntactic structures carrying information structure properties. However, I must note that in the a bsence of prosody and intonation, I cannot give a complete picture of Ngardi Information Structure. Instead, this thesis will cover what I argue are morpho-syntactic features whose realisation reflects their discourse pragmatic conditioning. \par \par In Ngardi ther e are two central features that indicate discourse pragmatics. First, there is a pattern of categorical and positional pronominal encliticisation, and its interaction with a modal auxiliary that indicates that what precedes it is discourse salient. Second , there appear to be specialised syntactic slots that hold specific discourse pragmatic values. \par \par \sect }\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery851\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl {\*\bkmkstart _Toc497124468}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733482}{\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3\tab}\pard\plain \s1\fi-432\li432\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0 \jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32\cgrid {Features of Neighbouring and other similar Languages{\*\bkmkend _Toc497124468}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733482} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cf1 Ngardi has a number of features in common with its neighbouring languages. There are several studies of the Information Structure of these neighbouring languages, as well as studies of Information structure in other non-neighbouring languages formed by features that occur in Ngardi. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733483}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Australian Languages{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733483} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { Australian languages are roughly divided into two groups: Pama-Nyungan in the south and Non Pama-Nyungan in the north. Pama-Nyungan languages can be identified by their mostly suffixing morphology, while Non Pama-Nyungan languages can be identified roughly by the presence of both suffixing and prefixing morphology and also by the presence of noun classes in some of the languages. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733484}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Ngumbin-Yapa Languages{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733484} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {Ngardi is a Pama-Nyungan language, and as such is essentially a suffixing only language. Ngardi is described by Cataldi }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Cataldi27Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2734 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 authors><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>A Dictionary of Ngardi</style> }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (n.d.)}}}{ as closely related to Southern Jaru and Eastern Walmajarri, which along with Gurindji, (both of which are also closely related to Ngardi) and Mudburra form the Ngumbin language group. Speakers of Ngardi report Warlpir i as the most closely related language. Warlpiri is a member of the Ngarrkic language group. Together, Ngumbin and Ngarrkic languages form the Ngumbin-Yapa language group. Ngardi also has some relationship with Kukatja, a Western Desert language. Many spe akers come from the Balgo area in which Kukatja is one of the primary languages. Essentially, Ngardi is located at the intersection of these three language groups.}{\cf1 \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733485}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Morpho-Syntactic Features{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733485} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cf1 My discussion of neighbouring and sim ilar languages will revolve around the features that I mention at the end of Section 2, critical to defining a specific subset of discourse pragmatics. These features are grouped under the banners of Non-configurationality, and Pronominalisation.}{ \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733486}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.3.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Non-Configurationality{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733486} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {Non-configurationality has been the source of much debate in linguistic circles. The issue began with Kenneth Hale\rquote s analysis in the 1980 \rquote s of Warlpiri as a language where phrase structure played no role in determining grammatical function. That is, beyond the word level there were no syntactic categories. \par \par Non-configurationality is a feature that is often grouped with others. Non-configurationality means that the langua ge has (relatively) free word order. In analysis of many Australian languages Non-configurationality has often been grouped with the use of null anaphora and \ldblquote discontinuous noun phrases\rdblquote }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>Simpson23Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2334<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Expressing Pragmatic Constraints on Word Order in Warlpiri< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 style>No \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 dlinger199824Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote246<style face='normal' font='def \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ult' size='100%'>Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996; Nordling\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 er 1998; Simpson 2004)}}}{. \par \par Free word order at the clause level means that there is more than one possible ordering of constituents in a sentence. In other words, ordering of major constituents is not based upon grammatical function. \par \par The use of null anaphora means that arguments licensed by the predicator may not be realised lexically. In the absence of an overtly expressed argument, the argument place is assumed to be filled by a previously mentioned referent. In Warlpiri\rquote s case (and many other Australian languages), the absence of an overtly expressed argument is interpreted as a reference to third person singular definite. \par \par Discontinuous Noun Phrases, sometime referred to as \ldblquote Split NPs\rdblquote are NPs that form a single semantic unit but are spread discontinuo usly throughout a clause. Only case marking (and coordination in some circumstances) marks them as being part of the same \ldblquote phrasal\rdblquote constituent, in as much as this discontinuous NP will represent as a whole, an argument that is licensed by the predicator. Cross-linguistically in Australian languages, discontinuous NPs can be realised as single word NPs spread throughout the sentence, and in some languages such as Warlpiri, complex and single word NPs spread throughout the sentence. \par \par Hale\rquote s analysis of the presence of these features as a non-configurational language broke a number of assumptions about the universality of languages central to Chomsky\rquote s notion of Universal Grammar (UG). UG binds grammatical function to syntactic ordering of phrasal constituents , and so the free reordering of these constituents meant that phrasal coordination could not be the central source of definition of grammatical function. Indeed even a core notion like constituency seemed to be broken in this language. Null anaphora meant that verbs that licensed arguments would not have their requirements filled, breaking the projection principle. Separately, any of these features cause trouble for UG. Together they posed even more of a problem. \par \par I will not go too much into the history of the argument about non-configurationality, which has been covered extensively elsewhere }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-configurationali \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 y in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Nordlinger199824Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote246<style face=' \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ormal' font='default' size='100%'>Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages</style>Austin200125Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote255<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Word order in a free word order \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 language: the case of Jiwarli</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996; Nordlinger 1998; Austin 2001)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 . Currently, there are two models that deal with the presence of these non-configurational features. \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 The Dual Structure Hypothesis abandons the projection principle, separating constituency and functional representation. The Pronominal Argument Hypothesis solves the problems mentioned above by arguing that Pronominal Clitics fill the core arguments, and \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 hat the nominals are just adjuncts }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622Thesis Biblio L\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ibrary.enlEndNote2217 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 .}{ \par \par The Dual Structure Hypothesis requires breaking the binding between constituents and associated grammatical functions. Typically this can be represented in theoretical frameworks like Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) in terms of Obliqueness Hierarchies } {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Nordlinger199824Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote246<sty \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 e face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages</style>NordlingerThesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote246<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Con \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Nordlinger 1998)}}}{. For the purposes of illustration here (and throughout this thesis) I will be using a simplified version of LFG similar to that used by Kroeger}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (2004)}{. \par \par LFG breaks down grammar into a number of separate systems which are linked together. The core systems are }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Author>Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEnd \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 N\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ote2217<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>Kroeger200410Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote106Kroeger, Paul<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Analyzing syntax : a lexical-functional approach</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996; Kroeger 2004)}}}{: \par }\pard \fi720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {- a(rgument) structure, which links the number and type of arguments with a predicate \par - f(unctional) structure, which models the grammatical relations among syntactic functions \par - c(onstituent/categorical) structure, which shows the constituency and coordination of syntactic categories \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 { \par These structures are linked explicitly to define their inter-relationships. Additional structures are sometimes incorporated, but I will not be covering these here. Because a grammatical relation does not have to be linked directly to phrase structure, th is frees up LFG to define non-configurational languages in a different way. \par \par The result of this means of analysis is that the features that make up non-configurationality are not so tightly bound together. This is supported cross-linguistically as there are a number of languages that contain variations on the degree of expression of these features, and yet still appear to be non-configurational}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style face="no \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 mal" font="default" size="100%">Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996)}}}{. \par \par Most critically, the dual hypothesis gives a syntactic explanation that allows for discourse pragmatic conditioning of elements. I will return to a syntactic model of this in section }{\field{\*\fldinst { REF _Ref516225431 \\r \\h }{{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310036003200320035003400330031000000}}{ \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {3.4}}}{. \par \par The Pronominal Argument Hypothesis, by using the pronominal clitics as core arguments, conveniently brings all the anomalies that Hale mentions together to once again define the languag e as configurational. The result of this solution is a unified approach to all of the features of non-configurationality, which also gives a syntactic explanation for split-ergative case marking, whereas, in previous models this was an unrelated feature. \par \par In Warlpiri and some other Australian languages, case marking on arguments is co-indexed with the pronominal clitic core arguments. Nominative Pronominal Clitics co-index absolutive case marking on arguments in intransitive sentences and ergative case mar k ing on arguments in transitive sentences. Accusative Pronominal Clitics co-index absolutive case marking on arguments in transitive sentences and dative case marking in di-transitive sentences. Finally, Dative Pronominal Clitics co-index dative case marke d arguments in sentences involving third person clitics. All other case marking on NPs simply marks them as adjuncts. \par \par Austin and Bresnan (1996) argue that there are some problems with this model, specifically as it relates to Warlpiri and cross-linguistically in Australian languages. \par NPs spread throughout the sentence in Warlpiri can be (semantically) definite or indefinite, but the Pronominal Clitics attached to the Auxiliary base are always definite. The case marking on NPs can also vary between a complex NP, and \ldblquote discontinuous\rdblquote single word NPs each with their own case marking. Also, some verbally licensed arguments receive allative case marking as they are semantically required. These mismatches are not captured by the Pronominal Argument Hypothesis. \par \par Case frames appear to be lexically determined in Warlpiri. That is, case is not always semantically predictable. Simpson (1991) argues that it is not possible to assign case in isolation and it is the verb that carries the case frame information. \par \par Null pronominals can occur in the absence of an auxiliary}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Simpson19916Th\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 esis Biblio Library.enlEndNote66Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tyle face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>410.5 56}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Simpson 1991; Austin and Bresnan 1996)}}}{. So a pronominal interpretation of Warlpiri is independent of the presence of an Auxiliary. Indeed cr oss-linguistically in Australian languages there is quite a range of realisations of the auxiliary, from none at all, to almost always obligatory. I will return to this in section }{\field{\*\fldinst { REF _Ref516637076 \\r \\h }{{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310036003600330037003000370036000000}}{ \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {3.3.3}}}{. \par \par Finally Austin and Bresnan\rquote s arguments against the Pronominal Argument Hypothesis round up with evidence in Warlpiri that there are unregistered arguments occurring in some situations. There are argument NPs marked with non core cases which are not cross-referenced by the Pronomi nal clitics. For instance the allative case marked arguments optionally required by some verbs such as \ldblquote to talk\rdblquote (}{\i wangka}{\i -}{) are not cross-referenced by a pronominal clitic. \par \par In the distantly related Jiwarli }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin200125Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ec-number>255<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Word order in a free word ord \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 r language: the case of Jiwarli</style>Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-configurationality in Australian Aborig \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 nal Langugages</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and B\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 resnan 1996; Austin 2001)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 some, but not all features of non-configurationality are represented. In the absence of an auxiliary and Pronominal Clitics (which are at the core of the pronominal argument hypothesis), Jiwarli still manages to exhibit non-con \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 figurational properties. That is, Jiwarli still appears to have free word ordering.}{ \par \par Configurationality and non-configurationality can be considered as different means to establishing grammatical function}{s}{ in a given language. Nordlinger }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Nordlinger199824Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote246<title><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1998)}}}{ breaks down the realisation of non-configurationality, not as a binary value, but as a gradation with extreme non-configurationality (for instance, many Australian languages) at one end and extremely configurational languages (like English) at the other. She argues that most languages around the world actually sit somewhere in the middle of this spectrum. \par \par Austin and Bresnan break down identification of non-configurationality in Australian languages into the presence of some (but not necessar ily all) of a number of features. The original three, free word order, discontinuous NPs and null anaphora are still there, but are joined by the presence or absence of pronominal encliticisation, the pattern of affixation (either individually case marked nominals or both coordinated case marked NPs and individual case marked nominals), and the patterning of core cases (Ergative-absolutive, Split-ergative or Nominative-accusative). The spread of these features show that there is a range of realisation of n o n-configurational languages, and the presence of all features is not entirely necessary for marking of non-configurational status. For instance, the absence of pronominal clitics in Jiwarli does not force it to become configurational. It still has free wo rd order, Discontinuous NPs and Null anaphora. \par \par Non configurational features are realised in the neighbours of Ngardi in the following ways: \par }{\dbch\f15 \par }{Jaru (the southern dialect of which is closely related to Ngardi), according to Tsunoda}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 , is a so called \ldblquote split-e\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 rgative\rdblquote language }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Tsunoda1981491Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote46}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1981:91)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 . Roughly speaking, it has cross-referencing pronominal clitics which are nominative-accusative. Case marking on nominals and free pronominals is rou\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ghly absolutive-ergative. NPs can be single word items spread discontinuously, but can also be complex (and still discontinuous). Word order is quite free, but Tsunoda notes favoured or statistically prevalent word orderings and some situations where the \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 w\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ord order is fixed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Tsunoda1981492Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote46}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1981:92)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 . Null Anaphora occurs in Jaru.}{ \par \par Walmajarri (the eastern dialect of which is closely related to Ngardi), according to Hudson }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Hudson19788Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote86<style \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ace='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The core of Walmatjari grammar</style>Richards19909Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote96< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 uthor><style face='normal' font='default' size=' \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 1\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 00%'>Walmajarri - English dictionary with English finder list</style><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The core of Walmatjari grammar</style>} }{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Hudson 1978:18)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 .}{ \par \par Kukatja is a Western Desert Language spoken at Balgo, where many Ngardi speakers live. Austin and Bresnan }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622262Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tyle face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Austin, Peter<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-c \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 nfigurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style>< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ear> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /record>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996:262)}}}{ describe Western Desert languages as split-ergative, with case marking on complex NPs and single word NPs. Like Jaru they have a cross-referencing pronominal clitic system, Null Anaphora, and free word order. In contr ast to the other neighbouring languages I discuss here, it does not have a verbal auxiliary. In Kukatja all tense, aspect and mood variants are captured in the verb form}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Valiquette19937Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote76<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Basic Kukatja to English d \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ctionary</style>} }{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Valiquett\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 e 1993)}}}{. \par \par Gurindji is a related language which behaves in much the same fashion as Jaru, however, there is a topical suffix }{\i -ma}{ which does not occur in any of the other languages I discuss here }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell199614Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145<style face="normal" font="Arial" size="13">The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Cl \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>1575860155 1575860147 (pbk.)}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (McConvell 19\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 96)}}}{. This topical suffix appears to be similar (but only in form) to the auxiliary base in Walmajarri. I will return to this in section }{\field{\*\fldinst { REF _Ref516737507 \\r \\h }{{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310036003700330037003500300037000000}}{ \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {3.3.3}}}{ . Together Gurindji, Jaru and Walmajarri are part of the Ngumbin sub group of languages. Ngardi is another member of this group. \par \par Warlpiri is not a Ngumbin language, but is grouped with the Ngumbin languages in the broader Ngumbin-Yapa language group. To summarize the features in Warlpiri, it has ergative-absolutive core c ases, complex and single word case marked NPs, nominative-accusative pronominal clitics, null anaphora, discontinuous NPs and free word order }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622262Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996:262)}}}{. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733487}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.3.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {Pronominal Encoding{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733487} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\cf1 As I mentioned in section }{\field{\*\fldinst {\cf1 REF _Ref516758131 \\r \\h }{\cf1 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310036003700350038003100330031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cf1 2.1.3}}}{\cf1 , pronominals are very important in discourse pragmatics. Bresnan }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Bresnan200118Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote185<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The Emergence of the Unmarked Pronoun</style>}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (2001)}}}{\cf1 even includes Information Structure as one of the possible dimensions from which pronominals are formed. To briefly recap, Bresnan argues that pronominals vary in thr ee different dimensions: Semantic (anaphora and shift-reference), Morpho-Syntactic realisation (agreement on person, number, gender, and so on) and Information Structure (Topical and Focal). Cross-linguistically, pronominals can be realised in many ways, as varying combinations of these features. As we will see, pronominals, both their form and their use are critical in determining the discourse pragmatics in many Australian languages. \par \par I have already mentioned the bound pronominal forms used in many Australian languages (although they are missing in the non-configurational language Jiwarli }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin200125Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote255< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 author><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Word order in a free word order language: the case of Jiwarli</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt { \cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin 2001)}}}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ), but\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 in all the languages I mention above (Ngumbin-Yapa languages and the Western Desert language Kukatja), there are also free pronominal forms that appear to have a contrasting discourse pragmatic use, associated with focus }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvellThesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic System \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 : Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt { \cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (McConvell 1996)}}}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 . Tha\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 t is, if obligatory bound pronominals are used in a language, then use of free form in addition to this is breaking the Gricean Maxim of Quantity, unless use is conveying more than just the semantic content of the pronominal (in the sense that Bresnan bre \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ks down pronominals). Both the bound and free forms carry agreement markers, and so what differentiates the two is that the free pronominals have some Information Structure qualities. \par \par \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 The bound forms however also have a role in determining the discourse p\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ragmatics of many Australian languages. McConvell }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell199614Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996)}}}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 argues that in the Ngumbin languages Mudburra and Gurindji incorporate Information Structure through a contrast between positional and\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 categorical encliticisation. A tendency for encliticisation of bound pronominals in second position to the first word or constituent is sometimes termed a Wackernagel system, and when encliticisation to a specific category also occurs, McConvell terms th \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s a split-Wackernagel system. McConvell argues that split-Wackernagel systems arise when a language makes the transition from purely positional cliticisation to a fixed categorical encliticisation. \par \par \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 In Jaru, Tsunoda }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Tsunoda19814124Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote46<st \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 le face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The Djaru language of Kimberley, Western Australia</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 urls>}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1981:124)}}}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 notes that the bound forms will attach to a catalyst (or auxiliary base), interrogatives, adverbs of modality, conjunctions, imperative, purposive or hortative verbs and rarely, nominals (when sentence in\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 itial)}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 , }{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 though he notes encliticisation to nominals is a common pattern in southern dialects of Jaru (which includes Ngardi). He regards the encliticisation pattern by category as a hierarchy of priority: the catalyst is most likely while the verbs are \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 least likely. \par \par \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Hudson }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Hudson19788Thesis Bibli \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 o Library.enlEndNote86< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 authors><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The core of Walmatjari grammar</style>RichardsThesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote96\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <style face='normal' font='defa \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 lt' size='100%'>Walmajarri - English dictionary with English finder list</style>Summer Institute of Linguistics}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1978; Richards and Hudson 1990)}}}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 analyses the pronominal clitics in Walmajarri as part of a modal auxiliary. The modal root is dropped in some cases (such as imperative sentences) and t\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 he pronominal clitics attach to the verb or are realised as null when indicating third singular nominative and accusative pronominals. \par \par }{\cf1 In Gurindji, McConvell }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell199614Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: Pronomi \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 al Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Order (Grammar)}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996)}}}{\cf1 argues that attachment t o a (neutral) auxiliary base is the norm, but this is replaced by (initial) interrogatives, negative particles and subordinate complementizers where the auxiliary base would occur. The neutral auxiliary is dropped for imperatives, as are second person cli tics. Any pronominal clitics that do occur, attach to this imperative verb. \par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 In Warlpiri, Simpson }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Simpson19916Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote66Simpson, Jane Helen<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Warlpiri morpho-syntax : a lexicalist approach</style>< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 year>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1991)}}}{\cf1 argues that the pronominal clitics are part of the auxiliary complex. Clitics can end up being attached to a verb like in Walmajarri and I will look at this closer in cross-linguistic discussion of the Auxiliary complex in the next section. \par }\pard \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cf1 In contrast to these Ngumbin-Yapa languages above, Kukatja does not have an auxiliary. Instead the pronominal clitics in Kukatja attach to the first word or constituent in the clause}{\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 , although this is less a fixed rule than a s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tatistical likelihood }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Valiquette19937452-453The \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 sis Biblio Library.enlEndNote76< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 k\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 eyword>}}{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Valiquette 1993:452-453)}}}{\cf1 . \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref516637076}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref516737507}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref516737510}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733488}{\listtext\pard\plain\s3 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.3.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s3\fi-720\li720\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1 \keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2 \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrstop12\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb5 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 \b\f1\fs26\lang3081\cgrid {The AUX{\*\bkmkend _Ref516637076}{\*\bkmkend _Ref516737507}{\*\bkmkend _Ref516737510}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733488} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { All of the Ngumbin-Yapa languages discussed above have an auxiliary that indicates some combination of tense, aspect and/or mood, but there is a fair amount of variation between the meaning and realisation of these auxiliaries cross-linguistica lly. The table below summarises the differences between the neighbours of Ngardi: \par }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Language (label used)\cell AUX\cell Used to indicate:\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Jaru (catalyst)\cell ba/wa\cell imperative, hortative\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell ngu\cell declarative\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell \u248\'bf\cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Walmajarri (modal\cell pa (ma, ngu)\cell indicative (with irrealis verb), intentive (with realis), negative (with negative realis)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {auxiliary)\cell nga\cell Interrogative (with irrealis), admonitive (with realis), prohibitive/inabilative (with negative realis)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell \u248\'bf\cell hortatory (irrealis), imperative (realis)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 { \trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Gurindji \cell ngu\cell \ldblquote neutral\rdblquote \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {(auxiliary)\cell ?\cell (there may be more)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Warlpiri\cell ka\cell present\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {(auxiliary\cell lpa\cell imperfective\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {base)\cell \u248\'bf\cell perfective (with past), future (with non-past)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Kukatja\cell none\cell }\pard \keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Tense/aspect/mood in verb form\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1668 \cellx1555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1559 \cellx3103\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5295 \cellx8357\row }\pard\plain \s33\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\lang3081\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733425}Table }{\field{\*\fldinst { STYLEREF 1 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 3}}}{.}{\field{\*\fldinst { SEQ Table \\* ARABIC \\s 1 } }{\fldrslt {\lang1024 1}}}{ Ngumbin-Yapa (mono-syllabic) auxiliaries{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733425} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par The auxiliary in Warlpiri is a complex of an optional sentential particle, aspect and pronominal clitics. It is phonologically constrained when it is monosyllabic, and ca n become enclitic to initial words or phrases because of this. It is optional in nominal headed sentences, but obligatory in verbally headed sentences }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Simpson19916Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote66<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warlpiri morpho-syntax : a lexicalist approach</st \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 y\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 le>< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tyle face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0792312929 (alk. paper)}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Simpson 1991)}}}{. \par \par In Gurindji there is a neutral auxiliary }{\i ngu}{. McConvell argues that this has historically descended from a subordinating complementizer }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell1996Thesis Biblio Library.enlE \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 dNote145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functi \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ns of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996)}}}{. Interestingly Gurindji has a topicalisation marker }{\i \endash ma}{ which may be related to the }{\i ma }{ auxiliary base in other Ngumbin languages including Ngardi. \par \par Walmajarri has a neutral auxiliary as well. Hudson }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Hudson19788Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote86<style face='norm \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 l' font='default' size='100%'>The core of Walmatjari grammar</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1978)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 describes two modal roots }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 pa}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 and }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 nga}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 which contrast with null. There are allomorphs for }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 pa}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 : }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 pa}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 , }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ma}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 and }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ngu}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 . As I mentioned above, }{\i\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 pa}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 can be dropped optionally in the absence of overt pronominal clitics. \par \par }{Jaru has the following auxiliary bases (referred to as catalysts by Tsunoda): }{\i ngu, }{and }{\i ba/wa. }{ Tsunoda notes that the common position for the catalyst is in second position, but variations are possible, including initial position (which is not possible for mono-syllabic bases in Warlpiri). }{\i Ngu }{is used in declarative sentences. }{\i Ba/wa}{ is used in imperative or question sentences with intonation, and implies hortation or command/advice }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Tsunoda124Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote46<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>The Djaru language of Kimberley, Western Australia</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Tsunoda 1981:124)}}}{. \par \par All the auxiliaries above fall into rough groupings of a monosyllabic base or poly-syllabic base. Generally speaking, th e mono-syllabic based auxiliaries will become enclitic to initial elements as they receive weak prosodic stress in second position. In some languages like Warlpiri phonological rules restrict the positioning of monosyllabic based auxiliaries (especially f rom initial position). Not all languages analyse poly-syllabic auxiliaries as auxiliaries. Roughly speaking, these poly-syllabic auxiliaries often function as complementizers. \par \par All of these Ngumbin-Yapa languages prefer auxiliaries in second position in a sentence, but for all these languages this is not a rule but a preference. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref516225431}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733489}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 3.4\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr4 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Discourse Pragmatics{\*\bkmkend _Ref516225431}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733489} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {In discussion of the free word ord ering in all of the languages above, many authors have noted that the ordering of constituents appears to be roughly along discourse pragmatic lines. For instance, as I mention above, word order is relatively free (excluding the verbal auxiliary) in Walma jarri. It appears that certain positions within the clause appear to receive special focus, given a thematic analysis }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Hudson19788Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote86< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 tyle face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hudson, Joyce<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The core of Walmatjari grammar</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /record>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Hudson 1978)}}}{. \par \par Austin and Bresnan\rquote s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-configurationality in A \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 stralian Aboriginal Langugages</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996)}}}{ and Simpson\rquote s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Simpson200423Thesis \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Biblio Library.enlEndNote2334<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Expressing Pragmatic Constraints on Word Order in Warlpiri</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (2004)}}}{ analysis of Information Structure of Warlpiri built upon Hale\rquote s original observations that pre-verbal (or pre-predicator) constituents appear to convey new information. They also incorporate Swartz\rquote observation that the pre-auxiliary position appears to carry some kind of discourse prominence. Zero anaphora allows for explicit argument s to be dropped and so it is significant that full NPs are used, and the position in which they occur. Simpson adopts Choi\rquote s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Choi200121Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote215 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 contributors><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Phrase Structure, Information Structure, and Resolution of Mismatch</style><s \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 yle face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expressing Pragmatic Constraints on Word Order in Warlpiri</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 {\*\bkmkend _Toc517621473}\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Simpson 2004) {\*\bkmkend _Toc517733517}}}}{ \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par Mithun }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Austin199622Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2217<style \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal Langugages</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 periodical>Austin200125Thesis Bibl \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 o Library.enlEndNote255< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 author><style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Word order in a free word order language: the case of Jiwarli</style>Simpson200423Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2334<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expressing Pragmatic Constraints o \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Word Order in Warlpiri</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Austin and Bresnan 1996; Austin 2001; Simpson 2004)}}}{ argued that left-to-right ordering in radically free word ordering languages reflected a quality of \ldblquote newsworthiness\rdblquote , with the left being most newsworthy. Lambrecht counters that if this is true then the topic-first principle that drives the traditional arguments of proto-typical ordering of constituents in European languages does not apply to these languages with free word ordering. Sentence initial position is certainly regarded by many as a discourse salient position usually labelled \ldblquote emphatic\rdblquote , and sometimes \ldblquote topical\rdblquote or \ldblquote focal\rdblquote . Lambrecht argues that initial position is almost never reserved for just Topic or Focus cross-linguistically. Topic and Focus are instead indicated through additional phonological, morpho-syntactic and semantic means such as accent } {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht199-201Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Lambrecht 1994:199-201)}}}{. \par \par }{\cf1 McConvell }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell199614Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 rec-number>145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wacker \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 agel Clitic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 isbn>} }{\fldrslt {\cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1996\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 )}}}{\cf1 notes that second position pronominal encliticisation appears to occur on discourse salient elements in the Ngumbin languages Gurindji and Mudburra. As a starting point he argues that the inherently focal question words and sentential negators appear to gravitate to initial position and replace (or form an enclitic host to) the auxiliary, which is often the statistical norm for these Ngumbin languages. He also argues that initial subordinating or relativising complementizers which behave in the same w ay are \ldblquote out-of-out-of-focus\rdblquote , in as much as their sentential operation is semantically analogous to negation which in contradicting a prior statement is focal, but the rest of the sentence is presupposed }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst { \cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvel317Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 k\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 eyword>}}{\fldrslt { \cf1\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (McConvell 1996:317)}}}{\cf1 . \par \par }{Austin, Bresnan and McConvell all propose similar syntactic structures that include a discourse pragmatically conditioned XP node on the left of the tree. Austin and Bresnan (1996) propose the following c-structure for Warlpiri: \par }\pard \qc\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1026{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn pictureGray}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn pictureBiLevel}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fHitTestFill}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillShape}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillUseRect}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fNoFillHitTest}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}} \picscalex123\picscaley123\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw168\pich144\picwgoal3360\pichgoal2899\macpict\bliptag1001676176\blipupi71{\*\blipuid 3bb45d906b5c6100bfcc9ad6415b78da} 385600000000009000a8001102ff0c00fffe0000012c0000012c000000000000025c02bc0000000000a101f200044d535744001e0001000a00000000025c02bc 002c001207da0f54696d6573204e657720526f6d616e000307da000d0032002e0004000000000010025c02bc026002bc002b962e02495000000600170000002d 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31310a30303030303030303030203030303030206e200a30303030303030313839203030303030206e200a30303030303030303232203030303030206e200a30 303030303030323937203030303030206e200a30303030303030313731203030303030206e200a30303030303031313931203030303030206e200a3030303030 3031323236203030303030206e200a30303030303030333635203030303030206e200a30303030303031313732203030303030206e200a303030303030313331 33203030303030206e200a30303030303031333632203030303030206e200a747261696c65720a3c3c202f53697a65203131202f526f6f74203920302052202f 496e666f20313020302052202f4944205b203c35373938653735643534373662316138393462616639333165616337353061613e0a3c35373938653735643534 373662316138393462616639333165616337353061613e205d203e3e0a7374617274787265660a313530350a2525454f460a00a1008c0008019701d0020701d60023ff6b00a0008d00a10064000650504e54020200ff000000}}{ \par }\pard\plain \s33\qc\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\lang3081\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517621474}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733518}Figure }{\field{\*\fldinst { STYLEREF 1 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 3}}}{ .}{\field{\*\fldinst { SEQ Figure \\* ARABIC \\s 1 }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 2}}}{ Proposed c-structure for Warlpiri (Austin and Bresnan 1996){\*\bkmkend _Toc517621474}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733518} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par The optional Specifier for the IP has a discourse pragmatic function; the I i s taken up by the Auxiliary complex of a Auxiliary base and pronominal clitics. The exocentric (i.e. non projecting) S may contain NPs and or a V (Warlpiri allows for nominally headed sentences). \par \par Simpson }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Simpson200423Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2334<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expressing Pragmatic Constraints on Word Order in Warlpiri</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (2004)}}} { builds upon Austin and Bresnan\rquote s analysis of Warlpiri to incorporate significant complexities in the pre-auxiliary position. \par \par The first complexity is verb initial sentences. Simpson argues that the prosodic inversion that Austin and Bresnan use to explain an AUX encliticising to verb host when SpecIP is empty is insufficient, but extending the left periphery is unnecessary. Simpson examines Laughren\rquote s claim that initial verbs may have some discourse pragmatic status. However, after exploring focus realisation in Warlpiri by analysing Question/Answer pairs, Simpson concludes that in answers where the predicate is in focus, the verb does not move to initial position. \par \par The next complexity is that more than one discourse pragmatically conditioned constituent can occur before the auxiliary and there can be different combinations of Topic and Focus. Left dislocated topi cs are possible in Warlpiri. Non-dislocated Topical expressions can occur before a focal element as well. This focal element is optional and so an initial topical expression is possible as well. \par \par Simpson proposes the following c-structure to capture all these complexities: \par \par }\pard \qc\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1027{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn pictureGray}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn pictureBiLevel}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fHitTestFill}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillShape}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillUseRect}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fNoFillHitTest}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}} \picscalex100\picscaley100\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw397\pich271\picwgoal7940\pichgoal5420\macpict\bliptag1134081773\blipupi72{\*\blipuid 4398b6ed767f07c816c2fab23d46b508} 64bc00000000010f018d001102ff0c00fffe0000016800000168000000000000054b07c10000000000a101f200044d535744001e0001000a00000000054b07c1 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623637393531653365663862363231363466663138336262623137383e0a3c36373333623637393531653365663862363231363466663138336262623137383e 205d203e3e0a7374617274787265660a313530340a2525454f460a0000a1008c00080449066004e306e6002204df06df01000023010000230100002300ff002300ff002300ff0021044906630023ffff0023ff000023ff010023ff010023000100230101002104df06df00a0008d00a10064000650504e54020200ff000000} }{ \par }\pard\plain \s33\qc\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\lang3081\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517621476}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733519}Figure }{\field{\*\fldinst { STYLEREF 1 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 3}}}{.} {\field{\*\fldinst { SEQ Figure \\* ARABIC \\s 1 }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 3}}}{ Proposed c-structure for Warlpiri }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Simpson200423Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote2334<style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Expressing Pragmatic Constraints on Word Order in Warlpiri</style>University of Sydney}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 {\*\bkmkend _Toc517621476} \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (Simpson 2004){\*\bkmkend _Toc517733519}}}}{ \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par The Specifier of the expression node allows for left dislocated topics. SpecCP allows for optional explicit expression of Topic. The C node allows for a pre-aux lexical V. The remaining structure is similar to Austin and Bresnan\rquote s analysis. \par \par McConvell\rquote s structural analysis of Gurindji (which incorporates movement) is a CP headed structure: \par \par }\pard \qc\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {{\pict{\*\picprop\shplid1028{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLockAspectRatio}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn pictureGray}{\sv 0}} {\sp{\sn pictureBiLevel}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fHitTestFill}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillShape}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillUseRect}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fNoFillHitTest}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}} \picscalex123\picscaley123\piccropl0\piccropr0\piccropt0\piccropb0\picw204\pich145\picwgoal4080\pichgoal2900\macpict\bliptag282483974\blipupi72{\*\blipuid 10d65d06b0bdee79f9735be4dcc91703} 41a400000000009100cc001102ff0c00fffe000001680000016800000000000002d503fc0000000000a101f200044d535744001e0001000a0000000002d503fc 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6f626a0a3c3c202f4372656174696f6e446174652028443a32303035303631393132313733382b31302730302729202f4d6f64446174652028443a3230303530 3631393132313733382b313027303027290a2f50726f647563657220284d6163204f5320582031302e342e312051756172747a20504446436f6e746578742920 3e3e0a656e646f626a0a787265660a302031310a30303030303030303030203030303030206e200a30303030303030313738203030303030206e200a30303030 303030303232203030303030206e200a30303030303030323836203030303030206e200a30303030303030313630203030303030206e200a3030303030303131 3830203030303030206e200a30303030303031323135203030303030206e200a30303030303030333534203030303030206e200a303030303030313136312030 30303030206e200a30303030303031333032203030303030206e200a30303030303031333531203030303030206e200a747261696c65720a3c3c202f53697a65 203131202f526f6f74203920302052202f496e666f20313020302052202f4944205b203c31303637343637323161323633373466326639373339623632613030 313764643e0a3c31303637343637323161323633373466326639373339623632613030313764643e205d203e3e0a7374617274787265660a313439340a252545 4f460a0000a1008c000801e8019502760304002201eb02ff0100002300ff002300ff002300ff0023ffff0023ff000021026e01960023ff010023ff0100230001002301010023010000230100002101eb02ff00a0008d00a10064000650504e54020200ff000000}}{ \par }\pard\plain \s33\qc\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\lang3081\cgrid {{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517621475}{\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733520}Figure }{\field{\*\fldinst { STYLEREF 1 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 3}}}{.} {\field{\*\fldinst { SEQ Figure \\* ARABIC \\s 1 }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 4}}}{ McConvell\rquote s proposed structure for Gurindji{\*\bkmkend _Toc517621475}{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733520} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { \par There is both a C and COMP position in the CP. Focal elements fill t he COMP position in the absence of a complementizer, INFL moves to C position and the bound pronoun encliticise to this C. When INFL and hence C is null, the bound pronouns encliticise to the COMP. The negating element }{\i kula}{ is generated in INFL and will move to C when there is not }{a }{complementizer in C or }{a }{WH-phrase in COMP. The reason for this is that when there is a question with a negator, the clitic will attach to the WH-word in COMP, not }{\i kula}{ raised to C }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 314-315Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clit \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 c Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /keyword>1575860155 1575860147 (pbk.)}}{\fldrslt { \dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (McConvell 1996\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 :314-315)}}}{. \par \par Here is an example of McConvell\rquote s contrastive construction in Gurindji: \par \par \par \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s33\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\lang3081\cgrid {Example }{\field{\*\fldinst { STYLEREF 2 \\s }}{\fldrslt {\lang1024 3.4}}}{.}{\field{\*\fldinst { SEQ Example \\* ARABIC \\s 2 }}{\fldrslt { \lang1024 1}}}{ Contrastive construction in Gurindji }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvell199614318-319Thesis Biblio Library.en \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 EndNote145 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /authors> \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 <\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13'>The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (McConvell 1996:318-319)}}}{: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f33\fs20\lang3081 \hich\af33\dbch\af0\loch\f33 a.\tab}}\pard\plain \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4 \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {\f33\fs20 yirrap \endash ma ngu =rna \endash yina parik wanyja \endash ni VRD \endash la \par }\pard \li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\f33\fs20 one.mob TOP AUX 1SgS 3PlO leave leave PAST VRD LOC \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f33\fs20 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f33\fs20\lang3081 \hich\af33\dbch\af0\loch\f33 b.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4 \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr2\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\f33\fs20 yirrap \endash ma =rna \endash yina wart ka \endash nya murla \endash ngkurra \par }\pard \li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\f33\fs20 one.mob TOP 1SgS 3PlO back take PAST here ALL \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f33\fs20 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f33\fs20\lang3081 \hich\af33\dbch\af0\loch\f33 c.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4 \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc3\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr3\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\f33\fs20 murla \endash ngka \endash rni ngu =lu karri \endash nyana \par }\pard \li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\f33\fs20 here LOC ONLY AUX 3PlS be PRES \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f33\fs20 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f33\fs20\lang3081 \hich\af33\dbch\af0\loch\f33 a.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5 \jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\f33\fs20 One lot I left at VRD. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\f33\fs20\lang3081 \hich\af33\dbch\af0\loch\f33 b.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1080\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls5\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\b\f33\fs20 The other lot}{\f33\fs20 I brought back here. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f33\fs20\lang3081 \hich\af33\dbch\af0\loch\f33 c.\tab}They are still here. \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f33\fs20 \par }{In this example, McConvell argues that the initial constituent in (b) is under what he terms \ldblquote double focus\rdblquote or \ldblquote contrastive topic\rdblquote . The combination of a topic suffix and direct encliticisation, he argues, is extremely marked, resulting in a mix of topical and focal features. This requires further clarification if considering it from an Information Structure perspective as defined by Lambrecht. Also, I believe that there are some other factors to consider beyond positioning and topic suffix + pronominal cli tics use in determining the Information Structure of this sentence. \par \par McConvell argues that this }{is a }{marked new topic, hence attracting the clitics directly. Without further information on the auxiliary, it is possible that it was dropped in order to indicate a different mood, not to favour categorical encliticisation. \par \par Sentence (a) has two topics, the first is the speaker, and the second is the referent of }{\i yirrap}{. Th at would make sentence (a) an example of a Topic-Comment sentence. It also shows that in using the auxiliary, no argument has been brought into prominent focus, and the post auxiliary material is part of the pragmatic predicate to the two topics. In sente nce (b), the speaker is a topic (but less prominent perhaps), but whether the referent of }{\i yirrap}{ is also a Topic is critical to understanding the \ldblquote contrastive construction\rdblquote . \par \par The referent of }{\i yirrap}{ in (b) is a different mob to the referent of }{\i yirrap}{ in (a). The referent expression in (b) has the same topical suffix, yet has replaced the auxiliary, which McConvell argues marks a constituent within the focus. Interestingly there is contrasting information to indicate the topical or focal status of the refere nt of }{\i yirrap}{ in (b). \par \par It would be useful to consider the referent of }{\i yirrap}{ in (b) in terms of the topic acceptability scale (see section }{\field{\*\fldinst { REF _Ref517164444 \\r \\h }{{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310037003100360034003400340034000000}}}{\fldrslt {2.1.4.1}}}{). In the immediate discourse context the mob that (a) refers to is active for the s peaker in (b). The referent in (b) is (presumably) not active, but nor is it unidentifiable. I would argue that the referent of }{\i yirrap}{ in (b) sits somewhere in the middle of the topic acceptability scale, making its topic/focus status ambiguous. \par \par The speak ers want to indicate a different mob to (a), but must use the same word to refer to it. Consider alternate codings of the referent expression in (b). Use of anaphora would have indicated the same (topical) referent as (a). Full lexical use in an unmarked position, post verbally or even post auxiliary say (auxiliary initial sentences are possible) would also have indicated the same referent. Full lexical use with the topic suffix in initial position would also indicate the same referent. \par \par There are two oth er possible forms: full lexical use in initial position with or without the auxiliary. If the referent was inactive or unidentifiable then full lexicalisation in the auxiliary position would mark the referent both focal, and non-topical (through the absen ce of the topic marker). If the referent was semi-active then presumably it is a reasonable candidate for the topic suffix, yet the Topic-Comment form of sentence (a) is an unavailable strategy as this would indicate the same referent as the referent of } {\i yirrap}{ in (a). \par \par If the referent of }{\i yirrap}{ in sentence (b) is topical because it sits within the Topic acceptability scale and has a TOPIC suffix, then it has still replaced the auxiliary to be in a position that conditions it as focal. \par \par I would argue that the }{\i contrast}{ between (a) and (b) is not the central function here. When discussing contrastive focus Lambrecht argues that the notion of contrast is a gradient. Negation is a clear case of contrast, but that often what we perceive as contrast \ldblquote arises from particular inferences which we draw on the basis of given conversational acts\rdblquote }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht290Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the mental representations of discourse referents</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1994:290)}}}{. \par \par Full lexical coding in a special focal slot is what is necessary in sentence (b) to distinguish the referent of }{\i yirrap }{in (a) from the referent of }{\i yirrap}{ in (b). I would argue that the combination of topic marker and second position encliticisation maintains topical status for the referent while disambiguating the referent of }{\i yirrap}{. I suggest that this form is about identifying a referent as distinct from another. However, this argument hinges on understanding what the topic suffix is doing, and also on my assumptions about the identifiability of the referents. More information on the definiteness of }{\i yirrap,}{ the context of sentence (a) and the function of the topic suffix would help to further understand what is going on here. \par \par Mithun\rquote s }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Mithun198728Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote285< \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 /\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 author><style face='normal' font='Times New Roman' size='100%'>Is basic word order universal?</style>1987Mithun198728 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 hesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote285<style face='normal' font='Times New Roman' size='100%'>Is basic \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 word order universal?</style>}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1987)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 inventory of initial position\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 candidates are }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE McConvellThesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote145Halpern, Aaron<style face='normal' font='Arial' size='13 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 '\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 >The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems: Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages (Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia)</style>\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 }}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (McConvell 1996)}}}{\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 :}{ \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1800\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1800\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1 \jclisttab\tx1800\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2 \pnrnfc4\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0 {Indefinites \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b.\tab}}\pard \fi-360\li1800\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1800\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0 {New information \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c.\tab}Newsworthiness \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d.\tab}New topic \par {\listtext\pard\plain\f0\lang3081 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e.\tab}Focus of contrast \par }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 { McConvell argues that (b) is the kind of focal candidate with which he is commonly concerned (replacing the auxiliary and taking the pronominal clitics), while (d) and (e) capture the much rarer contrastive construction. Considering it in terms of Lambrec ht\rquote s theory, these can all be classified as mostly focal. \par \par In Section }{\field{\*\fldinst { REF _Ref516930740 \\r \\h }{{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310036003900330030003700340030000000}}}{\fldrslt {2.1.3.1}}}{ I noted Lambrecht\rquote s observation that Identifiability and definiteness appear to correlate in many languages. Here, the indefiniteness serves to indicat e the status of a referent as unidentifiable, potentially marking it focal. New information is simply focal by definition. New topics are focal as well, at least in contrast to old topics. But considering the topic acceptability scale (section } {\field{\*\fldinst { REF _Ref517067770 \\r \\h }{{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003500310037003000360037003700370030000000}}}{\fldrslt {2.1.4.1}}}{ ), new topics could be acceptable as Topical if within the common ground to some degree. Focus of contrast is usually analysed as focal, but as I argue above, what seems focal could be argued to be topical in some situations. In trul y contrastive focus, the focal element may be active, but new information is conveyed through its contrastive use. The most difficult to classify in this list is the Newsworthiness. Newsworthiness could include both topical and focal material. McConvell p osits that there may be an implicational hierarchy of these candidates governing the use of split-Wackernagel systems. He regards the ordering above as a listing of least to most marked. \par \par What is clear from all of these analyses is that for all these free w ord order languages the pronominal clitics are a central marker for a region of discourse pragmatic structure dynamism. In Gurindji we can see that the auxiliary is replaced by an element to make it focal, but that pre-auxiliary topics are possible thanks to a topical suffix. The contrastive construction shows that there are some further intricacies to the interaction of these two structures. In Warlpiri, there appears to be a much freer system of encoding topical and focal material in the pre-auxiliary sl ot. This follows Lambrecht\rquote s predictions of so called \ldblquote focus-first\rdblquote languages not reserving initial position for focal material only }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 ADDIN EN.CITE Lambrecht199-201Thesis Biblio Library.enlEndNote16<style face='normal' font='default' size='100%'>Information structure and sentence form : topic, focus, and the ment \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 l representations of discourse referents</style>0521380561}}{\fldrslt {\dbch\f15 \hich\af0\dbch\af15\loch\f0 (1994:199-201)}}}{. In Gurindji we see competing markers for Topic (a suffix) and Focus (a special syntactic position) combining to produce what McConvell argues is a contrastive construction, but I suggest is a Topic whose reference needs to be disambiguated in context. In Warlpiri we see an emerging pattern of expressing topic and focus expressed through syntactic structure. Across all these languages, it seems that the core of examining the sentence initial discourse pragmatics of these languages are the realisation of the auxiliary complex and the pronominal clitics. \par \par \sect }\sectd \linex0\headery709\footery851\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733490}{\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 4\tab}\pard\plain \s1\fi-432\li432\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1 \keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0 \jclisttab\tx432\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\outlinelevel0\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0 \pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36 \adjustright\rin0\lin432\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang3081\kerning32\cgrid {Grammar Sketch of Ngardi{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733490} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid { Ngardi is an endangered language. Approximately 5-10 people used it every day at the end of 2004. There is a community of speakers totalling about 80-100 with varying degrees of proficiency in Ngardi. \par \par Speakers are typically multi-lingual, speaking a mix of Warlpiri, Kukatja, Walmajarri, Jaru, Gurindji, Kriol and others. Code-switching is not uncommon and at times there appears to be some influence from other languages }{on}{ the Ngardi grammar. \par \par All but one of the eight informants for Cataldi\rquote s work were women. The informants used are almost all above the age of fifty five as well, and so it should be assumed that this work reflects the language use of this specific subset of speakers. \par {\*\bkmkstart _Toc517733491}{\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 4.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-576\li576\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1 \jclisttab\tx576\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\pnrauth1\pnrdate647406282\pnrstart0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst46\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrstop8\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0 \pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9\pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr4\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr1 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0 \b\i\f1\fs28\lang3081\cgrid {Phonology and Orthography{\*\bkmkend _Toc517733491} \par }\pard\plain \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \lang3081\cgrid {The vowels in Ngardi are as follows: \par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx2008\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx4124\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx6242\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 Front\cell Central\cell Back\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx2008\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx4124\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx6242\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx2008\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx4124\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx6242\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 High\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 i\cell \cell u\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx2008\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx4124\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx6242\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx8357\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx2008\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx4124 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx6242\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx8357\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 Low\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \cell a\cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx2008\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx4124\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx6242\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2129 \cellx8357\row }\pard \sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f22 \par The consonants are as follows (please note use of digraphs): \par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx1997\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx4143\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx5784\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx6832\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1420 \cellx8784\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1420 \cellx11195\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 Lamino-Alveolar\cell Dorso-Velar\cell Bilabial \cell Apico-Alveolar\cell Apico-Postalveolar\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\f22 \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx1997\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx4143\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx5784\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx6832\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1420 \cellx8784\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1420 \cellx11195\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrr \brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrhair\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrb \brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrhair\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1419 \cellx1997\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrhair\brdrw10 \clbr